W  27  fS 


AN 

INTRODUCTION 

TO  THE 

KNOWLEDGE  AND   PRACTICE 

or 


BY 

CHARLES  MARSHALL, 

•  VICAR    OF    BRIXVVORTH,    NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 


God  Almighty  firft  planted  a  Garden  ;  and   indeed  it  is  the  pureft  of  human  Pleaf- 

urc»  :   It  is  the  greateft  Refrefhment  to  the  Spirits  of  Man  ;  without 

which,  Buildings  and  Palaces  are  but  grof»  handy  Works. 

BACON'S    ESSAYS. 


FIRST  AMERICAN  FROM  THE  SECOND  LONDON  EDITION, 

Conliderably  Enlarged  and  Improved. 
TO  WHICH  IS  ADDED, 

AN  ESS  AT  ON  QUICK-LIME, 

ASA 

CEMENT  AND  AS  A  MANURE, 
BY    JAMES    ANDERSON,    L.L.D.  F.R.S.  F.A.S.  s 


V  O  L .      II. 


PRINTED    BY    SAMUEL    ETII-EPIDCE, 

For  JOSEPH   NANCREDE,  NO.  49,   Marlboro -Street. 


CONTENTS 

OF    VOL.    II. 

SECTION  XVIII. 

OF    FLOWERS. 

OF  the  clafles,  annuals,  biennials  and  perennials,  3. 
Praife  of  flowers  ;  of  annuals  in  general,  &c.  4.  Cul 
ture  of  tender  annuals,  6,  &c.  Of  fcoop  trowels  and 
watering  pots  ;  of  potting  plants,  9.  Of  watering 
them,  10.  Of  potting  hardy  flowers  ;  fecond  fowing 
of  tender  annuals  ;  of  fowing  the  lefs  tender  forts,  n, 
&c.  Of  the  hardy  kinds,  13.  Second  fowing  of  hardy- 
annuals,  14.  A  caution  ;  culture  of  biennials,  15. 
Of  perennials.  The  Dutch  famous  for  producing  new 
flowers'.  Directions  for  raifing  bulbous  and  tuberous 
roots,  1 6.  Of  raifing  fibrous  rooted  forts  17. 
General  culture  of  bulbous  and  tuberous  roots,  18,  &c. 
Soil  fuitable,  and  depth  at  which  to  plant,  19.  Dif- 
pofition,  diftances  and  management,  20,  &c.  Of 
forwarding  fpring  bulbs  in  water  glafles,  &c.  Of 
ftalk  bulbs,  21.  Of  fav ing  feed.  Bulbs  are  yearly 
renewed.  Propagation  of  flowering  fhrubs,  22,  &c. 
Of  American  forts.  Particular  ufe  of  the  hand-glafs, 
23.  A  ufeful  obfervation,  24. 

SECTION    XIX. 


LISTS  OF  TREES,    SHRUBS,  AND   FLOWERS. 

Concerning  them,  24.  Time  of  flowering,  colours, 
names,  25.  Sorts.  Lifts  of  foreft-trees,  26.  Obfer- 
vations  on  ditto,  27,  &c.  Lift  of  large  deciduous  or 
namental  trees,  30.  Obfervations  on  ditto,  31,  &c. 
Lift  of  fmaller  deciduous  ornamental  trees,  or  large 
fhrubs,  33.  Obfervations  on  ditto,  34.  Lift  of  the 
loweft  deciduous  trees,  or  fhrubs,  35,  £c.  Ob 
fervations  on  ditto,  38,  &c.  Lift  of  evergreen 


U  CONTENTS. 

trees,  42.  Obfervations  on  ditto,  43.  Lift  of  ever 
green  fh  rubs,  45.  Obfervations  on  ditto,  47.  Lift  of 
flowers — tender  annuals,  49.  Obfervations  on  ditto, 
50.  Lefs  tender  annuals,  52.  Obfervations  on  dit 
to,  54.  Hardy  annuals.  53.  Obfervations  on  ditto. 
61.  Lift  of  biennial  flowers,  62.  Obfervations  on 
ditto,  63.  Lift  of  fibrous  rooted  perennials,  66.  Ob 
fervations  on  ditto,  72.  Lift  of  bulbous,  tuberous, 
and  flefhy  rooted  perennials,  82.  Obfervations  on 
ditto,  86.  Detached  articles — auricula,  91.  Carna 
tion,  92.  Geranium,  94.  Pinks,  97.  Polyanthus, 
98.  Tuberofe,  99. 

SECTION    XX. 


A    CALENDAR. 

Of  the  general  work  of  gardening,  101.  January, 
the  particular  work  of,  102.  February,  104.  March, 
106.  April,  109.  May,  112.  June,  114.  July, 
117.  Auguft,  120.  September,  123.  October,  125. 
November,  128.  December,  131.  Clofe,  134. 

%*  In  the  courfe  of  the  work,  a  few  articles  are 
referred  to,  which  were  defigned  to  be  inferted  at  the 
clofe  of  the  book,  but  are  omitted  in  order  to  introduce 
others  more  important. 

t|t  The  neceftity  of  an  Index  is  precluded  by  the 
above  table  of  contents^  the  work  being  fo  much  in  the 


SECTION   XVIII, 


OF    FLOWERS. 

T7LOWERS,  as  to  their  cultivation,  are  claiTed 
-L  into  annuals^  biennials  and  perennials.  Annuals 
are  thofe  that  are  fown,  flower,  and  die,  within  a  year. 
Biennials  are  thofe  that  are  fown  one  year,  and  flower 
and  die  the  next.  Perennials  are  thofe  that  do  not 
flower  the  year  they  are  fown,  but  the  next,  and  con 
tinue  to  live  years  afterwards,  fome  fewer,  fome  more  : 
Of  this  clafs  there  is  a  great  variety,  (perhaps  fifty  to 
one  of  the  laft)  moftly  fibrous  rooted,  fome  flefhy, 
fome  bulbous,  and  fome  tuberous,  &c.  Moft  of  the 
perennials  are  annual  in  their  (talks,  which  die  down 
to  the  ground  in  winter,  and  freih  fhoots  rife  in  the 
fpring.  But  ftrictly  fpeaking,  all  of  each  clafs  are  not 
annual,  biennial^  and  perennial ;  for  fomq  of  the  annuals 
come  a  fecond,  or  a  third  year,  as  Chinese  lolyhock, 
and  Indian  pink,  and  others  would  live  through  the 
\vinterif  houfed.  Of  the  biennials,  the  fame  may  be 
faid  of  the  flock  July  flower,  'fweet  William,  and  wall 
flswer  ;  only  theie  plants  do  not  always  live,  and  will 
not  come  fo  neat  and  (trong  as  before,  and  are  there 
fore  to  be  fown,  or  propagated,  as  they  are  claflcd,  in 
order  to  have  a  certain  and  fine  blow.  Of  the  peren 
nials,  fome  do  not  flower  well  above  three  cr  four 
years,  as  the  kcfy-bock,  &c.  for  which  a  fowing  fhculd 
of  courfe  take  place  the  year  before  they  are  wanted. 
Seepages  41,  42,  56,  57/60,  65,  66,  67,  70,  113. 
VOL,  ii.  A  Flowers, 


OF    FLOWERS.  SECT.  XVIII, 

Flowers,  the  fole  luxury  which  Nature  knew, 
In  Eden's  pure  and  guilders  garden  grew  ; 
Gay  without  toil,  and  lovely  without  art, 
They  fprung  to  cheer  the  fenfe,  and  glad  the  heart. 

BARBAULB- 

"What  ftveets  are  thefe  which  gratefully  diffufe 

Their  fragrance  round  ? 

»Xis  i[\e  flowers, 

The  incenfe  of  the  garden's  breath,  that  fheds 
This  balmy  fweetnefs. 


To  the  fmell 


How  grateful,  nor  lefspleafing  tothe  eye 

The  bloom  of  opening  flowers. — Rind  Nature  here 

In  nice  proportion  all  her  favours  deals  j 

Thofe  gales  around  the  blifsful  garden  pours, 

Neither  too  ftrong  the  organs  to  opprefs, 

Nor  yet  fo  faint  the  fenfes  to  elude. 

How  often  is  the  fated  palate  cloy'd 

At  the  rich  fumptuous  feaft,  how  foon  offend 

The  loathed  diflies  which  laft  moment  pleas'd  ? 

But  the  high  relifti  which  each  fenfe  partakes 

From  Nature's  gifts  the  appetite  ne'er  tire, 

Which  pleafe  it  more,  the  more  they  are  enjoy'd. 

E'en  luxury  itfelf,  when  feafting  here, 

Is  guiltlefs,  and  efteem'd  a  crime  no  more. 

See  in  what  various  tints  the  flowery  tribes 

Their  feveral  beauties  fhew,  and  court  the  eye 

With  new  delight,  diftinguifh'd  each  from  each 

By  different  hues — how  wife  the  bounteous  hand 

Of  that  indulgent  power  !  tho'  perfect  all 

His  works,  who  yet  on  all  the  charms  beflows 

Of  novelty  to  fhew  'em  ftill  more  fair. 

NEWCOMB* 

I.    OF    ANNUALS. 

Annual  flowers  are  divided  into  three  clafies,  i.  e. 
tender,  lejs  tender,  and  hardy. 

In 


SECT,  XVIII.  OF  FLOWERS.  5 

In  the  lift,  fe£Uon  rgth.  the  tender  annuals  are 
marked  i,  the  lefs  tender  2,  and  the  unmarked  are 
hardy. 

To  this  lift  of  flowers  might  be  added  others,  and 
fome  poffibly  that  are  pretty  ;  but  many  of  the  annuals 
that  have  been  introduced  for  variety's  fake  in  large 
gardens,  plantations,  &c.  are  weed-like,  dull  and  ram 
bling  ;  and  perhaps  a  few  among  thofe  here  mentioned 
may  not  be  fufficiently  ornamental  (as,  for  inftancc, 
the  whites,  where  there  are  other  colours  of  the  fame 
flower)  to  give  general  fatisfa&ion  ;  for  a  gay  appear 
ance  is  certainty  the  firft  objedl  in  the  cultivation  of 
flowers.  There  are  rareplants,  and  others  admirable 
in  their  fhuclure  and  properties,  which  make  no 
fhow  ;  but  thefe  are  rather  fubjecls  for  the  curious 
botanift,  and  he  will  think  them  well  worthy  of  a  place 
in  his  garden. 

Some  flowers  are  both  beautiful  and  fragrant  ;  but 
many  have  only  one  of  thefe  properties  to  recommend 
them.  Some  are  cultivated  cheifly  for  the  elegance  of 
their  leaf,  as  the  ice  plant,  palmachrifti,  and  the  curled 
mallow  ;  and  fome  that  bear  pretty  and  fweet  flowers, 
are  meanly  furnifhed  with  leaves,  as  the  'yellow  fultan. 
Others  obtain  a  place  in  the  garden,  neither  for  frag 
rance,  or  flower,  or  leaf  :  but  merely  for  the  fingu- 
larity  of  the  fruity  or  feed  veflel,  as  the  egg  plant, 
f nails,  catterpillars,  hedge  hogs,  horns,  and  others. 

In  the  given  lift,  fome  of  the  tender  annuals  may 
occaflonally  be  confidered  as  kfs  tender  ;  as  Amaran- 
thus  coxcomb ,  and  tricolor,  batfams,  double,  as  well  as 
jingle,  zn&JIramonium  ;  only  they  will  not  be  fo  for 
ward  and  fine.  Some  of  thofe  alfo  among  the  lefs 
fender  may  be  fown  as  hardy,  for  a  late  blow,  as  China 
after,  Indian  pink,  love  lies  bleeding,  marigold,  French 
and  African,  princes  feather,  ten  week  flocks,  fultan, 
red  and  white.  Some  among  the  hardy  annuals  may 
advantageouily  be  treated  as  the  lefs  tender,  to  enfure 
their  germination,  or  to  bring  them  forward,  as  behi- 

dere, 


OF    FLOWERS.  SECT.  XV1U. 


dere,  Indian  corn,  (the  large  fort  of  which  muft  be  for 
warded  upon  heat)  mignonette ',  mulberry  blight,  naftur- 
tlum,  and  perficarla. 


The  CULTURE  of  each  Clafs  follows, 

I.    OF    ANNUALS. 

ABOUT  Mid- March  is  a  general  good  time  to  fow 
the  TENDER  (and  in  mortal!)  forts,  though  the 
curious  and  fkilful  being  well  furnifhed  with  proper 
frames,  &c.  may  begin  a  month  fooner  ;  the  end  of 
March,  or  beginning  of  April  is,  however,  not  too 
late,  and  will  better  fuit  a  young  gardener  than  if  he 
fowed  earlier.  In  order  to  fucceed  in  this  bufinefs, 
there  (hould  be  provided,  fine  dry  and  rich  earth,  good 
liable  dung,  frames,  or  roomy  hand-glades,  and  mats. 

A  moderately  flrong  hot  bed,  for  a  one  light,  muft 
be  prepared,  and  the  violent  heat  being  certainly  over, 
the  feeds  may  either  be  fown  thinly  in  drills,  two  or 
three  inches  afunder,  on  five  or  fix  inches  of  mould, 
or  lefs  on  a  weak  bed.  May  fow  alfo  in  pots,  plunged 
to  the  ricns.  Cover  the  feeds  from  a  quarter  to  half 
an  inch,  or  more,  according  to  their  fize.  Some  of 
them  will  appear  in  a  few  days,  and  others  will  lie  a 
fortnight,  or  more,  according  to  the  circumftances  of 
their  nature,  age,  and  the  heat,  or  moiflure,  they  meet 
with. 

Thin  the  plants  a  little  in  time,  and  foon  after  to  an 
inch,  and  then  again  to  two,  afunder. 

Water*  juft  warm,  muft  be  gently  given  them,  (not 
to  beat  them  down)  as  they  may  appear  to  need  it, 
and  .air  (particularly  in  a  full  fun)  as  much  as  they 
can  be  thought  to  bear,  a  little  at  firit,  and  by  degrees 
more,  for  this  is  ellential  to  their  health  and  itrengtk. 

The 


SECT.  XVIII.  OF    FLOWERS,  7 

The  feeds  may  alfo  be  Town  in  pots,  and  plunged  at 
the  back  part  of  a  cucumber  or  melon  bed.  A  bed  may 
be  got  ready  to  prick  them  into,  'or  into  pots  placed  in 
the  like  manner  ;  and  where  only  a  few  are  cultivated, 
this  method  is  advifable,  (to  fave  trouble)  not  begin 
ning  too  early. 

Provide  another  hedby  one  month  from  the  fowing, 
to  prick  the  plants  out  in,  having  fix  inches  depth  of 
mould,  place  them  five  or  ilx  inches  afunder,  allotting 
thofe  to  the  warmed  part  of  the  bed,  which  were 
longed  coming  up,  and  which  are  of  courfe  the 
weaked,  as  globes,  '&c.  Let  the  mould  be  warmed 
through  before  planting.  There  had  better  be  too 
little,  than  too  much  heat  ;  but  if  the  bed  gets  cool, 
line  if,  or  cover  round  with- draw,  as  diietled  in  the 
.management  of  hot  beds,  page  179. 

If  not  fown  till  the  beginning  of  April,  this  fecond 
bed  may  poilibly  go  through  the~bufmefs,  with  proper 
management  to  keep  up  its  heat,  and  covering  well  on 
nights  ;  but  a  third  bed  is  commonly  necefTary,  in 
order  to  fucceed  -well,  and  bring  the  plants  on  forward 
and  fine,  which  is  neceffary  to  the  credit  of  the  gar 
dener.  In  this  bed,  it  being  covered  over  with  four 
or  five  inches  of -mould,  the  plants  ihou'd  be  in  fmall 
pots,  one  in  each,  and  plunged  an  inch  deep,  clofe  to 
one  another.  As  the  bed  gets  cooler,  the  pots  are  to 
be  earthed  higher,  till  up  to  the  rims  in  mould  ;  but  if 
planted  without  pots,  the  didance  fhould  be  about  nine 
inches  afunder. 

More  water  and  air  is  necefTary   as   the  plants   in- 

creafe   in  fize  ;  and  every  time  they  are  fhifted,  let  it 

be  carefully,  with  fome  earth  about  their  roots,  though 

a  warm  bed  will  foon  make   them    drike,   if  without 

mould.     Let  them  be /W,?flf  from  fun  a  few  days  ;  i.  e. 

till  rooted  in  their  new    habitation.     As  thefe  tender 

annuals  do  not  rightly  bear  the  full  open  air  till  Mid- 

fummer,  give  them  refolutely  as  much  of  it  as  pofiible 

in  the   frames,    (by  degrees)   even,  to  taking  off  the 

A  2  glailbs 


8  OF    FLOWERS.  SECT. 

glaiTes  in  mild  parts  of  the  day.  Keep  up  a  heat  in 
the  third  bed  as  long  as  can  be,  that  the  plants  may 
continue  in  a  growing  (late,  and  not  (hinted  by  bottom 
cold.  To  this  end  a.  fourth  bed,  for  fome  of  the  forts, 
as  globes,  coxcombs,  &c.  would  be  a  great  advantage, 
as  to  fize. 

It  is  hardly  neceflary  to  hint  that  the  beds  muft  be 
larger,  and  frames  deeper,  every  time  the  plants  are 
fhifted.  As  the  firft  frame  was  a  one  light,  let  the 
fecond  be  a  two  light,  and  the  third  a  three  light,  which 
may  be  raifed  upon  bricks,  or  boarded  round  the  bot 
tom,  as  occafion  may  require.  From  the  fmall  pots, 
let  them  be  tranfplanted  into  bigger  in  time,  or  (as 
foon  as  they  can  fafely  be)  into  warm  borders,  where 
if  covered  with  hand-glafies,  fet  on  bricks  for  awhile, 
it  would  fecure  them  from  unkind  weather,  till  got  a 
little  hardened.  In  this  changeable  climate  Q\  England, 
there  is  hardly  any  knowing  when  tender  plants  may 
be  expofed  fafely  ;  yet  too  much  houfing  and  covering 
is  to  be  avoided  as  much  as  poffible.  Many  flowers 
will  needjitppsrt.  See  page  56.  For  the  method  of 
Jhifting  plants  from  pots,  as  into  bigger,  or  to  the  open 
ground.  See  page  190. 

Some  tender  fiowers  in  pots  may  be  in  the  ground, 
to  keep  their  roots  cool,  and  for  the  fake  of  being 
conveniently  covered  ;  in  which  cafe.,  put  a  bit  of  tile 
below  the  pot  to  keep  out  worms, 

Goodjfe/d?  from  tender  annuals  will  not  be  well  had, 
but  from  February  fown  plants.  Skilful  gardeners, 
fowing  early,  and  having  plenty  of  dung  and  drawing 
frames,  produce  furprifing  plants  of  the  tender  annual 
clafs,  fo  that  the  globe  amaranthus  to  three,  and  the 
giant  coxcomb  and  tricolor  from  three  to  five  or  fix  feet 
high  have  been  feen.  Flowers  defigned  to  gather /m/ 
from,  fhould  begin  to  have  fome  protection  of  glafs 
about  Mid-Augufl,  at  lea  It  on  nights,  till  they  are  fully 
ripened  in  September, 

Scoop 


SECT.  XVIM,  OF    FLOWERS.  9 

Scoop  f rowels  of  two  or  three  fizes  will  be  found 
very  ufeful  in  the  drifting  of  flowers  in  general,  but 
particularly  of  the  hot  bed  fort ';  and  as  they  fhould 
be  clean  from  dirt  when  ufed,  fo  alfo  ihould  they  be 
free  from  ruft,  by  which  they  will  work  much  pleaf- 
anter,  and  more  fuccefsfully  :  In  ftiort,  all  garden 
tools  ihould  be  kept  bright7,  as  well  for  ufe  as  neatnefs. 
Before  a  troweHs  ufed,  in  the  removal  of  a  plant,  it  is 
a  proper,  and  fafe  way,  to  cut  (trait  down  round  the 
root,  and  to  the  bottom,  with  a  clean,  and  not  very 
blunt  knife  ;  fo  will  the  trowel  take  all  up  whole-,  and 
the  fibres  will  not  be  lacerated,  or  barked. 

A  fmall  watering  pot  (i.  e.  from  two  to  three  quarts) 
with  a  finely  pierced  rofe,  is  alfo  neceflary,  to  give  re- 
freihment  without  bending  down  the  plants,  or  harden 
ing  the  furface  of  the  earth.  The  form  of  many  a 
good  flower  is  fpoiled  in  its  infancy  by  rough  watering, 
and  particularly  capficums  ;  to  avoid  which  evil,  what 
ever  watering  pot  is  ufed,  it  mould  be  only  half  full. 

The  potting  of  plants  is  often  carelefsly,  but  ought 
to  be  moft  carefully  performfd,  that  as  little  check  as 
poflible  may  be  felt  by  the  roots.  Fill  the  pot  one 
half  or  two  thirds  full,  (as  the  cafe  may  require)  and 
then  make  a  hole  in  the  middle,  adapted  in  -form  to 
receive  the  plant,  with  its  ball  of  earth  ;  and  doit  right 
at  firft,  fo  as  not  to  be  too  high,  or  too  low,  for  once 
put  in,  it  will  not  be  fafe  to  take  it  out  again,  left  the 
mould  drop  from  the  roots.  Do  not  preis  the  ball  of 
earth,  (as  fome  do)  but  only  juft  faften  the  loofe 
mould  that  is  put  round  it.  li  the  foil  is  light,  prels 
that  a  little -which  is  firft  put  in  at  the  bottom.  If  a 
plant  that  is  to  be  potted  be  without  mould  about  its 
roots,  raife  a  hillock  (at  a  proper  height)  in  the  middle 
ofxthe  pot,  to  lay  the  roots  on  and  round  :  It  muft 
always  be  avoided  planting  in  the  pots  /00deep,  becatife 
lo  much  of  the  pot  is  loft  as  is  above.  In  all  tranf- 
plantathns  it  is  proper  to  fhorten  fdme  of  the  roots, 
•and  the  moft  flraggling  are  to  be  chofen  for  the  pur- 

pofe  ; 


IO  OF    FLOWERS.  SECT.  XVITT. 

pofe  ;  fo  that  when  it  is  done  with  a  ball  of  earth, 
fome  of  the  external  fibres  mufl  be  cut  off,  if  it  was 
not  done  by  taking  up,  which  it  generally  is  when  the 
plants  are  any  thing  large. 

Annuals  in  pots  will  require  water  every  day,  in  very 
hot  weather,  and  in  moderately  fo,  every  other  ;  but 
thofe  in  the  open  ground  will  do  twice  as  long  (or 
more)  without  water  being  given  them.  Some  forts 
•will  need  more  water  than  others,  as  egg  plants  and 
lalfams,  than  coxcombs  and  tricolors.  This  matter  and 
a  variety  of  others,  will  be  learned  by  obfcrvation, 
without  a  good  fhare  of  which,  no  one  can  poflibly 
become  a  good  gardener  :  The  moft  exa6l  directions 
will  not  take  in  every  cafe,  and  rules  will  be  of  little 
avail,  where  the  mind  is  not  in  diligent  exercife. 

In  general,  potted  plants  require  water  according  to 
the  weather,  their  fituation  as  to  the  fun,  the  fize  of 
the  pots,  the  fulnefs  of  the  roots,  the  quantity  of  leaves, 
and  the  particular  nature  of  their  fubftance,  as  fuccu- 
lent  or  not  :  The  fmaller  pots  muft  have  the  molt. 
The  earth  alfo  in  which  plants  grow  maVes  a  great 
difference,  as  fome  forts  of  foil  retain  moifture  much 
longer  than  others.  It  may  be  a  queftitn  whether  pots 
of  annual  Rowers  (landing  in  pans,  mould  have  water 
conftantly  kept  in  them,  or  only  watered  (in  due  time) 
on  the  top,  till  it  runs  through  :  Both  practices  are 
followed  by  good  gardeners  ;  but  the  latter  feems  bed, 
as  keeping  the  young  fibres  at'the  bottom  always  fod- 
den  can  hardly  be  right  :  With  refpecl:  to  perennials 
-{except  of  an  aquatic  nature)  it  muft  be  wrong.  Let 
pots  of  flowers  in  the  fummer  be  placed  pretty  much 
in  thefoade  zndjbelter;  but  not  by  any  means  be  under 
trees,  or  a  roof.  A  fituation  where  they  have  only 
the  morning  fun  till  eleven  or  twelve  o'clock  is  the 
beft  ;  and  fome  perfons  are  fo  curious  in  this  refpecl: 
.as  to  have  awnings  for  the  purpofe,  and  temporary 
reed  fences  to  keep  off  the  wind,  to  which  flowers 
(particularly  of  the  tender  kind)  fhould  not  be  wholly 

expofed. 


•S-ECT.  XVIII,  OF    FLOWERS.  II 

expofed.  Annuals,  or  even  a  few  perennials,  may  be 
put  in.  covered  places,  when  nearly  in  full  blow,  for 
the  fake  of  their  ornament  ;  but- the  latter  ihould  not 
be  continued  longer  than  while  the  prime  (how  lads. 

It  is  advifablc  not  \opct  more  plants  than  neceiTary, 
as  they  occafion  much  trouble,  improperly  managed  ^ 
and  after  all,  will  not  be  fo  fine  as  thofe  growing  in 
the  open  ground.  Some  things  are  too  tender  for  open 
culture,  and  by  potting  they  are  conveniently  protected 
by  frames,  or  by  boujing,  and  fometimes  [imply  plung- 
hig  them  in  the  ground,  clofe  againfl  a  warm  wall, 
in  winter,  where  a  littFe  protection  may  be  eafily 
given  them  ;  others  it  may  bedefirable  to  pot,  for  the 
fake  of  moving  them  into  particular  places  when  in 
.blow,  and  to  have  fome  ready  to  put  into  the  ground, 
where  others  are  gone  off,  fo  as  to  keep  certain  fa 
vourite  borders  and  walks  always  in  glow  ;  but  do  not 
have  too  much  to  do  in  this  way. 

hjecond  fowing  of  tender  annuals  ihould  take  place 
two,  three,  or  four  weeks  after  the  firft,  according  as 
that  was  made,  late  or  early  ;  for  their  beauties  are 
certainly  deilrable,  as  long  as  the  feafon  will  permit 
us  to  behold  tfiem,  and  they  are  the  florifl's  chief  de 
pendence  in  the  autumn. 


The  LESS  TENDER  annuals  mould  have  a  flight 
bed  (about  two  feet  thick j  made  for  them  at  Mid- 
March,  or  a  little  after,  being  fown  and  managed  as 
directed  for  the  tender  forts,  when  they  are  one  or  two 
inches  high,  (according  to  their  nature)  they  muft  be 
taken  up  with  a  fcoop  trowel,  fo  as  to  keep -a  ball  of 
earth  about  their  roots,  and  either  tranfplanted  on  an 
other  bed,  about  one  and  a  half  foot  thick  of  dung, 
or  into  the  cold  ground;  the  fmall  kinds  at  four  or 
five,  and  the  larger  at  fix  or  eight  inches  afuiuier,  in  a 
broke  foil.  Let  them  be  immediately  watered 

and 


12  OF    FLOWERS.  SECT.  XVIII. 

and  kept  moid,  and  fhaded  from  fun  till  well  fettled, 
Here  they  may  grow  till  their  leaves  begin  to  meet, 
when  they  fhould  be  cut  between  their  roots  with  a 
knife,  and  lifted  up  neatly  with  a  fcoop  trowel,  to  be 
potted  or  planted  where  they  are  to  flower  :  If  this 
bufmefs  is  done  well,  they  will  receive  but  little  check 
in  their  tranfplantation.  Spindle  rooted  plants  fas 
JiocksJ  fhould  be  moved  where  they  are  to  blow,  as 
young  as  may  be  ;  but  fibrous  rooted  ones  may  be 
ihifted  much  older. 

Plants  w\\\fag  a  little  even  when  removed  with  a 
large  ball  of  earth  ;  but  as  moft  likely  Jome  of  the 
fibres  of  the  roots  are  either  broke  or  cut,  the  effecl.  is 
natural,  as  a  plant  is  chiefly  fed  by  the  youngeft  and 
moft  extreme  parts  of  the  root.  If  poflible,  let  all/ww- 
rtier  tranfplanted  flowers  bejbadedfrom  fun,  by  garden 
pots,  (Yaifed  a  little)  or  other  wife,  till  they  have  ftrucji 
frefh  roots,  which  they  will  foon  do  ;  but  uncover  on 
nights.  This  will  occafion  fome  trouble  ;  yet  the  ad 
vantage  attending  it,  makes  it  very  advifable,  and 
efpecially  the  plants  moved  with  none,  or  very  little 
mould  about  their  roots. 

A  hot  bed  for  thefe,  as  it  is  moderate,  rrTay  be  covered 
with  hoops  and  mats,  and  do  very  well,  or  rather  bet 
ter  than  frames  and  glafs  ;  for  it  often  happens,  that 
annuals  are  kept  too  clofe,  by  which  they  become  weak, 
and  get  ftunted  when  planted  out  in  the  free  air,  which 
is  made  (by  over  nurfing)  unnatural  to  them.  To 
wards  the  end  of  April,  almoft  any  of  them  will  come 
up  under  hand-glqffes,  on  a  warm  border,  in  a  light  and 
rich  foil  ;  but  they  will  blow  late,  and  be  not  near  fo 
flrong.  The  Qh'meje  holykock,  though  it  will  certainly 
come  up  well  at  this  late  fowing,  will  be  hardly  able 
to  produce  flowers  before  winter.  Thofe  flowers  of 
this  clafs,  however,  that  have  been  mentioned  as  to  be 
occafionally  confidered  as  hardy,  may  be  thus  treated 
for  zfecond  blow. 

Other 


SECT.  XVIir.  OF    FLOWERS.  13 

Other  modes  of  cultivation  are,  that  a  few  of  the 
lefs  tender  forts  may  be  fown  in  pots,  and  placed  (not 
plunged)  in  any  hot  bed  that  is  in  work  for  other 
things  ;  but  they  mud  not  be  kept  clofe,  or  hot,  which 
would  draw  them  up  weak  :  This  plan  may  ~tie  for 
them  a  little  while,  and  a  flight  heat  may  begot  ready 
to  prick  them  out  upon. 

Again,  both  this  clafs  of  annuals,  and  the  former,  if 
not  very  early  fown,  do  exceeding  well,  (or  rather  beft) 
when  on  hot  beds  under  hand-glajfis,  or  paper  lights, 
particularly  balfams. 

What  was  faid  of  tender  annuals  apply  here,  as  to 
airy  watery  and  cover,  but  more  freedom  in  the  prefent 
cafe  mould  be  taken.  If  any  are  under  matSy  the  cover 
inuft  be  removed  on  days,  except  the  weather  be  bad  ; 
or  it  may  be  only  turned  back,  and  half  off,  to  let  the 
fun  and  light  in  from  the  fouth.  Never  let  the  feeds 
or  plants  of  annuals  really  want  water  when  the  wea 
ther  is  dry.  See  page  56. 


The  HARDY  annuals  have  fome  little  difference  in 
their  temperature.  Though  all  may  be  fown  from  the 
middle  to  the  end  of  March,  as  the  beft  average  feafon, 
fome  may  generally  with  fafety  be  fown  at  Mid-Feb 
ruary,  as  candy  tufts ,  cornbottles,  larkfpurs,  hawkweed9 
lavatera,  libel's  catchfly,  lupines,  dwarf  lychnis,  nigella, 
fweet  peas,  poppies,  mulberry  blight,  oriental  mallow, 
perjicaria,  fun- flowery  annual  fnap  dragon,  Menus'  look- 
ing-glafs,  and  navel  wort,  Virginian,  or  annual  flock, 
and  winged  peas,  with  fome  others. 

But  nature  feems  evidently  to  direct  an  autumn  fow- 
ing,  for  many  forts  which  are  then.flied  (fome  always, 
and  others  often)  come  up  at  fpring,  and  thefe  make 
the  fined  blow,  and  produce  the  beft  feed  for  propaga 
tion.  A  number,  (all  the  above  forts)  therefore,  might 
be  fcattered  on  the  furface  of  the  ground  at  random, 

not 


*4  OF    FLOWERS.  SECT.  XV1IS. 

not  immediately  as  foon  as  ripe,  but  kept  a  little  while 
to  harden  ;  but  this  is  not  a  common  pradice,  as 
gardeners  like  to  have  their  borders  fpring  drefled  be 
fore  they  fow  their  annuals. 

For  \\iefpring  fowing,  the  ground  being  deep  dug, 
and  well  broke,  make  hollows  (by  drawing  the  mould 
afide)  of  from  fix  to  twelve  inches  diameter,  or  more, 
according  to  the  fize  of  the  garden,  as  large  ones  mould 
have  the  biggeft  patches.  Sow  thin,  and  cover  ac 
cording  to  the  fize  of  the  feed,  from  a  quarter  to  an 
inch.  Take  out  mould  enough  to  leave  the  patches 
fomewhat  hallow,  which  will  ferve  to  mow  where 
they  are  fown,  and  to  receive  the  rain,  or  occafional 
•watering.  If  the  plants  come  up  crowding,  thin  them 
foon,  and  leave  a  number  fuitable  to  their  ufual  fize  of 
growth  ;  as  one  only  of  the  belvidere,  cornbottle,  perfi- 
caria,  and  fun-flower  ;  two  of  the  lavatera,  oriental 
mallow,  mulberry  blight,  &c.  three  larkfpurs  ;  and  four 
of  lefs  plants.  Annuals  are  very  often  fown  too  thick, 
and  fuffered  to  ftand  too  clofe  for  flowering,  and  that 
altogether  not  by  negledl,  but  choice  ;  yet  a  few  fhort 
flrong  plants  with  fine  full  flowers,  arc  furely  better 
than  tall  dangling  weak  ones. 

A  fecond,  or  even  a  third*  fowing  of  hardy  annuals 
may  be  made,  at  two  or  three  weeks  between,  to  con 
tinue  the  blow,  efpecially  of  thofe  that  come  early, 
and  are  foon  off:  May  is  not  too  late  for  the  fowing 
of  thefe.  The  larltfyur,  for  inftance,  will  make  a  long 
fhow  with  us,  by  autumn  and  early,  and  late  fpring 
plants  ;  in  fhort  of  every  flower  that  blows  in  I'ummer, 
there  may  be  three  fowings,  and  two  of  thofe  that 
come  early  in  autumn,  in  order  toa/«7/  fucceflion. 

Hardy  annuals  do  not  in  general  tranfplant  well,  fo 
fhould  be  fown  where  they  are  to  remain,  and  they 
mud  have  a  good  foil,  as  well  as  the  tender  kinds,  in 
order  to  fuccefs.  Take  care  to  fow  the  tallejl  forts 
behind,  and  the  loweft  in  front 9  and  to  form  the  patches 
at  a  fufficient  diftance  from  one  another, that  the  ground 

tnay 


SECT.  XVIII.  OF    FLOWERS.  *5 

may  be  ftirred  and  raked  between  them.  A  garden 
may  be  too  full  of  flowers,  which  it  certainly  is,  if 
the  earth  is  not  feen  about  them  :  for  when  that  is 
clean  and  frefh,  all  things  growing  in  it  appear  more 
lively  :  It  is>  as  it  were,  the  back  ground  of  a  pidure. 


2.    OF    BIENNIALS. 

There  are  but  a  few  of  thefe,  and  the  principal  forts 
-will  be  found  in  the  lift  of  them,  nextjeftion,  where 
obfervations  will  be  made  on  particular  plants. 

Thefe  are  to  befown  in  drills,  or  in  beds,  at  broad 
caft,  the  latter  end  of  March,  or  beginning  of  Jpri'l, 
•where  they  have  only  the  morning  fun,  and  the  ground 
fhould  be  cool,  or  kept  fo  by  occafional  watering  : 
The  beginning  of  Afay,  however,  is  not  too  late. 

Thin  the  young  plants  on  the  feed  beds  a  little,  foon 
after  they  appear,  to  about  an  inch,  and  again  to  three 
or  four  inches  afunder,  and  keep  them  well  weeded. 
They  may  either  thus  remain  till  autumn,  to  be  planted 
out  where  they  are  to  blow  ;  or  if  they  grow  too  itrong 
and  crowding,  let  every  other  be  drawn  in  fummer, 
fchufing  a  moift  time,  if  poffible)  and  planted  out 
wider  into  nurfery  beds  for  ufe  in  autumn,  or  the  fol 
lowing  fpring  :  The  latter  feafon  will  do  for  final 
planting,  though  the  former  is  beft,  as  the  roots  get 
eftablifhed  in  the  ground  ;  when  if  moved  in  the  fpring 
they  meet  with  a  check.  It  is  bed  to  tranfplant  with 
earth  about  their  roots  ;  but  (horten  all  Draggling 
fibres,  and  cut  oft  dead  and  rambling  leaves.  Infevere 
winters,  thofe  moved  in  autumn  are  frmetimes  killed, 
and  therefore  a  few  may  be  referved  to  fpring,  in  cafe 
of  fuch  an  accident. 


VOL.  II. 


3-°* 


FLOWERS.  SECt.XVIIIv 


3.    OF    PERENNIALS. 

This  clafs  (as  has  been  obferved)  is  very  numerous,. 
;ind  the  plants  are  propagated,  many  of  them  by  their 
roots,  according  to  their  nature,  as  fibrous,  bulbous,  &c. 
fome  by  layers,  fuckers,  offsets,  flips,  cuttings,  &c.  and 
very  few  by  Jeed  only  ;  though  all  forts  (bearing  feed) 
are  occafionally  propagated  this  way,  for  new  varieties, 
or  to  produce//;^r  plants,  as  thofe  from  feed  generally 

?rove,  with  refpe6t  to  (trength,  fymmetry,  and  flowers, 
t  happens,  however,  when  propagated  from/m/,  that 
ibmetimes  a  better,  but  more  frequently  a  lefs  beautiful 
flower  is  produced  of  many  forts  ;  and  this  is  the  rea- 
fon  why  the  other  modes  of  propagation  are  fo  much 
adopted,  by  offsets,  &c.  as  thus  they  come  identically 
the  fame  with  the  mother  plant.  Another  obitacle 
againft  fome  forts  being  fown  is,  that  they  are  feyeral 
years  before  they  come  to  bear,  as  bulbous,  and  tube 
rous  rooted  flowers. 

The  Dutch  have  made  themfelves  famous  by  their 
patience  and  perfeverance  in  raifing  bulbs  and  tubers, 
and  fow  every  year  fome  of  each  kind,  which  pays 
them  well,  when  they  meet  with  an  eminently  good 
flower.  A  new  fort  of  anemone,  auricula,  carnation* 
ranunculus,  and  even  a  polyanthus  will  frequently  fetch, 
a  guinea,  and  a  tulip,  or  a  hyacinth,  fometimes  ten. 

To  raife  bulbous  and  tuberous  rooted  flowers,  they 
fliould  be  fown  in  boxes  (fuppofe  three  feet  long,  two 
wide,  and  fix  inches  deep)  of  light  rich  earth,  about 
the  middle  of  Augujl,  or,  September,  and  fetting  them  in 
a  funny  (heltered  place  (not  under  cover)  fow  anemonies 
and  ranuncuhtfes  a  quarter  of  an  inch  deep  ;  irifes,  col- 
chicums,  and  cyclamens,  half  an  inch  ;  and  tulips,  frit- 
tdlaries,  and  hyacinths,  near  an  inch  deep,  giving  water 
in  a  dry  time,  fo  as  to  keep  the  mould  fomewhat  moift, 
but  not  wet.  A  little  hay  may  be  kept  over  the  feeds 
till  the  plants  appear,  which  perhaps  will  be  fpring 

with 


£ECT.  XVIII.  OF    FLOWERS. 

with  fome.  Sowings  may  take  place  alfo  in 
or  April,  removing  the  boxes  in  May,  to  where  they 
may  have  only  the  morning  fun.  Thin  them  a  little, 
if  they  come  up  thick,  and  when  ftalks  die,  put  on 
half  an  inch  of  fine  mould  ;  and  after  the  decay  of  the 
leaf  next  fummer ,  they  mufl  be  planted  out  in  nurfery 
beds,  (latter  end  of  Augufl)  two,  or  three  inches  afun- 
der,  (according  to  their  nature)  and  fome  will  blow 
the  following  year,  as  the  anemone  and  ranunculus,  &c. 
though  the  hyacinth  will  be  four  or  five,  and  the  tulip 
feven  or  eight  firft.  Thefe  mud  be  removed  from 
the  firft  nurfery  bed  to  another,  (as  foon  as  their  tops 
are  decayed J  and  planted  at  fix  inches  diftance  ;  and 
ever  after  treated  as  blowing  plantr.  Keep  them  very 
clear  of  weeds,  particularly  the  feed  boxes,  or  borders. 
Protecl  the  feedltngs  in  fevere  weather  from  froft,  or 
heavy  rain,  by  mats  and  hoops.  A  reed  hurdle,  or 
fome  thing  el  fe,  put  up  at  the  N,  E.  end,  to  break  off 
the  vi'mA-when  it  is  harm,  will  be  proper. 

Fibrous  rooted,  &c.  perennials,  if  propagated  from 
feed,  are  to  be  treated  as  biennials  ;  but  they  are  moftly 
increafed  (as  obferved)  othervvays,  with  lefs  trouble, 
and  chiefly  by  parting  the  roots  in  autumn  and  fpring, 
or  by  rooted  iiips  or  offsets.  Many  of  them  have 
creeping  roots,  and  increafe  fo  faft,  that  it  is  neceffary 
to  take  them  up  every  three  or  four  years  ;  and  a  re 
moval  of  this  fort  is  proper  for  molt  perennials,  in 
order  to  greater  neatnefs,  and  a  fuperior  cultivation  ; 
for  though  large  tufts  look  handfome,  they  may  be  too 
.bulky,  and  fome  kinds  are  apt  to  rot  (as  bachelor's  but 
tons)  when  thick,  the  ftalks  and  flowers  come  weak, 
and  the  leaves,  toward  the  bottom,  turn  yellow. 

In  the  next  feflion,  is  a  lift  of  the  moft  common, 
ornamental,  or  curious  perennial  flowers,  (eafy  of  cul 
tivation)  having  fibrous  zndfle/hy  roots,  of  which  not 
all  the  forts  are  named,  but  thofe  only  which  feemed 
.moft  worthy, 

Many 


1<S  OF    FLOWERS.  SECT.  XVIII. 

Many  perennial  flowers  have  bulbous  and  tuberous 
roots,  and  their  general  culture  is,  to  take  them  up  an 
nually  foon  after  they  have  flowered,  when  their  leaves 
and  ftalks  turn  yellow  and  decay,  then  the  root  is  at 
reft,  and  its  fibres  die.  When  firft  taken  up,  lay  them 
covered  in  the  ground  for  a  few  days,  and  then  clean 
and  harden  them  in  the  fun,  (Tparingly,  if  exceeding 
hot)  when  they  muft  be  ftored  in  a  dry  place,  till  want 
ed,  for  damp  is  apt  to  rot  them  :  Never  put  many  to 
gether,  for  this  reafon. 

It  is  not  abfolutely  neceffary  to  take  bulbs  and  tubers 
up  every  year,  as  every  fecund  or  third  may  do  ;  but 
it  is  the  common  practice,  becaufe  it  gives  an  oppor 
tunity  to  remove  the  offsets  for  propagation,  and  the 
mother  bulbs  are  thus  Ihengthened,  as  alfo  from  the 
renewed  foil  they  meet  with  by  a  freih  plantation.  It 
is  not  uncommon  for  bulbous  roots  to  be  fuffered  to 
Hand  many  years  without  taking  up  ;  but  then  they 
cramp  and  ftarve  one  another,  and  are  apt  to  go  off 
from  their  original  beauty. 

Bulbs  and-tubers  may  be  either  replanted  immediately 
on  being  taken  up,  or  kept  out  of  ground  for  feveral 
months  ;  i.  e.  during  their  natural  periods  of  reft. 
Autumn  flowering  bulbs  are  to  be  taken  up  in  Mayy  if 
their  leaves  are  decayed. 

Spring  flowering  bulbs  fliould  be  replanted  in  Sep 
tember,  or  Otlober  ;  thofe  of  ihcfummer  in  Oftober,  or 

'  November  ;  and  thofe  of  autumn  in  July,  or  Auguft. 
A  little  before,  or  after,  is  not  very  material  ;  only 
when  they  are  put  in  too  foon,  they  come  fo  forward 
as  to  be  liable  to  be  damaged  in  fevere  winters,  and 
fprings  ;  and  when  kept  out  of  the  ground  too  long, 
the  bulbs  fpend  themfelves  firft  in  making  roots.  The 

fcaly  bulbs  (as  lilies)  mould  not  be  kept  put  of  the 
ground  above  fix  weeks,  or  two  months.  Thofe  that 
flower  \nfummer,  may  be  put  in  the  ground  at  different 
times,  as  early  and  late  in  autumn^  and  early  in  the 
new  year,  (not  later  than  February)  to  obtain  a  fuc- 

cefTion 


SECT.  XV  111.  0-F    FLOWERS,  *9 

ceflion  of  blow.  This  is  a  common  practice  with  the 
anemone  and  ranunculus  ;  but  when  planted  in  winter, 
the  foil  fhould  be  a  dry  one,  or  made  fo,  by  digging 
in  a  good  quantity  of  fine  fea-coal  allies,  and  coarfe, 
or  drift  fand  ;  elfe  they  are  apt  to  rot,  if  much  wet 
falls,  efpecially  when  followed  by  {harp  froft.  They 
may  be  protected  from  wet  by  mats,  and  from  froft  by 
.peas  haulm. 

Offsets  of  bulbs,  and  weak  tubers,  mud  be  planted 
a  month  before  the  full  fized  roots  ;  and  as  they  are 
not  expected  to  flower  the  firft  year,  (hould  be  difpofed 
of  in  nurfery  beds,  rather  clofe,  where  they  may  grow 
a  year,  or  two,  according  to  their  ftrength,  as  iome 
wi'll  be  this  time,  or  longer,  before  they  flower.  Thofc 
taken  from  fcaly  bulbs,  will  not  endure  to  be  out  of 
ground,  and  muft  therefore  be  planted  almoft  immedi 
ately.  Bulbs  taken  up  out  offcafon,  i.  e.  when  they 
have  remained  fo  long  in  the  ground  as  to  have  (truck 
out  freih  roots,  fhould  be  removed  with  balls  of  earth  ; 
for  though  they  may  live  without  this  care,  they  wilt 
be  exceeding  weak  ;  it  is  therefore  neeeflary  exactly, 
to  obferve  the  proper  feafon  for  removal. 

The  foil  that  beft  fiats  bulbous  and  tuberous  roots 
in  general,  is  a  Tandy  loam  ;  but  molt  of  the  forts  arc 
not  very  nice.  The  ground 'for  them  fhould  be  well 
dug,  two  fpadesdeep,  that  their  fibres  may  fhoot  freely, 
their  offsets  fweil  eafily,  and  wet  be  completely  drained 
from  them,  when  much  of  it  falls.  And  this  work 
fhould  be  done  a  week  before  planting,  that  the  ground 
may  fettle.  In  a  light  foil,  roots  of  the  ranunculus  have: 
been  found  to  ftrlke  a  yard  deep,  which  may  admonifh., 
that  in  a  clay  bottom,  it  is  proper  to  lay  a  body  of 
ftones  there,  (fuppofe  at  eighteen  inches]  that  too 
much  moiflure  may  not  be  detained. 

The  depth  at  which  bulbs  fhould  be  planted,  mud  be 

.according  to  their  fize,  three  or  four  inches  deep,  from 

their  top.      Tubers  alfo  according  to  their   fize  ;    ane- 

mwies  and  ranitnc uluje 3 .  at   two,    or    uvo   and  a  half 

B  2  inches 


-O  OF    FLOWERS.  SECT,  XV  lit. 

inches,  &c.  Some  bulbs  will  come  up  even  when  a 
foot  below  the  ground,  as  crown  imperials,  and  crocufes., 
at  fix  inches,  or  more  ;  fome  perfons  have,  therefore, 
planted  them  deeper  than  the  above  rule,  in  order  to 
be  able  to  ftir  the  furface  of  the  ground  without  darn- 
aging  them. 

The  proper  difpofition  of  bulbous  and  tuberous  roots, 
is  either  in  beds  (a  trifle  rounded)  of  from  three  to  four 
feet  and  a  half  wide,  for  the  curious  forts .;  or  in  patches 
of  the  Fmaller  forts,  to  form  clufters  of  three,  four,  or 
five,  agreeable  to  the  room  they  require.  There  (hould 
be  only  one  in  a  place  (generally)  of  the  white,  or 
orange  lily,  crown  imperial,  and  fuch  like  large  bulbs. 

In  beds,  the  fancy  forts  of  bulbs,  and  tubers,  may  be 
fet  in  rows,  eight  or  nine  inches  afunder,  and  from 
five  to  feven  inches  in  the  rows,  according  to  their 
iize.  The  diftance  of  four  inches  apart  is,  however, 
by  fome  florifts,  thought  fufiicient  for  anemonies  and 
ranunculufes  ;  but  certainly  more  were  better,  where  a 
ilrong  blow  is  a  firft  objeft.  Hyacinths  ihould  be 
planted  at  feven,  or  eight,  though  they  are  more  com 
monly  at  fix  inches.  Tulips  (hould  be  at  eight,  or 
nine, 

When  planted^  if  rain  does  not  come  in  about  four 
days,  beds  of  bulbs  and  tubers  {hould  be  watered,  to 
let  them  growing,  that  they  may  not  rot. 

Though  bulbs  may  be  planted  by  ^ dibble y  (taking 
care  that  the  mould  does  not  ;lay  hollow  about  .the 
roots)  a  better  way  is,  to  draw  .drills.,  and  place  them 
in,  giving  them  a  gentle  preffure  into  the  ground,  and 
covering  neatly  up.  A  little  free  fand  fhould  be 
flrewed  along  the  bottom  of  -the  drills,  under  hyacinths, 
anemonies  and  ranunculufes,  if  :the  foil  is  not  quite  a 
light  one. 

The  beft  way  of  planting  bulbs  is,  to  draw  the 
mould  off  the  bed  to  afufficient  depth  ;  then  lay  the 
furface  perfectly  level  ;  give  a  watering  ;  and  when 
-the  top  is  a  little  dry,  mark  .it  out  :iato  .proper  fized 

fquares  j 


SECT.  XVIII*  OF    FLOWERS.  21 

fquares  ;  then  place  a  bulb  in  the  middle  of  each,  and 
carefully  cover  up,  fo  as  not  to  throw  them  on  their 
fides. 

Thofe  bulbs  and  tubers  in  beds,  may  conveniently 
be  protected,  when  in  flower,  from  rain  and  fun,  by  an 
aivning,  which  will  continue  them  in  perfection  of 
blow  much  longer  than  if  always  cxpofed.  When 
thefe  flowers,  in  beds,  firfl  break  ground,  if  the  weather 
is  fevere,  they  may  have  an  awning  of  mats,  or  cloth, 
occafionally  over  them  ;  or  a  little  peas  haulm,  or 
wheat  ftraw,  laid  thinly  on,  juft  to  protecl  their  tender 
(late  a  little  ;  this  regards  particularly  nights^  but  on 
days  a  cover  mould  not  remain  on  in  tolerable  weather. 
But  before  the  (hoots  appear  above  ground,  valuable 
beds  of  thefe  flowers  (bould.be  (heltered  from  having 
much  wet,  (even  all  through  winter)  as  moilture  gives 
fro/I  fb  great  power. 

Spring  flowering  bulbs  may  be  brought  forward  by 
planting  them  in  pots  and  water-glajjes^  and  fetting 
them  in  warm-rooms,  or  hot  beds  ;  and  thus,  even  in 
winter i  we  may  have  ornaments  and  fweets  that  court 
our  admiration.  The  great  variety  of  hyacinths  and 
polyanthus  narciffus,  furnifh  us  amply  in  this  way  ;  but 
other  early  bulbs  may  alfo  be  thus  forwarded.  Pets, 
placed  in  a  warm  kitchen  window,  may  be  brought 
iorward  to  blow  'in  the  parlour  ;  -or  placed  in  any 
window,  open  to  ibefoutb,  will  forward  them.  Thefe 
fhould  be  potted  in  Oflo&er,  and  have  a  light  dry  foil, 
occafionaliy  giving  water.  Bulbs  may  be  put  in  glaffes 
at  this  time,  and  once  a  month  after,  to  February  for  a 
fucceilion.  Let  the  bulb  juft  touch  the  water,  which 
(hould  be  foft,  and  replenished  fo  often  as  to  keep  it 
up  to  the  bottom  of  ths  bulbs.  Let  it  be  completely 
changed  about  once  a  week  ;  and  ifa^bit  of  nitre,  the 
fize  of  a  pea,  be  put  in  each  -time,  rt^wili  fkengthen 
the  blow. 

Though  bulbous  flowers  are  propagated  plentifully 
;by  rw/urFsets,  yet  fome  arc  increafed  from  little  bulbe 

formed 


22  OF    FLOWERS.  SECT.  XVriT, 

formed  on  the  fides  or  tops  of  they?#//b,  as  the  mofy 
tribe,  and  the  bulbiforous  lily.  Thefe  fhould  be  taken 
off  in  Auguft,  dried  in  the  fun,  and  then  planted  in 
Eurfery  beds  as  offsets. 

Bulbs  propagated  from  offsets,  produce  a  flower  ex 
actly  like  the  parent  ;  and  varieties  are  only  to  be  ob 
tained  from  feed,  which  never  comes  quite  like  the 
original. 

Let  fted  be  faved  only  from  choice  flowers,  be 
thorough  ripe,  and  being  hardened  a  little  in  the  fun, 
they  may  be  fowed  foon  after,  in  pots  or  boxes,  of 
good  light  earth.  See  page  16.  Perfons  of  leifure 
and  curiofity,  would  do  well  to  amufe  theinfelves  in 
this  way,  that  we  may  not  be  fo  much  indebted  to 
foreigners,  for  a  fupply  of  new  flowers  of  this  clafs. 

An  obfervation  may  be  here  made,  that  the  fame 
bulb  (as  is  often  thought)  does  not  always  continue  ; 
for  fome  are  renewed  every  year,  as  the  tulip  ;  and 
others  the  fecond,  third,  &c.  So  that  when  taken  up 
to  remove  offsets,  the  principal  bulb  of  the  tulip,  &c. 
which  is  commonly  elteemed  the  old  one,  is,  in  fact, 
a  new  formed  one,  though  (perhaps)  not  lefs  in 
and  it  may  be  bigger.  v 


As  many  SHRUBS  (i.  e,  woody  plants)  are  propa 
gated  in  a  view^principally  to  their  flowers,  they  will 
properly  enough  be  confidered  a  little  here,  as  to  their 
propagation.  See  feftion  On  Shrubs  and  Shrubberies. 

The  deciduous /h rubs  that  are  moft  ufually  cultivated 
for  their  ornamental  nature,  will  be  found  in  the  lifts 
of  the  nextfeftion  ;  and  their  modes  of. propagation  are 
denoted  thus  : — b.  budding— c.  cuttings—-^.  grafF — 
/.  layers — r.  roots — -J.  feeds — -jl.  flips — -fu.  fuckers — by 
includes  offsets. 

Of 


srcT.  xvni.  OF  FLOWERS,  23 

Of  the  various  methods  of  propagating  trees  and 
fhrubs,  that  by  feed  is  the  beft,  where  it  can  be  adopted, 
(as  has  been'obferved)  and  the  feafon  is  autumn  or 
fpring.  If  \n  autumn,  it  may  be  earlier,  or  later,  as 
the  feeds  ripen  ;  for  foon  after  they  are  ripe  is  the  moft 
proper  time  to  commit  them  to  the  earth,  covering  the 
fmaller  feeds  from  half  to  a  full  inch  ;  and  kernels, 
mils,  &c.  from  two  to  three  inches,  according  to  their 
fize.  Any  fort  that  is  doubted  to  (land  the  winter  in 
feed  beds,  may  be  fown  \upits,  or  boxes,  and  houfed 
in  fevere  fro(ts.  If  in  fp ring,  (as  it  is  a  good  rule  to 
fow  a  little  at  both  feafons,  and  fome  tender  forts  re 
quire  the  latter)  the  feed  muft  be  carefully  kept  from 
damp  and  vermin,  and  put  into  the  ground  towards 
the  end  of  February,  or  early  in  March.  The  feeds  of 
fome  of  the  more  delicate  forts  will  require  to  be  fown, 
at  this  feafon,  on  a  flight  hot  bed ;  and  if  a  few  oi' 
moft  of  the  forts  were  thus  treated,  it  would  be  a  good 
method,  the  better  to  infure  their  germination,  and  to 
forward  them.  Let  fpring  fown  feeds  be  watered  oc- 
cafionally,  according  to  the  weather,  to  keep  them 
moift.  The  eaith  they  are  fown  in  fhould  be  mode 
rately  light,  dry  and  rich,  and  formed  into  beds  of  four 
feet  wide,  either  in  drills  or  at  broad  caji,  firft  drawing 
earth  offinto  the:alleys,  to  cover  with.  See  page  70,  72. 

American  trees  and  fhrubs  do  very  well  in  this  cli 
mate,  but  the  young  plants  are  generally  tender,  and 
fhould  have  fome  protection,  one,  two,  or  three  years, 
till  they  get  woody,  and  inured  to  the  climate. 

For  graffing  and  budding,  (as  forne  fhrubs  are  prop 
agated  this  wayj  fee  the  fection  On  Graffing ;  and 
for  the  propagation  by  fuckers,  cuttings,  layers,  &c.  fee 
feftion  5,  page  85,  to  the  end  ;  about  fuckers,  fee  alfo 
page  1 14.  Thofe  trees,  or  fhrubs,  from  which  cuttings 
cf  ihefame  year's  growth  may  be  had  in  'June,  oijuly, 
may  be  greatly  helped  to  ftrike  root,  by  covering  them 
clofe  with  a  hand-glafs  ;  (as  directed  concerning  pinks) 
and  if  aglafs  were  put  over  layers,  which  aie  difficult 

to 


24  LISTS    OF  TREES,    &C.  SECT.   XIX. 

to  ftrike,  it  would  help  them.  See  obfervations  on  the 
-arbutus ,  lift  5,  next  fedtion. 

This  mode  of  propagation  is  particularly  adapted  to 
fome  forts  of  evergreen  fhrubs,  which  emit  fibres  more 
freely  from  the youngeft  wood.  If  year  old  wood  is 
treated  thus,  the  cuttings  may  be  fet  early  in  fpring  4 
•or  glafles  may  be  put  over  thofe  put  out  in  autumn. 
But  fpring  cuttings,  potted,  and  fet  on  a  flight  hot  bed, 
•wiih  hand-glafles,  is  the  fureft  method  to  make  diffi 
cult  forts  ftrike  root. 

It  may  prove  an  obfervation  of  fome  ufe,  that  trees 

and  fhrubs   raifed  from  feed  grow  the  largeft,  from 

layers  generally  prove  lefs,  and -from  cuttings  the  leaft. 

Where  budding  can  be  pra&ifed,  it  is  preferable  to 

graffing. 

For  planting  and  managing  (hrubs,  &c.  fee  fe&ion  9, 
and  Shrubberies.  For  pruning,  fee  page  169. 


SECTION  XIX. 


ITISTS    OF    TREES,    SHRUBS    AND    FLOWERS. 

%?  The  names  of  the  choicefl  forts  of  fruit  frets,  wtH 
be  found  in  fe&ion  17. 

THE  modes  of  cultivation  are  here  directed  by  the 
letters,    as  in  laft  feclion  ;  adding  m.  for  moift, 
w.  for  wety  and  d.  for  dry.     Thofe  not  marked  are  to 
be  understood  as  (pretty   much)  indifferent  as  to  foil, 

and 


SECT.  XIX,  LISTS    OF  TREES,   &C.  2£ 

and  indeed  thofe  marked  oiherwife  may  grow  in  a 
contrary  kind,  and  often  do,  though  not  fo  flourim- 
ingly. 

The  time  of  flowering  is  annexed  to  thofe  trees  and 
fhrubs  that  are  thus  at  all  ornamental,  and  the  more 
ordinary  heights  they  are  found  to  attain  are  denoted 
in  the  arrangement  ;  a  circumftance  hitherto  much, 
wanted,  as  ufeful  and  ncceffary  to  be -known,  in  order 
to  a  right  difpofal  of  them.  Thofe  of  a  naturally  low 
growth  have  been,  fometimes,  planted  behind  \njhrub- 
beries,  &c.  and  the  taller  forward  ;  but  yet  this  unfor 
tunate  circumftance  muft  be  unavoidable  to  every  in 
experienced  planter,  who  has  no  other  guide,  than  that 
this  is  a  trte,  and  that  is  zjhruby  &c. 

The  colours  of  the  flowers  are  mentioned  when  op 
portunity  permitted,  as  agreeable  to  be  known,  and  of 
ufe  in  the  difpofal  of  them  at  planting,  todiverfify  the 
fcene  properly. 

Such  objervaticiisy  as  may  be  thought  mod  ufeful 
and  necelTary,  will  follow  each  lift  ;  but  as  neither  all 
the  forts  nor  the  varieties  of  each  fort,  could  be  enu 
merated  in  fuch  a  work  as  this,  fo  alfo  the  minutia  of 
propagation,  &c.  is  more  than  could  be  comprehended, 
or  expected  :  Folio  volumes  (fo  copious  is  the  fubje6l) 
have  left  a  variety  of  plants  unnoticed,  and  much  un- 
faid  refpe&ing  cultivation.  For  ordinary  ufe,  a  greater 
enumeration,  or -more  enlarged  particulais,  would  (in 
deed)  have  made  the  book  lefs  valuable.  If  \\\tfelettion 
2nd  information  is  good,  (and  pains  have  been  taken 
in  the  bufmefs)  thofe  for  whom  this  book  is  defigned, 
will  have  no  reafon  to  complain. 

The  names  of  trees,  fhrubs  and  flowers,  are  in  many 
cafes  various,  as  fometimes  the  fcicntinc  name  pre 
vails,  and  at  other  times  the  trivial  ;  and  of  neither  is 
there  a  perfect  agreement.  The  obje£l  therefore  here 
has  been  to  give  that  name  by  which  each  is  fuppofed 
to  be  bed  known.  Different  plants  are  often  called 
by  the  fame  name,  and  a  nice  difcrimination  is  made 

by 


26  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  SECT.  XIX. 

by  botanifts,  according  to  leaf  and  flower  ;  but  thefe 
are  no  farther  noticed  than  neceflary  ;  and  fuch  de- 
fcriptions  are  given  of  each,  as  cannot  (it  is  hoped) 
fail  to  identify  the  fort,  when  applied  for  toanurfery- 
rnan. 

In  the  following  lifts  of  trees,  the  larger  are  marked 
with  an  afterifm  ;  and  in  the  lifts  oi  JbrubsznA  flowers, 
difcrimination  of  fize  is  made  by  figures,  each  being 
divided  into  four  forts,  as  to  height  ;  and  the  loweft 
marked  No.  i.  But  it  is  ever  to  be  underftood,  that 
the  foil,  and  other  circumftances  will  make  a  differ 
ence,  as  to  flature  ;  fo  that  the  greater  may  become 
the  lefs,  and  the  lefs  the  greater. 

Where  et  cetera  (i.  e.  &c,J  is  affixed  to  forts,  it 
means  that  there  are  others  ;  and  where  it  is  added  to 
the  time  of  flowering,  it  fignifies  of  more  than  one 
month's  duration.  It  is  the  nature  of  fome  things  to 
keep  in  blow  all  the  fummer  :  to  encourage  which, 
dead  flowers  fhould  always  be  fpeedily  taken  off,,  as 
they  occur. 


I. 

LIST  of  deciduous  trees ,  ufually  called  foreft,  or  tim- 
her  trees,  ferving  both  for  ufe  and  ornament  : 

Abele,  is  the  white  poplar  ;  and  afpen  the  tremulous. 

*  Alder,  common  hoary  leaved  American,  &c.  c.Lf.w* 

*  AJh,  common  and  American  white,  red  and  black,/. 

*  Beech,  common  and  American  purple  leaved,/.  /.  d. 
Birch, com.  white,  Virginian  and  Canadian, &c.f.l.fu. 

*  Chef  nut,  edible  fruited  Spanifh,  and  horfe,/  May. 

*  Cyprefs,  deciduous,  or  Virginian  fwamp,  /./.  w. 

*  Elm,  fmall  and  broad  leaved,  wych,  or  Scotch,  &c  .f.l.fu 
Hickery  nut>  fmooth  white,  and  rough  barked,/ 
Hornbeam,  common,  hop,  and  Virginia  flowering,/ 

*  Lime,  common,  red-twigged,  blackAmerican,  &c./.<:./ 

*  Larch)  common  red,  white  andblack  American,&c./ 

*  Maple, 


SECT.  XIX.  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  2J 


fh  leaved,  opalusor  Italian,/.y.yw.  May 
com.  fmall, Norway,  Pennfylvanian,  &c.  ditto 
Medlar,  com.  German,  Nottingham,&Italian,/./.  May 
Mountain  ajh  is  fometimes  a  foreft  tree,  fee  next  lift 

*  Nettle  tree,  as  next  lift,  grows  large,  and  is  a  foreft  tree 
Nut  tree,  common  hazel,  or  any  orchard  fort,  IJu.J* 

*  0fl£,'Engli(h,  American  forts,  Spanifh,  Italian,  &c./~. 
*P/fl»<?,Eaftern,Weftern, middle, or  Spanim,/./.^.May 

*  Poplar,  white,black,trernulonsand  Carolina,*:././^  m. 

*  Service  tree,  the  wild  maple  leaved,y.  /.  June 

*  Sycamore,  is  the  great  maple,  which  fee. 

*  Walnut,  the  common,  or  royal,  and  black  Virginian,yi 

*  Willow,  white,  or  filver  leaved, purple  and  fweet,&c. 

%*  For  Underwood  amongfr  foreft  trees,  the  ufual  forts 
are,  alders,  ajh,  beech,  birch,  haze!,  hornbeam  y  fallow, 
willow,  and  fometimes  the  wych  elm,  maple,  poplar, 
and  fyca  more. 

OBSERVATIONS    ON    PARTICULAR    TREES. 

Alders,  cuttings  of  it  may  be  thick  truncheons  of  a 
yard  long,  pointed,  and  thruft  into  foft  ground  half 
way,  or  into  a  hole  made  with  an  iron  bar,  and  will 
grow  readily.  This  is  the  way  alfo  to  propagate  pop 
lars,  willows,  andy f allows  ;  alfo  elders. 

Ajh,  the  American  forts  do  not  grow  near  fo  large 
as  the  common  Englifh.  For  the  ornamental  alhes, 
fee  next  lift. 

Beech  was  formerly  much  ufed  for  hedges  about, 
and  the  divifions  of,  a  garden,  and  it  ferves  well  for  this 
purpofe,  as  it  bears  the  ihears  ;  but  it  muft  be  regularly 
dipt  twice  a  year,  the  latter  end  of  June  and  Augufl^ 
or  it  will  foon  get  cut  ot  order. 

Birch  is  reckoned  the  wof  ft  of  timber,  yet  the  wood 
has  its  ufes  in  feveral  particular  bufmefles.  The 
American  forts  grow  much  larger  than  the  Engli/h. 
The  tree  is  of  that  accommodating  nature,  that  it  will 

VOL.  ii.  c  grow 


28  LISTS    OF    TREES,    &C.  SECT.  XIX.' 

-grow  in  any  foil  or  fituation,  wet  or  dry.  It  is  vvelj 
known,  that  a  wine  is  made  of  its  fap,  by  boring  hole^ 
in  full  grown  trees  in  fpring,  before  the  leaves  comtj 
out  ;  and  from  a  number  of  trees  a  great  deal  may  b<f 
colle&ed.  Without  being  unpleafant,  (if  properly 
made]  birch  wine  is  relimed  by  many,  and  is  reckoned 
very  medicinal  in  fcorbutic,  and  other  complaints.  Fot 
the  whole  procefs,  fee  Family  Herbal,  o&avo,  by  /^. 
Meyricky  furgeon,  a  book  worthy  of  notice.  There  i$ 
a  method  of  catching  the  liquor,  by  putting  into  the 
holes  (deeply  bored)  faucets  of  elder.  ' 

Elm,  the  wych,  is  the  qutckeft  grower,  and  will 
flourilh  in  any  foil  ;  but  the  broad  leaved  is  reckoned 
the  bell  timber,  and  the  fmall  leaved  the  moft  orna 
mental,  but  it  mud  have  a  good  foil  to  flourifh.  The 
wych  is  eafily  raifed  from  feed  (fown  after  it  is  ripe) 
but  the  other  forts  are  propagated  from  fuckers,  or 
layers,  or  graffing  on  the  wych.  In  order  to  obtain 
fuckers^  and  {hoots  for  layers,  jlools  are  to  be  formed 
by  cutting  down  fome  young  trees,  almoft  clofe  to  the 
ground.  Trees  from  layers  are  better  than  from  fuck 
ers,  Obferve,  that  whatever  is  to  be  propagated  by 
layers,  or  fuckers,  making^*?/*  is  the  way  to  procure 
them. 

H'jrnbeam>  the  common  fort  will  grow  very  large  in 
fome  foils,  but  the  Virginian  (flowering  yellow)"  will 
hardly  reach  thirty  feet,  and  the  hop  not  above  twenty. 
All  the  hornbeams  (the  hop  moftj  have  been  ufed  much 
for  dipt  hedges,  and  partitions  in  gardens  and  pleafure 
grounds,  but  the  oriental  fort  fuits  the  purpofe  belt, 
.being  naturally  dwarfim.  The  hornbeam  feathers 
flown  lower  and  thicker  than  any 'other  tree,  and  the 
property  of  holding  Its  decayed  leaves  on  all  winter, 
adapts  it  for  a  fcreen  from  winds. 

Nut  tree,  as  timber,  will  be  beft  propagated  from 
nuts,  either  to  remain  where  fown,  or  planted  out 
while  young,  keeping  the  ilems  trimmed  up,  free  of 
{hoots,  to  about  five  or  fix  feet,  (according  to  itrength) 

and 


SECT.  XIX.  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C,  29 

and  then  to  form  a  head,  lopping  the  leading  fhoot  for 
ihe  purpofe,  which  will  occafion  feveral  branchesjo 
proceed  from  the  upper  eyes  ;  and  this  is  the  way  to 
form  all  forts  of  trees  to  good  heads. 

•Oak,  the  Englijh  produces  the  heft  wood,  but  the 
American  forts  are  the  failed  growers,  though  they  do 
not  attain  to  the  fize  of  the  Englijh.  A  cool  ftrong 
foil  produces  the  handfomeft  trees,  and  toughed  timber. 
Oaks  fhould  not  be  above  three  or  four  years  old  before, 
they  are  planted,  for  the  older  they  are,  the  more  check 
they  receive,  and  it  is  a  tree  that  does  not  tranfplant 
well.  Hence  all  the  care  fhould  be  taken  that  can  be 
in  the  bufinefs.  Sesfefficn  10.  But  oaks  fucceed  befl 
without  removal,  having  a  tap,  or  downright  root, 
which  is  -frequently  broke  in  taking  up  :  All  trees 
would  probably  thus  come  finer,  if  it  was  convenient. 
The  confequence  of  preferving  the  tap  has  been  fuf- 
peiSled  ;  but  it  is  certainly  Nature's  direction,  for  rather 
than  give  up  the  point,  the  tap  of  the  oak  will  make 
its  way  downward,  in  a  dire£t  line,  through  the  hardeft 
foils.  See  page  80. 

Poplar  to  propagate  by  cuttings,  fee  alder ;  but 
younger  and  fmaller  cuttings  for  this  tree  do  better,  as 
thofe  of  one  or  two  years  old,  and  half  a  yard  long  : 
The  black  poplar  does  not  fucceed  well  by  truncheons. 

Walnut,  when  planted  for  timber,  fhould  be  young, 
and  the  tap  root,  if  poffible,  preferved  whole.  The 
black  Virginian  grows  more.ereft,  but  the  other  makes 
the  larged  tree,  and  bed  wood.  The  white  Virginian 
is  the  beckery  nut.  All  thefe  make  the  :bed  trees,  when 
growing  from  feed  without  tranfplanting. 

Willow  m&  fallow,  to  propagate  by  cuttings,  fee 
aider. 

V  Of  all  the  forefl  trees  here  mentioned,  the  ajh, 
i\\e  beech,  the  elm,  and  the  oak,  are  the  principal ;  and 
to  plant  thefe,  and  others,  is  a  work  ot  the  mod  com 
mendable,  and  eventually  of  the  mod  profitable  kind, 
See  pages  79, 115,  122. 

LIST 


3®  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  SECT.  XIX. 

II. 

LIST  of  large  deciduous  trees^  con Gdered  chiefly  as 
ernamentai,  for  pleafure  grounds,  &c. 

*  Acacia,  triple  thorned,  fewer  thorned,  &c.//.  c.fu.  July 

*  Aflit  Calabrian  manna,  and  large  flowering,  f.gr.  May 

Weeping  and  variegated,  wh.  and  yel.  leaved,  b.gr, 

• dwarf  flowering  (fmall  white  bunches)/  gr,  May 

Annona,  cuflard  apple,  or  papaw  tree,/.  May  d. 

*  Bsech,  white  and  yellow  ftriped  leaved,  b.  gr.  in. 
Birch,  weeping  cr  pendulous  twigged  J.  I.fu. 
.Buckthorn,  common  purging  berried,  I.fu.  c.  May 

*  Catalpa  (tree  bignonia)  or  trumpet  flower,  c.  l.J.  Aug. 
Cherry,  the  bird,  common  and  Cornifh,  &c./  b.  gr.  May 
Cornelian,  malecornus,  or  cornel,/,  c.l.fu.  May 

*  CHefnut,  fcarkt  flowered  and  flriped  leaved,/  b.  gr.  May 
Date  plum,  or  perfimon,  is  the  pijhamin  below. 

*  Elm,  pendulous  twigged  and  variegate^  leaved,  /.  gr. 
Frangula,  alpine  and  berry  bearing  akl^r,/  c.  l.Ju.  June 
Gleditfia  is  the  acacia  above,  which  fee 

*  Hornbeam,  oriental,  and  variegated  leaved,  1. gr. 
Laburnham,  com.  broad  and  narrow  leaved,/  c,  I.  May 
Larch,  or  the  deciduous  pine,  fee  laft  lift, 

*  Lime  (or  linden  tree)  with  variegated  leaves,  /.  c.  gr. 
^Magnolia,  umbrella,  glaucous  leaved,  &c./  /.  c.  June,  d. 
Mountain  aJJi,  or  bird's  fervice,  pi,  and  ftrip./  /.  May 

*  Nettle  tree,  black  and  purple  fruited,/  I.fu.  May 

*  _, —  bloach  leaved  of  both  forts,  gr.  May 

*  Oak,  flriped,  apd  red  leaved  Virginian,  b,  gr.f. 
Pijhamin,  Indian  and  European,  /././«.  May,  d. 

*  Piftachia  nut,  or  com.  turpentine  tree,  &c./  /.  May 

*  Poplar,  with  variegated  or  flriped  leaves,  c.  l.gr. 

*  Robinia,  com.  or  falfe acacia,  wh.  flow./  c.  I.fu.  June 
-  for  other  forts,  fee  the  following  lift 

*  Service  tree,  or  forb  apple,  true  and  baftard./  /.  May 
Tacamahacca,  or  balfamic  poplar  tree,  c.  I.fu. 

*  Tulip  tree,  fometirnes  called  lily  flowered,/  l.Ju.  July 

nburnham, 


SECT.  XIX.  LISTS   OF    TREES,  &C.  3* 

Viburnham,  or  meally  way  faring  tree,/.  /.  c.fu.  May 

American  forts,  and  itriped,  b.gr.  in.  May 

*  Willow,  weeping,  fhining  leaved,  and  yel.  twigged,  c. 

*#*  Thefe  ornamental  trees  are  proper  to  plant  at  the  back 
of  flirubberies,  &c.  and  here  and  there  one  on  the  Hurts  arid 
fronts  of  woods,  or  plantations  of  timber,  and  along  the 
boundaries  of  grounds.  Here  they  will  appear  to  great 
advantage  j  but  more  fo  fmgly  in  detached  lituations  : 
Moft  of  them  are  good  wood  for  timber. 


OBSERVATIONS    ON    PARTICULAR    TREES. 

Annona  is  of  North  America,  but  fomewhat  tender, 
and  therefore  fhould  have  a  favourable  fkuation.  It 
muft  be  raifed  on  a  hot  bed  in  fpring,  and  the  feedlings 
potted  and  houfed  in  winter  for  a  year  or  two,  but  not 
nurfed  too  much. 

Buckthorn,  if  raifed  from  feed,  fow  early  in  autumn, 
as  foon  as  the  berries  can  be  procured,  and  perhaps 
fome  may  come  up  the  following  fpring,  but  raofl  of 
them  will  lay  another  year.  This  is  the  cafe  whit 
various  feeds. 

Catalpa  mould  grow  fingly,  that  it  may  have  its 
natural  wide  fpread,  and,  if  poflible,  let  it  be  on  a  plat 
of  grafs,  where  it  will  appear  to  great  advantage.  It 
is  very  hardy,  but  as  it  comes  out  late,  it  is  advifabie 
to  give  it  a  favourable  afpe6t. 

Magnolias  are  to  be  confidered  as  rather  tender, 
cfpecially  young  plants.  The  glaucous  leaved  is  of 
the  lowed  growth,  (about  ten  feet)  but  all  are  elegantly 
ornamental  with  their  white  flowers  :  There  is  alfo  a 
blue  flowered  one.  Let  them  have  a  dry  foil,  as  all 
tender  plants  fhould,  as  well  as  a  warm  fituation. 

Mountain  aJJj  produces  its  white  flowers  in  May,  but 

they  are  little  ornamental,     Its  fuliage3  however,  is 

C  2  pretty^ 


32  LISTS  OF    TREES,    &C.          SECT.  XIX> 

pretty,  and  its  fruit  of  red  berries  is  one  of  thegreateft 
ornaments  of  autumn,  coming  very  early,  and  hanging 
all  winter,  if  the  blackbird,  &c.  will  let  them  alone. 
As  it  deferves  the  moft  confpicuous  iltuation,  it  will  be 
proper  to  plant  fome  near  the  houfe,  and  where  birds 
are  likely  to  be  dilturbed  from  too  frequent  viiits. 

Pi/hamin  or  date  plum,  is  chiefly  cultivated  here  as 
of  ornamental  foliage,  for  its  fruit  is  rarely  relimed  ; 
and,  like  the  medlar  and/or^,  mult  be  in  a  fiate  of  decay 
before  it  is  eatable.  If  propagated  from  layers,  it  mult 
be  done  in  fpring,  and  the  following  March  (juft  as 
they  begin  to  moot)  they  may  be  tranfplanted.  If 
raifed  from  feed,  fow  it  on  a  hot  bed  in  fpring,  and 
houfe  the  young  plants  in  pots  the  fir  ft  winter  :  Allow 
this  tree  a  dry  foil. 

Ptjlachia,  this  is  the  hardieft  of  three  forts.  Treat 
it  as  a  tender  plant,  whilft  young,  for  three  or  four 
years,  and  let  it  have  finally  a  Hreltered  and  dry  fitua- 
tion. 

JCulip  tree  is  tender  whilft  young,  but  afterwards 
very  hardy  ;  is  uncertain  in  flowering,  but  handfome 
in  its  leaf  and  growth,  and  has  been  ufed  to  be  planted 
Jingly  on  lawns,  &c.  It  is  a  native  of  Virginia^  where 
it  attains  to  fo  vaft  a  fize,  as  to  be  from  twenty  to  thirty 
ieet  in  girth,  though  here  it  keeps  pace  only  with  an 
oidinary  elm. 

ftrlurtifafm,  though  a  way  faring  tree,  (found  by 
the  road  fide)  is  very  pretty,  by  its  hoary  leaves,  and 
white  flowers,  fucceeded  by  fruit  in  autumn,  in  bunches 
of  red  berries/  The  American  forts  grow  not  near  fo 
high,  but  they  rarely  ripen  their  berries  here.  The 
variegated  fort  does  not  grow  fo  large  as  the  plain, 
wJiichis  the  cafe  with  all  itziped  plants. 


LIST 


SECT.  XIX.  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C>  33 


III. 

LTST    of  fmaller   deciduous  trees,    or  ft  rubs   of  tree 
growth,  ornamental  for  pleafure  grounds. 

*  Almond  tree,  fweet  and  bit.  red  and  \vh.  flow./,  b.  Apr. 
* oriental  filver  leaved,/  b.  April 

Andromeda,  tree  fort,  or  Carolina  forrel  tree,  LJu.J. 
-*  Apple,  Siberia-n  and  Virginian  crabs,  /  gr.  May 
* Tartarian  crab,  beautiful  large  fruit,.gr.  May 

*  • double  flow.  Chinefe,  (Pyrus  fpettabilis)  gr.  May 

American,  very  fmall  or  berry  crab,/  gr.  May 

Aralia,  thorny  Virginia,  or  Angelica  tree,/  r.  Aug. 

*  Azarole  thorn,  Virginian  cockfpur,  &c./  /.  b.  gr.  May 

*  Azederach,  com.  bead  tree,  or  paternolter  nut,/.  July 
Berberry,  red,  white,  and  ftocelefs  red,  c.  l.J'.fu.  May 
Benjamin  tree,  or  benzion  gum,  yel.  flow./.  /./,  April 
Bignonia,  fee  trumpet  flower* 

*  Bladder  nut,  five  and  three  leaved  forts, //w,  /.  c.  May 
fena,  fee  colutea 

Buckthorn,  Tea,  European,  and  Canadian,/  c.  I.  June 
Caragana,  or  Siberian  robinia,  yel.  flow.  c.  l.f.fu.  May 

*  Cafliiobury  bujh,  or  baftard  cafnne,  wh.  flow./  /.  Aug. 

*  Cherry,  com.  double  white  and  blufh  flow.  b.  gr.May 

- weeping,  or  pendulous  branched,/,  b.gr.  May 

* Mahaleb,  or  perfumed  clierry,  /.  b.  gr.  May 

Chinquapin^  dwarf  American  dheirJift,  cr  oak,  /  in  May 

Clematis,  (a  climber)  fee  virgin's  bower 

Colutea,  com.  or  tree  bladder  fena,  yel.  flow.  /.  /.  July 

*  D'0'-ru'ood,Qr  bloody  twig,  com.  and  Virginian,  c.  /. /.  June 

*  Elder,  bl.  wh.  gr.  and  red  berried  and  ftriped,  c.  l.J.  June 
Gueldre  roja,  often  called  fnow-ball  tree,  c-  /./z*..May 

*  Hawthorn,  com.  <ioub.  fcarl.  berried,  &c.  b.  gr.  I.  May 

* Glaflonbitiy , -blows  fometinae  in  winter,  f.  b.  gr. 

: Virginian  thjorned  and  thornlefs,/  /.  b.  gr.  May 

*  Judas  tree,  com.  and  Canadian,  pur.  red,  wh. /  May 
Kidney -bean  tree,  Carolina,  blue  fear,  and  red,/  July  d. 

'* Lilac t  com,  purple,  blue  and  white  flow..//w,  /,  May 

Medlar, 


34  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  SECT.  XIX. 

Medlar,  woolly  leaved,  pur.  fl.  red,  fruit,/  /.  b.gr.May 

*  Nettle  tree,  eaftern  yel.  flow,  and  bleached,/.  Lc.gr.  May 

*  Oleajler,  or  wild  olive  tree,  /.  c.  June  d. 

Peachy  doub.  blofl*.  as  a  ftandard,  no  fruit,  b.  April 

*  Pear,  doub.  blofT.  harfh  baking  fruit,  b.  gr.  May 
Plum,  doub.  blolT.  and  ftriped  leaved,  b.gr.  May 
Privet,  deciduous,  plain  and  ftriped /./«.  /.  c.  June 
Robinia,  or  rofe  acacia,  fear,  flow./,  c.  l.Ju.  May 

flirubby  quaternate  leaved,  yellow  l.f.fu.  June 

*  Spindle  tree,  nar.  broad,  and  ftriped  leaved,/.  b.c,gr.  April 
Sumach,  tanners,  wh.  fl.  and  flag's  horn,  red, /./«./.  June 

1           —  Carolina  fcaflet,  and  Canadia  red,  &c.  ditto 
Tamarifi,  French,  with  pale  red  flowers,  c.  I.  f.  July 
— Venetian,  (cotinus)  pur.  flow.  l.Ju.f.  July 

*  Trumpet  flower,  (bignonia)  icarlet  and  yel.  c.  l.J.  July 
Viburnham,  variety  as  to  leaf,  white  flow./.  /.  c.Ju.  July 
Virgin's  bower,  entire  leaved,  doub.  pur.  flow.  /.  c.  Aug. 

•  fingle  pur.  blue,  red  ftriped,  b,  c.  July 

— — — — — .  fee  clematis,  in  the  next  lift 

*  White  beam,  or  white  leaf  tree,  wh,  flow./.  /.  fu.  May 

*#*  In  the  above  lift,  there  are  feveral  plants  rather 
too  tender  for  open  culture,  but  every  thing  does  fo 
much  better  abroad,  than  when  their  roots  are  con 
fined  in  pots,  and  houfed,  that  it  is  very  proper  to  fry 
what  may  be  done  in  this  way. 

OBSERVATIONS  ON  PARTICULAR  TREES,  &C. 

Andromeda  tree  is  tender,  and  muft  therefore  have  a 
fituation  accordingly.  It  is  always  a  part  of  the  green 
houfe  furniture,  but  does  well  fometimes  abroad. 

Apple ,  thefe  crabs  produce  irather  (lender  wood,  and 
therefore  to  have  them  ftrong  and  fruitful,  (and  con- 
fequently  beautiful)  ftiould  not  be  in  a  crowded,  or 
fhady  fituation,  but  rather,  as  much  as  poffible,  in  de 
tached  Tingle  plants.  The  fruit  of  the  three  firft  makes 
fuperior  tarts,  and  the  latter  an  excel  lent  preferve  ;  and 
the  fruit  of  all  of  them  may  be  iatroduced  in  the  defert, 

•when 


SECT.  XIX.          LISTS    OF    TREES,   &C.  35 

when  full  ripe.  Allow  the  double  flowering  apple,  a 
good  fituation,  to  preferve  its  charming  blow  as  long 
as  poffible.  • 

Azederach  confider  as  tender  ;  its  foliage  is  beauti 
ful,  flowers  white,  and  fruit  yellow. 

Cajhiobury  bujb  fhould  have  a  Sheltered  fituation, 
particularly  the  young  plants,  which  fhould  be  pro 
tected  for  two  or  three  winters. 

Kidney  bean  tree,  (climbers)  the  two  latter  forts  are 
rather  green  houfe  plants,  but  have  done  abroad. 

Spindle  free  (fomctimes  called  prickwoodj  is  very 
beautiful  with  its  leaves  in  autumn,  for  which  (as  many 
other  plants)  it  is  chiefly  confidered  as  ornamental,  its 
flowers  making  a  poor  appearance.  The  feed  lies  two 
years  before  it  comes  up. 

Trumpet  flower,  fometimes  called  fcarkt  jo/mine,  is  a 
trailing  plant,  and  therefore  requires  training  to  a  wall 
for  fupport  j  or  having  fomething  to  climb  on,  it  will 
proceed  much  in  the  way  of  an  honey fuckle.  It  is 
rather  tender,  and  muft  have  a  good  fituation  ;  but 
when  properly  managed  Is  a  great  beauty.  Prune  it 
to  a  few  eyes,  precifely  upon  the  principle  of 


IV. 

LIST  of  the  lower  deciduous  trees  and  woody  plants* 
called  Jhrub&y  cultivated  for  ornament  : 

2  Almond,  dwarf,  fmgle  and  double  red  fi.f.fu.  b.gr.  April 
2 dwarf,  with  leaves  hoary  underneath,  ditto 

3  Alljpice  tree,  Carolina,  or  pompadore,  /.  May  d. 

i  Allyfon,  prickly  and  hoary  leaved,  white/.  Ju.  c,  July  d. 

4  Altheafnttex,  purple,  red,  white  {trip.  fl.  &c.  /./#/.  Sept. 
3  Amdanchier ,  dwarf  bl.  fruited  medlar,  f.  l»Ju.  b.  gr.  May 
2.  Andromeda,  fhrubby  wb.  yd.  red  and  pur.  fl./.  L  Ju,  July 

3  Aralea,  herbaceous  Canada  and  Virginian,  r.  /.  June 

iAi  American  honeyfiickle,  white,  red,  fear  Jet,,/,  r.  July 

Bladder 


36  LISTS    OF    TREES,   &C;          SECT.  XIX. 

4  Bladder  f ena,  pocock's  early  deep  yellow,/.  /.  June 
4    ..-..—.  oriental,  or  the  blood  red,  /.  I.  July 

3  — fhrubby  Ethiopian  fcarlet,/  Auguft,  d. 

i  fee  coliitea  in  the  laft  lid,  and  below 

4  Bramble,  doub.  bloflfomed,  and  white  berried,  l.fu.f.  May 
4  Briar,  fw.  fing.  doub.  femi.  pink  and  fear,  f./u.  I.  June 

2  Broom,  com.  Englifh,  Dyer's,  and  dvv.  Portugal,/,  r.  May 

3  •  large  Portugal,  and  upright  Montpelier,/  r.  Ju.    , 
2  «  wh.  flowered,  trailing  and  upright,  j.  r.  June 

2  Buckthorn,  dwarf,  purging  berried,  J.  /.  c.  May 
3 long  leaved  dwarf  ditto,/  /.  c.  May 

4  Button  tree  (cephelanthus)  American,  /.  /.  c.  July 

2  Clematis  (virgin's  bower)  upright  wh.  blue.  r. /.  June 
4 oriental  climbing  yel.  flow.  /.  c.  May,  &c. 

4  Candleberry  myrtle,  wh.  flow,  blue  berried,/  l.fu.  Ju.  m. 

3 dw.  Carolina,  br.  leav.  c.  l.f.fu.  Ju.  m. 

4  Chafle  tree,  nar.  and  br.  leaved,  pur.  and  wh.  /.  c.  Sept. 

3  Cherry,  com.  dwarf,  and  dw.  Canada  bird,  /  b.  gr.  May 

4  Clethra,  alder  leaved,  fall  of  wh.  flow./  /./«.  July,  &c. 

1  Colutea  (coronilla)  joint-podded,  Spanifh,  &c./.  June 
3,  Cotoneaflcr,  (a  medlar)  or  dw.  quince,/  /.  b. gr.  May 
4  Coreopfes,  two  American  forts,  yel.  flow,  off  July,  &c. 

2  Cinquefoilfhrub,  (potentilla)  com.  yel.  flow./w./.  c.  June 
i  ______  grandiflorus,  and  filvery,  yel.  fl.  r./  June 

1  .  wh.  flow,  upright  and  trailing,  r.  f.  June 

3  Cytifus,  bl.  bafed,  and  feffile  leaved,/  c.  L  June  d. 
3  Elder,  dwarf,  wh.  flow,  and  black  fruit,  f.  c.  July 

3  Gale,  the  fweet  willow,  or  Dutch  myrtle,  r.  June  w. 

2  Germander  tree,  wh.  yel.  and  pur.  flow.  Jl.  c.J.  July,  d. 

4  Hawthorn,  goofeberry,  leaved,  yel.  fruited,  J.  May 

3  Hamamelis  (wytch  hazel)  Virginian,/  /.  flow,  in  wint. 

4  Honeyjuckle,  climbing  Eng.  wh.  and  red,  c.  I,  f.  June,  Sec. 
4  climbing  Dutch  red,  early  and  late,  ditto 

4 climb.  Italian,  wh.  red,  and  yel.  c.  /./  May 

4  ..  ere£t  fly,  wh.  flow,  and  red  berry,  ditto 

2 ereift  ;-lpine,  red  flow,  and  red  berry  ditto 

3  .  erevt  acadian  (diervilla)  yel.  /.  c.J.fu.  May 

Honey fuckle, 


SECT.    XIX.  LISTS    OF    TREES,    &C.  27 

3  Honey fuckle,  there  are  two  climbing  flriped  leaved  forts. 
3  Hydrangia,  Virginian  svhite  flowering,  r.fu.  Aug. 

3  Hypericumfrutex,  br.  and  nar.  leaved,  l.fu.  c.  June 

4  John's  wort,  (linking,  inodorous,  and  Canary,  /#./.  June 
i large  flow,  fomewhat  tender,  fu.  Aug. 

4  Itea  Virginian,  full  of  white  flowers,  /./  July,  &c. 

4  Jafmin,  \vh.  fl.  plain,  and  wh.  and  yel.  ftrip.  /.  c.  June,&c. 

4 trailing  yellow  flowered,  /.  c.Ju.  June,  &c. 

2  erect  dwarf  yel.  flowered,  /.  c.Ju.  July,  &c. 

4  Ivy,  deciduous  five  leaved,  or  Virginian  creeper,  c.  /./. 
4  Mallow  tree,  com.  fhrubby  lavatera,/^  c.  June,  &c. 

3 —  tnree  and  five  lobed  fhrubby  do./,  c.  June 

3  Medlar,  dwarf  alpine,  red  fruited,/.  /.  b.gr.  May 

3  —  Canada,  fnowy,  purple  fruit,  ditto 

— fee  amelanchier  and  cotoneafler 

2  Mazereon,  \vh.  purp.  red,  and  crimfon,/.  Feb.  &c. 

2  Qrobusy  or  bitter  vetch,  purp.  and  blue,/,  r.  April,  &c. 

4  Persian  lilac,  blue  and  white  flower  ing,  f.  Ju.  I.  June 
2  Poijon  oak,  common  white  flowered,  r.  /./.  July 

4  <•  tf//j,  OF  varnifh  tree,  ditto 

4  Pomegranate,  fing.  doub.  and  ftrip.  flow.  /.  b.  in  July* 

4  Rafpberry,  common  fweet  flowering,  purple,  Ju.  July. 

2  /?e/? harrow,  com.  fhrubby  purp.  flow./.  May,  &c. 

2  Rhododendron,  alpine,  and  Mount  Baldis  red,/,  c.  r.  Sep. 

3 ferrugineous  leaved,  red  flow./,  c.  r.  Aug. 

2  Robinia,  dw.  quaternate  leaved,  yel.  flow./,  c.  /.  fu.  May. 

/?0/£.r  :    The  lowefl  forts  are,  dwarf   Scotch  fingle  red 

dwarf  common  fingle  white — dwarf  Pennfylvanian  fingle  and 
double  red — dwarf  burnet  leaved,  fingle  red  and  flriped — rofe 
de  meux — crimfon  Burgundy,  and  dwarf  blufh  Burgundy. 

Middling  heights. — Cinnamon  fingle  and  double  red — com 
mon  red  and  white,  (ingle  and  double,  and  femi-'double — 

monthly  red,  biufh, white  and  flriped — maiden's  blufh  double • 

virgin  pale  red  thornlefs—mofsprovencedoubje  red--rofeof  the 
world,  femi-doubie  ftriped — velvet,  double  and  femi-double. 

Taller  farts  are, — Provence  red,  blufh  and  white  double — . 
damafk  white,  red  and  blufh  femi-double — York  and  Lancaf- 
ter  femi-double  and  variegated — Auilrian  fingle,  yellow,  and 
another  fingle,  red  one  fide,  and  yellow  on  the  other — double 
yellow.  TdUeft 


38  LISTS    OF   TREES,   &C.  SECT.  XIX. 

Talleft  forts  are, — Apple  bearing,  fmgle  and  double  red- 
royal  red,  a  large  double — Frankfort,  purple  red — great 
burner  leaved,  fmgle  red— Carolina  and  Virginia  fmgle  red— 
mufk,  fingle  and  double  white. 

4  Scorpion  fena,  com.  large,  yel.  flow,  c.  l.f.  June,  &c. 
a  •!.  i  common  dwarf  ditto 

4  Snowdrop  tree,  or  fringe  tree,  white  flow.  /.  /.  June 
3  Spereajrutex,  com.  willow  leaved,  pink,y«.  /.  c.  June 

3  __ downy  leaved  red,  and  wh.  flow,  ditto 

4  __  guelder  rdfe  leaved,  wh.  flow./**,  /.  c.  July 
3 : Siberian  and  Spanifh,  wh.  fi.fu.  /.  c.  May 

3  Sumach,  myrtle  leaved,  white  flowered  Jw.  /.  June 
Sun-flower,  tickfeeded,  fee  coreopfo 

4  Syringa,  large  plain,  and  ftri.  leaved,  wh.  c.  l.fu.  May 
2  -  dwarf  double  flowered,  white,  ditto 

4  Tamarijk,  German,  very  prettry,  red  fl.  c.  l.f.  July,  &c» 

for  other  forts,  fee  laft  lift 

Toxicodendron,  fee  poijon  oak  and  a/h 
Tree  trefoil ,  black  bafe,  (Jecundus  clufii)  fee  cytifus 
2  Tutjan,  or  park  leaves,  (like  St.  John's  wort)  fu.J.  July 
2  Vetch,  wood,  or  fylvan,  wh.  many  flowered,/  r.  Auguft 
4  Virginian  filk,  a  variety,  pur.  flow,  a  climber,  c.  /.  July 

2  Willow  herb,  or  French  willow,  pur.  &c.  r.f.  July,  m. 

3  fee  loofeilrife,  lift  XI. 

*#*  As  it  is  common  to  plant  herbaceous  perennial  flowers  in 
the  front  of  fhrubberies,  &c.  foatnongft  the  fhrubs,  fome  of 
the  loftier  forts  may  properly  be,  though  annual  in  flalk,  as 
the  tall  aconites,  or  monkjhoods,  everlafting  fun-flower,  &c. 

OBSERVATIONS    ON    PARTICULAR    SHRUBS. 

Altfpice  /r^.muft  have  a  warm  and  dry  part  of  the 
ihrubbfery.  The  whole  plant  is  aromatic. 

Aralia,  thorny,  is  propagated  by  pieces  of  its  large 
roots,  and  perhaps  feveral  plants  might  be  fo  :  In  this 
way  the  pyramidal  campanula  fucceeds. 

Azalea  likes  cool  ground,  but  muft  have  a  fhel- 
tered  fituation  ;  and  in  this  climate  ftiould  rather 

have 


SECT.  XIX.  LISTS    OF    TREES,   &G.  3 

have  a  dry  foil,  kept  cool  by  occafional  watering,  ex 
cept  in  winter  :  It  is  a  very  beautiful  upright  ftuub. 

Candleberry  myrtle  is  fo  called,  from  the  Ameiicans 
procuring  a  wax  from  the  berries  of  this  plant  to  make 
candles  of.  It  is  rather  tender,  yet  likes  (as  many 
American  plants  do)  a  moift  foil  j  let  it  be  dickered 
from  bleak  winds. 

Cktbra  is  an  elegant  ill  rub,  flowering  all  fummer 
and  winter  ;  it  prefers  a  moift  foil. 

Cdutea  is  too  tender  to  abide  fevere  winters,  but  in 
general  will  do,  with  a  little  attention  :  Its  flowers  are 
pretty,  of  a  bright  yellow.  The  other  forts  (three) 
are  more  tender,  and  are  to  be  potted  for  protection 
from  frofts,  by  houfing. 

Cytifus,  deciduous  and  evergreen,  there  is  a  variety 
of,  and  all  very  ornamental,  with  their  yellow  flowers. 
They  are  rather  too  tender  for  the  open  ground,  and 
the  hardier  forts  here  mentioned,  mult  have  a  dry  warm 
fituation.  Seedlings  mould  be  houfed,  or  well  protect 
ed  abroad  for  the  firfl  winter,  but  not  kept  too  clofe. 

Germander  tree  treat  as  tender,  for  though  it  will  live 
abroad,  it  is  moflly  a  green  houfe  plant. 

Mallow  tree  manage  as  the  cytifusy  though  it  is  not 
quite  fo  tender.  K\\feedUngs  that  can  be  brought  up 
in  the  open  air,  make  much  finer  plants  ;  and  every 
thing  of  this  fort,  mould  be  effected  as  much  as  poffible. 
Of  thofe  plants  confidered  as  rather  tender,  fome  may 
be  put  out  in  nurfery  beds,  and  occafionally  protected 
by  covering,  and  fome  potted  to  be  occafionally  houfed. 

Poifon  trees,  even  the  touch  of  the  leaves  of  thefe 
plants  will  affect  the  fkin,  but  the  fap  is  very  (even, 
dangeroufly)  acrimonious. 

Pomegranate  muft  h*ave  a  good  fouih  wall,  and  rich 
foil.  The  double  fort  mould  be  occafionally  matted 
in  fevere  froft.  In  very  favourable  fituations  (however) 
they  have  fucceeded  in  efpaliers,  dwarf,  half,  and  even 
full  ftandards.  The  belt  feafon  for  planting  the  pome 
granate  is  in  fpring,  when  juit  beginning  to  moot.  Jt 

VOL.  II.  D  IS 

I 


LISTS    OF    TREES.,  &C.  SECT.  XIX. 

is  rather  rude  of  growth,  and  muft  therefore  have 
timely  training.  The  principal  pruning  mould always 
bejn  <7«/H/H»,  and  from  time  to  time  all  ftraggling, 
fuperfiuous  growths  taken  off,  that  fhoots  may  be  en 
couraged  to  put  out  ftrong  bloffoms,  In  the  fulnefs  of 
which  the  great  merit  confifts.  Thefe  bearers  mould 
be  fix  inches,  or  rather  more,  afunder.  The  mode  of 
flowering  is  at  the  ends  of  the  young  (hoots;  and  noth 
ing  equals  this  plant  in  finenefs  of  blow.  The  double 
fort  is  more  commonly  planted  ;  but  the  Tingle  flower 
is  very  beautiful,  and  its  fruit,  which  will  ripen  in 
fnug  favourable  fituations  and  feafons,  makes  a  fine 
Ihow  alfo,  efpecially  when  burft.  Both  flowers  and 
fruit  are  of  a  fine  fcarlet. 

Rofe  claims  precedence  of  other  fhrubs.  In  its  va 
rieties  it  mould  be  planted  in  all  fituations,  but  the 
Provence  more  particularly.  This  fhrub,  in  moft  (if 
not  ail  its  forts)  does  bed  in- a  cool  ftrong  foil. 

The  order  of  blowing  may  be  thus  :  Cinnamon, 
(fometimes  called  the  May-rofe)  monthly,  darnajk,  bur- 
net  >  Scotch^  Permfy  Ivan  tan,  apple,  &c.  Then  the  latefl 
rofes  we  have,  are  thofe  of  the  monthly  again,  and  the 
muft.  Occafionally  every  fort  may  bear  a  few  late 
ones,  but  chiefly  the  Provence.  To  encourage  this 
fhrub  to  treat  us  in  the  latter  part  of  the  year,  pulling 
off  the  full  rofes,  as  foon  as  tfflfy  begin  to  decay,  is  a 
means  ;  but  to  pull  off  all  the  buds,  at  the  ufual  time 
of  blow,  from  a  few  trees,  is  a  more  certain  method. 
A  more  fure  way  ftill  is,  to  top  the  new  moots  towards 
the  end  of  May,  or  prune  down  to  two  or  three  eyes  ; 
All  thcfe  manoeuvres  fhould  be  particularly  exercifed 
on  the  -monthly  forts.  Tranfplanting  rofes  in  fpring, 
is  a  means  to  effect  a  middle  blow  ;  and  if  not  a  north 
border,  and  cool  ground,  this  may  be  done  late  in 
April,  or  even  in  May,  (occafionally  watering)  prun 
ing-  at  the  fame  time  fhort.  Early  rofes  are  obtained 
by  being  trained  againft  a  fouth  wall.  The  monthly 
thus  planted,  and  having  glafs  (as  the  light  of  a  cu 
cumber  frame)  put  before  it,  will  fometimes  come  as 

early 
* 


SECT.  XIX.  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C,  4* 

early  as  the  end  of  April,  or  beginning  of  May.  It  is 
agood  way  to  put  mofs  round  the  roots  of  thefe  wall 
trees  in  March  to  keep  the  ground  warm,  and  at  the 
fame  time  moHt,  which  helps  us  to  both  forward  and 
large  rofes. 

To  difpofe  rofetrees  to  bear  forward,  the  not  fuffer- 
ing  any  flowers  to  blow  the  prefent  year,  and  pruning 
fhort  in  July,  or  Auguft,  is  a  means  from  which  much 
may  be  expected,  efpecially  if  there  is  any  artificial 
warmth  ufed  in  the  fpring  to  force  them.  With  a  view 
to  this,  fome  good  brumy  rooted,  low  growing  plants, 
may  be  potted  in  autumn,  not  fuffered  to  bear  the  next 
fummer,  and  befog  pruned  down  (as  above)  will  force 
well  the  next  fpring.  Rofe  trees  potted  for  an  ordinal  y 
blow,  mutt  not  be  in  too  finall  ones,  nor  placed  in  ;t 
warm  fit  nation,  except  early  in  Jpring,  and  muil  be 
kept  cool  by  watering.  As  to  the  propagation  of  role 
trees,  many  will  fend  fptthjfyfkfrs  enow,  and  thole 
that  do  not,  rnay  be  layered,  by  flitting  (as  carnations) 
or  budded  ;  but  may  be  two  years  before  they  root. 
See  page  67.  Some  will  come  by  cuttings,  but  uncer 
tainly,  as  the  burgundy,  &c.  The  evergreen,  ever- 
blowing  rcfe,  ta-kes  well  by  cuttings  ;  but  it  will  not 
•do  abroad,  except  in  the  fummer  months,  and  there 
fore  is  not  in  the  lift  :  It  is  a  femi-double  dark  crim- 
fon,  and  may  be  treated  as  a  geranium  ;  grows  low, 
and  rather  weak.  The  burnet,  apple,  or  any  other 
fort,  producing  good  feed,  may  be  propagated  that 
way  ;  but  it  is  a  flow  way,  the  feed  feldom  coming 
up  till  the  fecond  year.  The  double  yelkw  rofe  blows 
indifferently,  but  when  fair,  the  flowers  are  very  beau 
tiful.  Plant  it  againft  an  eaft  wall,  and  in  dry,  but 
ftrong  ground. 

Snow-drop  tree .  is  confiderably  ornamental.  Layers 
will  be  two  years  in  rooting.  If  raifed  from  feed, 
{.imported)  fow  it  as  foon  as  it  arrives,  in  pots,  or 
boxes,  and  houfe  it  before  frofts  come.  If  they  come 
not  up  the  firft  year,  fet  them  on  a  gentle  heat  the  fol 
lowing 


4^  LISTS    OF    TSEES,  &C.  SECT.  XI*. 

lowing  fpring,  and  they  will  foou  appear..  Shelter  the 
Jeedlings  the  tirft  winter  in  a  frame,  or  a  green  houfe. 

Tut/an  grows  wild  in  woods,  and  will  therefore 
tlo  well  in  the  ihade,  as  among  trees.  Every  ftirub,  or 
plant  that  will  flourifh  in  fuch.a  fituation  is  valuable  ; 
and  a  gardener's  attention  will  be  well  employed  to 
difcover  them,  by  trials,  &c.  The  St.  Johns  wort, 
and  St.  Peter  s  wort,  (allied  to  tutjanj  may  be  planted 
in  the  fliade. 

Willow  herb,  as  its  roots  run  much,  fhouki  fome  of 
it  be  potted  ;  and  as  it  loves  moifture,  may  be  fet  in 
the  fliud;?,  and  kept  well  watered. 


V. 

LIST   of  evergreen  trees,  foms  of  which  are  cdn> 
i.dered  as  forelt,  or  timber  trees. 
v  Arbor  vit<e,  common  American  and  Chinefe,/.  /,  c. 

*  Andrachne,  or  oriental  arbutus,  J.  /.  in  fr.  in.  Nov.  d. 
Andromeda,  or  Carolina  forrel  tree,/!  l.fu.  July  m. 
Arbutus,  com.  and  fear.  fl.  fing.  and  double,/.  /.  in.  Nov. 
Bay  tree,  com.  and  doub.  fl.  and  ftriped  leaved  J.J.Ju.  d. 
Box  tree,  br.  and  nar.  \vh.  and  yel.  ftrip.  leaved,/.  Ljl.  c. 

*  Cedar  of  Libanus.  Carolina  and  Virginia,/. 

.  Phoenician,  Lycian  and  Bermudian,/. 

Cork  tree,  fee  the  article  oak 

*  Cyprefs,  large  common  upright,  and  male-fpreading,/. 
—  Portugal  pendulous  or  goa  cedar,  f. 

the  lower  upright,  or  pyramidal  (haped,/. 

*  Fir,  fpruce,  Norway,  American  forts,  &c.  /. 

*  filver,  (i.  e.  the  pitch  fir)  and  balm  of  gilead,/. 

hemlock,  and  variegated  balm  of  gilead,/. 

Holly,  feveral  plain,  and  many  variegated  forts,/,  l.gr.  b. 

Dahoon,  and  Yapon,  or  S.  fea  tea  tree,  ditto 

Juniper,  Swedifh,  and  two  Spanifli  forts,/. 

fee  cedar,  Virginian,  (i.  e.  the  red)  &c. 

Laurel,  com.  or  cherry  bay,  and  wh.  and  yel.  (tr.  /.  c.f.fu. 

— —  Portugal,  reddifh  wood,  bright  leaves,  ditto 

*  Magnolia, 


SECT.    XIX.  LISTS  OF  "TREES,  &C.  43 

*  Magnolia,  or  laurel  leaved  tulip  tree,  /./.  <?.  Aflguft 

*  0a£  (ilex)  common  evergreen,   br.  nar.  leaved,  J. 

*  M<>ntpelier,  or  holly  leaved  oak,/. 

*  cork  tree,  broad  and  narrow  leaved,/. 

*  Molucca,  or  the  American  live  oak,/. 

fcarlet-bearing,  or  the  kermes  oak,/. 

*  Pine  tree,  wild  Scotch  pine,  commonly  called  ftrj* 

*  __pinafter,  ftone,  mountain  Siberian,/. 

*  _>_  Weyraouth,  torch,  or  Virginia  fwamp,/. 

*  __  Carolina  fwamp,  or  prickly  coned,  &c./^ 
Privet,  common  evergreen,  white  flower,  J.Ju.  /.  June 

*  Pyracantha,  or  evergreen  thorn,  red  berry,/.  /.  c*  May 
Savin,  large  upright,  plain  and  variegated,/./,  c. 
Spindle  tree,  American  plain  and  ftriped  evergr./.  /.  c. 
Strawberry  tree,  fee  andrachne  and  arbutus. 

yiew,fnort,  narrow,  broad  and  firiped  leaved,/. 

*#*  Some  of  thefe,  though  they  attain,  in  a  courfe  of  years, 
confiderable  height,  may  be  occafionally  confidered  as  large 
fJirubs,  inltead  of  tree?,  and  planted  accordingly  :  Skilful 
pruning  may  keep  large  fhrubs  down,  and  lead  others  to 
mount. 


'OBSERVATIONS    ON     PARTICULAR  TREES. 

Andromeda  tree  fhould  have  a  dry  foil,  and  fheltered 
foliation. 

Arbar  vita,  though  both  forts  are  in  eftirna'iion,  yet 
the  Chin  eft  is  mod  ornamental.  Naturally  they  are 
of  large  growth,  and  hardy,  yet  fometimes  the  Chlnejs 
fort  is  kept  in  pots,  as  an  agreeable  companion  (tor 
feveral  years)  of  other  exotic  evergreens. 

Arbutus  may  be  propagated  from  the  firft  young 
fhoots  of  the  fummer,  planting  them  in  pots,  and  put- 
ling  them  in  a  moderate  hot  bed,  (rather  of  bark)  cov 
ering  clofe  v;itb  a  hand-glaf-s  that  is  air  tight  ;  and 
thus  moil  tender  fhoots  of  woody  plants,  which  arc 
found  difficult  to  (hike,  may  (moft  probably)  be  made 
to  grow,  as  the  bay,  cclajlius^  cyjjrcjs,  &c.  '  They  may 
D  2  be 


44  LISTS  OF  TREES,  Sec.        SECT.  xix. 

be  tried  on  a  warm  border,  keeping  the  earth  cool, 
and  the  glalTes  perfectly  clofe.  If  the  cuttings  are 
planted  juft  within  the  glafs,  watering  well  round  the 
outfide  will  reach  them,  and  thus  they  need  not  be 
uncovered  :  If  the  glades  are  taking  off  for  watering,  it 
is  not  (however)  material,  provided  they  are  carefully 
fixed  clofe  again.  As  foon  as  the  cuttings  appear  to 
grow,  aic  muft  be  given  them,  or  they  will  run  up  weak. 

Bay,  the  common  plain  fort  is  rather  tender,  and 
requires  a  fit  nation  fheltered  from  bleak  winds  ;  but 
the  variegated  and  double  flowered  forts  are  tenderer 
ftill ;  and  as  they  rarely  fucceed  well  abroad,  they  are 
commonly  confidered  as  green  houfe  plants. 

Cvdar,  the  Bermudian,  is  tender  whilft  young,  and 
fliould  have  a  favourable  fituation  afterwards. 

Fir,  there  is  a  variety  of  each  fj*ecies,  denominated 
from  the  number  of  the  leaves,  and  the  (hape  and  col 
our  of  the  cones.  The  balm  of  gilead,  and  hemlock 
forts,  are  the  lowed  growers.  To  get  the  feed  from 
the  cones,  lay  them  before  a  good  fire,  fo  as  not  to 
fcorch  them  ;  and  if  they  come  not  out  well,  after 
heating  this  way,  bore  a  hole  up  the  middle,  and  drive 
fomething  of  iron  in  to  fplit  them  open. 

Oak,  the  evergreen  forts  are  excellent  timber,  and 
very  ornamental  in  pleafure  grounds,  page  27.  The 
red  excrefcences  upon  the  kermes  oak,  are  occafioned  by 
infefts  making  infertions  in  the  bark  ^for  depofiting 
their  eg;gs,  which  caufing  an  extravafation  of  the  fap, 
it  there  condenfe?,  and  forms  the  little  granulous  fub- 
ftances,  ufcd  for  fcarlet  dying. 

Pine,  there  are  feveral  other  forts  of  kfs  e{timation. 

The  Weymwth  and  torch  pines  are  the  loftieft,  and  the 

Carolina  fwamp  the  loweft  growers.     To  get  out  the 

feed,   obferve  what  is  faid  above,  as  the  pine  cones  are 

harder  to  open  than  the  firs. 

Pyracantba  requires  fome  fupport  of  (takes,  pales, 
or  wall,  though  it  .may  be  trained  as  a  ftandard  biitrt, 
or  forvi  an  hed-c  impre-nab]-.  It  is  very  heamirul 


v  h  c  .ft 


SECT.  XIX,  LISTS  OF  TREES,  &C.  45 

when  in  full  fruit  ;  but  It  fo  often  mifles  being  fo, 
(chiefly  through  bad  pruning,  page  172)  that  it  is  gat 
too  much  out  of  repute.  It  does  bell  in  a  dry  poor 
foil,  and  an  caller n  afpect.  Young  cuttings,  in  June% 
will  ftrike,  being  potted  in  good  earth,  and  fet  in  the 
(hade  till  autumn,  and  then  plunged  in  the  ground  un 
der  a  warm  wall.  See  arbutus,  obfervations  on. 

Savin,  the  variegated  is  beautifully  ornamental,  and 
it  not  getting  out  of  bounds,  feldom  growing  above  a 
yard  high,  Thould  be  more  frequently  met  with  than 

it  is. 

****** 

VI. 

LIST  of  low  evergreen  trees  and  foruls. 

3  Adanfs  needle,  common  and  Virginian,  pur.  and  wh./.  r, 

4  Alaturnus,  large,  a  variety  in  leaf,  pi.  and  ftr./.  /.  Feb. 

3  —  lower  growing,  ditto 

2  sji:dromeda,  yellow  flowered  Virginian,/./;/,  c,  July,  m, 
i box  leaved,  poly,  fhining,  &c.  ditto 

4  Buxtree,  rail  fort,  fee  the  lad  lift. 

i dwarf,  plain,  and  ftriped  leaved,/?.  /.  c.f. 

4  Briar,  fw.  evergreen  double  red  and  yellow  ft.fu.  I,  b,  May 

2  Butcher's  broom,  common,  knee  holm,  or  holly,  f,  r. 

1  broad  leaved,  or  Alexandrian  laurel,/ r. 

i long  leaved,  or  Alexandrian  bay,/,  r. 

3 -, —  large,  or  fhining  leaved  Aiexan.  bay.  f,  r. 

3  Cdajlrus,  or  flaft'tree,  climbing  and  upright,  f.  I.  July,  d.  ' 

3  Ciflu-,  poplar  leaved,  gum,  &c.  feveral,  wh./.  c.  May 

4  Clematis,  evergreen,  or  Spanifh  climber,  c.  /./.  Nov. 

3  Cytiftts,  hairy  evergreen,  Spanifh,  yek  fi.f.  c.  June,  &c.  A 

2  Ar.ftrian,  ditto 

2  Furze,  common,  yellow  and  white  flowered,/  April 

3  French,  yellow  flowered,  ditto 

4  Groitndfd  tree,  ivy  leaved,  oleander,  &c.  wh.  fl.  f.  I.e. 
i  Heath,  com.  Englifh  pur.  wh.  and  yel.  flow.  /.  r.  f.  July 
i  Hyjjop,  blue  and  red  fl.  and  flriped  leaved, /.yZ.  c.  June 

3  Jerufalcmjage,  yellow  and  purple  flow.  r.  L  c.  June 

4  Jfljminet  trailing  yellow  flowered;  /.  c.  July 
5 d  wsrf  upright,  ditto 

4  fry* 


4\6  LISTS    OF     TREES,  &C.  SECT.  XIX. 

4  Ivy,  tall  plain,  wh.  and  yel.  flrip.  c.  /./.  fl.  Sep.fr.  Jan. 

3  — '—  com.  dwarf  bl.  berried,  and  yel.  berried,  ditto 

X  Germander  tree;  yel.  white  and  pufpleflow./.yz.  c.  July,  d. 
j  Horfe  tail,  fhrubby,  the  greater  and  lefs,/«.  r.  July 

4  Juniper, common  fhrubby  Englifh,  yel.  flow.y.April 
4  Honeyjuckle,  evergreen  fcarlet  trumpet,  c.  l.f.  June 
4  Kalmia,  broad  leaved,  pale  red  flower,  f.fu.  I,  July 
3  narrow  leaved,  bright  red  flower,  ditto 

2  hairy  leaved,  reddifh  purple  flower,  ditto 

i  glaucous  leaved,  pink  flower,  ditto 

i  Lavender  cotton,  com.  and  rofemary  leaved,  yel,  r.f.  Ju. 

! fe3j  com.  and  (hrubby  Siberian,  bl.  r.Jl.  c. 

2 French,  (ftechas)  yel.  flow.  r.Jl.  c.  June 

3  Lauruftinust  com.  br.  and  nar.  leaved,  /. /.  c.  Aug.  See. 
3 hairy,  fhining,  and  ftriped  leaved,  ditto 

4  Moon-trefoil,  (medicago)  fhrubby,  yel.  flow.  May,  &c. 
4  Phillyrea,  mock  privet,  or  privet  leaved,/.  /.  March 

ftriped,  box  leaved,  bay,  rofemary,  &c.  do. 

1  Periwinkle ,  trailing  and  upright,  blue  fl.  /.  c.  fu,  Feb.  &c. 
i doub.  fl.  and  white  and  yel.  ibriped,  ditto 

2  Purjlain  tree,  fea,  filvery  leaves,  com.  and  Spanifli,  c. 

2  Ragwort,  common  Tea,  hoary  leaved,/,  c.  June,  &c.  d. 
4  Rhododendron,  large,  or  laurel  leaved,  red  fl./.  /.  Aug. 

3  _ dwarf,  or  the  Pontic  rofe  bay,J.  /.  Aug. 

4  Rcje,  common  inufk  evergreen,  wh.  flow.  I.  Ju.  Aug. 

4  Rojemary,  com.  plain,  and  variegated,  c.  l.Jl.  Jnne,  d, 
3  Rue,  broad,  narrow  and  ftriped  leaved,  c.  l.Jl.  June 
3  Aleppo,  broad  and  narrow  leaved,  ditto,  d. 

3  Savin,  common  plain  fpreading,  and  variegated,  /,  /.  c, 

4  Smilax,  or  rough  bird-weed,  wh.  fl.  red  fr.  /.  r.  J.  June 
i  Widow  -ii' ail,  (cneorum)a  trailer,  pi.  fl.  c.  l.f.  May,  &c. 
j  Worytwood,  fea,  or  lavender  leaved,  and  Roman,  Jl.  r. 

*#*  If  the  tenderer  forts  of  thefe  fhrubs  are  judicior-fly  planted, 
they  may  fucceed  abroad,  and  are  worth  the  trial,  as  their 
place  may,  at  any  time,  be  eafily  fupplied  by  fome  fhrub 
from  the  nurfery.  While  young,  for  a  winter  or  two,  in 
fevere  weather,  a  few  bufhes  laid  round,  and  a  little  peas 
haulm  on  the  top,  would  fave  many  a  curious  exotic,  when. 
they  are  nearly  hardy  enough  to  endure  our  climate. 

OBSERVATIONS 


SECT.  XIX.  LISTS  OF  TREES,  &C.  47 

OBSERVATIONS  ON  PARTICULAR  SHRUBS. 

Adanis  needle  (yacca)  is  fomewhat  tender,  and  Ihould 
be  out  of  the 'way  of  cutting  winds. 

Andromeda  tree  is  too  tender  for  the  open  ground  in 
general,  but  has  furvived  abroad,  our  ordinary  winters, 
being  in  a  favourable  fituation.  It  naturally  likes  a 
moid  foil,  but  the  roots  fhould  be  kept  dry  in  winter. 

Cela/lrus,  the  upright,  or  Virginian  ftudded,  is  fome 
what  tender,  and  muft  be  planted  accordingly  :  It  is 
the  prettieft  of  the  two,  bearing  white  flowers,  and 
fcarlet  fruit. 

Ciflus,  all  the  forts  are  rather  tender,  but  if  brought- 
up  as  hardy  from  the  fowing  as  may  be,  arid  planted 
in  a  dry  foil,  fhelter  and  fun,  will  ftand  ordinary  win 
ters  abroad  in  the  (hrubberry,  and  prove  delightful  or 
naments  :  Cuttings  do  not  make  fo  fine  plants  as  feed- 
lings,  but  are  hardier. 

Cytifus,  Spanifh,  muft  have  a  dry  warm  fituation. 

Germander  ttee>  though  generally  confidered  as  a 
green  houfe  plant,  it  is  aflerted,  by  fome,  will  endure 
ordinary  winters  abroad,  with  proper  management. 
Rifk  of  experiment  in  thefe  cafes,  or  the  trouble  at 
tending,  fhould  hot  he  minded,  for  if  a  fhrub  will  live 
abroad,  it  is  furely  much  better  there  ;  and  it  has  been 
found  that  feveral  things  will  do  fo,  which  have  been 
ufed  to  be  houfed,  even  in  ftoves. 

Groundfeltree,  or  ploughman's  fpikenard,  muft  have 
a  fnug  fituation  abroad,  as  hard  frofts  are  apt  to  cut 
it  ;  and  if  it  is  potted  and  houfed,  it  muft  have  a  great 
deal  of  air,  as  it  only  needs  protection  in  fevere  wea 
ther.  This  is  an  argument  for  trying  all  things  abroad, 
of  which  there  is  a  chance  of  living  there,  for  they 
cannot  have  the  air  they  require  in  a  green  boufe,  where 
are  fo  many  plants  of  a  tenderer  nature. 

Honey/tickle,  evergreen,  allow  it  a  flickered  fituation, 
and  let  it  be  as  much  as  poflible  in  fight. 

Moon-trefollh  a  very  beautiful  evergreen,  flowering 
from  May  to  Oflober  ;  but  as  it  is  tender,  muft  hav6 

a  dry 


48  LISTS   OF    TREES,  &C.  SECT.  XIX, 

a  dry  warm   fituation,  and  then  a  little  attention  in 
fevere  frofts  may  fee u re  it. 

Pblllyrea  in  all  its  varieties,  though  rather  a  ramb 
ling  grower,  is  confidered  as  one  of  the  (landing  orna 
ments  of  ou%fhrubberies  ;  yet  it  has  beauty  in  neither 
flower,  nor  fruit,  as  is  the  cafe  with  fome  other  plants, 
(particularly  evergreens)  being  retained  only  for  their 
foliage.  The/?r/)W  fort  (hould  have  a  fheltered  fitu 
ation,  as  indeed  is,  in  a  meafure,  neceflary  to  all  varie 
gated  plants,  as  their  ornamental  nature,  in  this  rcfped, 
is  the  confequence  of  hereditaty  weaknefs. 

Periwinkle  is  a  pretty  under  fhrubby  evergreen,  if 
properly  kept  up  to  the  lower  part  of  pales,  or  a  wall, 
or  the  larger  fort  may  be  trained  to  a  low  flake,  or 
even  kept  as  a  little  bum.  It  is  very  well  to  confine 
the  roots  (being  apt  to  run)  by  flaty  ftones,  or  tiies  : 
Jt  fucceeds  well  in  made  and  moifture. 

Purjlain  tree,  the  Spanifh  is  not  fo  hardy  as  the 
common  fort,  but  will  generally  furvive  our  winters, 
in  good  fituations. 

Ragwort,  this  fort  (as  all  the  others)  ufed  to  be 
houfed  in  winter  ;  but  will  (land  abroad  in  a  warm, 
fheltered,  dry  fituation,  and  its  hoary  leaves  are  very 
ornamental,  though  there  is  no  great  beauty  in  its 
flowers.  When  raifed  from  feed,  it  is  apt  to  get 

freener  in  leaf,   and  therefore   it  will  be  bed  raifed 
rom  cuttings,  which  ihould  be  taken  from  the  whiteft 
plants.     A  likenefs  to  the  original  is  frequently  loft 
from  feed,  but  is  affuredly  maintained  from  cuttings 
and  layers,  though  the  former  method  is  generally  to 
l>e  recommended,  where  no  inconvenience  attends  it. 
Rofe,  this  fort  w  ill  need  fupport,  being  rather  trailing. 
Rafemary  will  not  do  in  all  fituations.   See  page  261. 
SmilaX)  as  it  is  trailing,  or  climbing,  is  commonly 
planted  to  run  up  the  trunks  of  trees,  &c.     It  may  be 
trained  to  tall  flakes,  and  .Ihould  be  planted  in   fight, 
as  in  the  front  of  plantations.     There  are  feveral  forts 
.of  it,  and  the  bay  leaved  Virginian  has  black  fruit. 

THE 


\ 


SECT.  XIX,  LIS*TS    OF    TREES,  &C,  49 


****** 

VII. 

THE  FLOWERS  in  the  following  lift  cf  annuals  are 
numbered  (as  the  ftirubs  were)  agreeable  to  their  moft 
ufual  heights?  The  time  of  flowering  is  not  mention 
ed,  becaufe  that  will  vary,  according  to  the  time  of 
fowing,  management,  and  feafon  ;  very  few  before, 
or  after  June  and  July.  Many  continue  longer  in 
flower. than  a  month. 

TENDER    ANNUALS. 

4  Amaranthm  tree,  tricolor  and  bicolor 

3 globe,  purple,  red,  white  and  flriped 

4  • coxcomb,  com.  large  red,  fcarlet,  yellow,  &c, 

2  -  .... common  dwarf  of  colours  as  ditto 

3  . * fpike  flowered  coxcombs,  a  variety 

3  Baljams,  double,  red,  fcarlet  and  purple  ftriped 

3  Browallia,  fpreading  and  upright,  blue  flowered 

2  Calceolaria,  or  flipper-wort,  winged  leaved 

4  Capficums,  red,  yellow  and  white  podded 

3  Clevme,  prickly  (talked,  and  five  leaved 

4  Colutea,  or  fcarlet  African  bladder  fena 

4  Convolvulus,  fcarlet,  (ipomzea  quamoclit)  a  climber 

3  Eggplant,  white,  yellow,  red,  and  prickly  fruited 
2.  Humble,  or  fpreading  branching  fenjitive  plant 

\  Ice  plant,  or  diamond  ficoidas,  white  and  yellow  flowered 

4  Pentapates  ph&niciat  fcarlet  flowered 

3  Phyfalis,  or  winter  cherry,  angular  and  downy 
Senfitwe,  fee  humble  plant  and  obfervation 

4  Sida,  or  Indian  mallow,  heart  leaved,  pink 

4  Stramonium,  or  thorn  apple,  double  purple,  &c. 

*#*  Some  perfons  cultivate  the  ferpentine  cucumber,  or  mel 
on,  as  a  curiofity  of  the  fummer,  the  fruit  being  produced 
from  one  to  two  yards  long,  under  good  management  j 
but  it  is  to  be  remembered  it  will  take  up  much  room. 

As 


$0  LISTS    OP    TREES,  &c.         SECT.  XIX. 

As  to  thefpirttn*  (or  wild)  cucumber  y  though  it  may 
be  mentioned  here,  it  is  very  hardy,  fo  as  to  low  itfelf 
in  autumn,  come  up  in  fpring,  and  wil^abide  as  a  per 
ennial.  Sow  in  March,  and  ajlow  it  two  yards  fquare. 
This  is  merely  propagated  for  diver/tony  as  a  noil  me  fan- 
gere  ;  for  if  the  fruit  is  touched  when  ripe,  it  burfts, 
and  throws  itsfaeted  contents  to  fome  diftance,  perhaps 
over  the  clothes  of  the  adventurer. 

In  order  to  have  gigantic  flowers  of  the  taller  forts  of 
this  clafs,  (particularly  coxcombs,  tricolors  y&n&ftramoni- 
ums)  drawing,  or  multiplying  frames  are  uled  by 
fome.  Thefe  are  made  of  boards  about  five  "or  fix 
inches  broad,  to  put  under  the  top  frame,  for  it  to 
reft  upon  ;  and  two,  or  three  of  thefe  are  ufed,  as  the 
plants  increafe  in  height.  But  this  bufinefs  may  be  ef 
fected,  by  ftrong  ftakes  at  the  corners,  with  holes,  to 
put  iron  pins  in  to  reft  the  frame  on,  nailing  matting, 
or  cloth,  round  the  bottom. 

OBSERVATIONS    ON    PARTICULAR    FLOWERS. 

Amarantbusy  the  tree  fort,  grows  larger  than  the 
others,  and  bears  purple  flowers.  The  tricolor  and 
bicolorzre.  fo  called,  from  the  former  having  the  leaves1 
of  three  colours  ;  i.  e.  a  bright  red,  yellow  and  green  ; 
and  the  latter  of  two,  a  deep  red  and  purple  ;  and  it  is 
for  thefe,  and  not  the  flower,  that  they  are  cultivated. 
The  flowers  of  the  globe  forts  have  the  peculiar  prop 
erty  of  retaining  their  form  nnd  colour  a  long  time 
(years)  when  gathered,  and  have  therefore  the  denom 
ination  of  fverlafting.  Clear  the.  feed  of  this  flower 
from  its  downy  covering  before  fowing,  as  a  means  of 
forwarding  the  germination. 

Balfam,  when  double  and  well  marked,  is  a  very 
fine  flower.  The  plain  coloured  red  and  white,  femi- 
double  and  fingle  ones,  are  not  of  much  account  with 
the  curious,  but  may  be  put  out  in  ordinary  borders  to 
make  a  fliew.  The  feed  of  this  flower  ihould  be 

nicely 


SECT.  XIX.  LISTS  OF  TREES,  &C.  51 

nicely  faved  from  the  fulled  bloflbmed,  and  diftin&Iy 
(biped  forts,  that  have  not  grown  near  fmaii,  or  felf 
coloured  ones.  The  plants  elected  for  feed,  ihould  be 
protected  from  the  wet  and  cold,  after  Mid-Auguft, 
by  putting  them  under  lights,  or  in  a  green  houfe 
window,  where  they  may  have  the  full  fun. 

Calceolaria,  the  flower  of,  is  efleemed  only  for  the 
curiofity  of  its  flipper  (hape.  The  blow  may  be  con 
tinued  all  fummer,  by  planting  cuttings  at  different 
times. 

Capjicums  are  ufually  ranked  in  the  lefs  tender  clafs, 
and  though  they  are  in  nature  fo,  yet  to  have  them, 
fine,  and  to  fruit  in  time,  they  fhould  be  brought  for 
ward,  by  being  treated  as  balfams,  &c.  at  leaft  in  fitu- 
ations  far  north  of  London.  They  are  grown  only 
for  the  beauty  and  life  of  their  pods,  and  thefe  are 
varioufly  fhaped,  as  long,  heart,  cherry,  &c. 

Cleome  is  a  very  tender  annual,  (has  been  long  con- 
fidered  as  a  Jlove  plant)  but  may  come  under  the  cul 
tivation  of  the  ordinary  floiifl,  by  continuing  it  longer 
in  a  frame,  as  fuppofe  to  Mid-July,  or  later,  if  the 
feafon  is  then  unkind  ;  and  then  plunging  the  pots  in 
a  warm  border.  When  autumn  approaches,  a  hand 
glafs  may  be  fet  on  forked  (licks  over  this,  or  any  ten 
der  plant,  and  thus  preferve  it  abroad  longer. 

Colutea  is  a  perennial  flirub  of  fomewhat  tender  na 
ture  ;  and  though  the  feed  will  come  up  on  cold 
ground  in  high  fpring,  yet  by  fovving  it  as  one  of  this 
clafs,  it  may  be  bro-ught  forward  enough  to  produce 
its  beautiful  flowers  the  fame  auturqn.  See  lifts  IV. 
and  X. 

Eggplant  mud  have  a  dry  foil,  and  warm  fituation, 
but  yet  plenty  of  water  in  hot  weather.  The  bloflbni 
is  not  finking,  but  the  fruit  is  often  as  large  as  a  fwan's 
egg,  and  with  common  management  will  be  as  big  as 
a  hen's.  This  plant  requires,  however,  to  be  fown 
forward,  and  fhould  be  brought  on  by  a  third  hot  bed, 
if  it  might  be. 
VOL.  ii.  E  Humble 


52  LISTS    OF    TREES,    &C.  SECT.  XIX. 

Humble  plant  is  one  of  \\\Q  fenfitive  plants,  the  prop 
erty  of  wTiich  is  to  clofe  its  leaves,  or  drop  them  upon 
being  touched.  The  common  fenfitive  plant  will  grow 
ereftly  to  eight  feet,  in  a  hot  houfc,  (which  is  its  proper 
place)  but  the  humble  plant  is  fpreading,  and  leldom 
reaches  more  than  a  ftature  of  two  feet  ;  for  its  lower 
growth  it  is  therefore  more  proper  for  cur  purpofe 
here.  It  is  called  humble  from  its  receding  and  drop 
ping  fo  completely  when  touched,  footftalk  and  all* 
as  it  were  making  a  bow.  The  humble  plants  are 
diitinguifhed  from  the  common  upright  growing  fen- 
fitives,  as  the  latter  only  clofes  the  leaf,  without  drop 
ping  the  ftalk. 

Ice  plant  trails  and  fpreads  wide  on  the  ground, 
makes  no  (hew  in  its  flower,  but  is  beautifully  covered 
with  chryftal  drops,  mining  like  diamonds  when  the 
fun  is  on  it  ;  or  as  the  frozen  drops  of  icicles.  It  is 
not  nice  in  its  culture,  or  weather,  though  it  mould 
not  be  put  out  too  young.  The  beft  way  is  to  plant 
one  in  a  pot  of  fix  or  feven  inches  diameter,  without 
any  thing  at  bottom  over  the  hole  ;  and  keeping  it  in 
the  frame  till  it  gets  too  big  for  the  pot,  plunge  it  in 
the  ground  a  little  over  the  rims.  Thus  the  plant  will 
not  be  too  luxuriant,  but  yet  fufficiently  nourimeds 
(for  it  has  fin  all  roots)  and  will  flower  fooner,  and 
ripen  the  feed  better  for  this  treatment. 


VIII. 

LESS  TENDER    ANNUALS. 

3  Alkekengi,  or  \\intercherry,  angular  and  downy 
3  Amaranthus,  trailing,  or  pendulous  flowered,  red 

3  —  bloody  leaved,  with  erecl:  flowers,  purple 

3 upright,  reddifli  purple  flowered 

3  After,  China,  double,  white,  red,  purple,  brown,  flrip.  &c. 
2,  Baljam  yellow,  noli  me  tangere,  or  touch  me  not 


SECT.    XIX.  LISTS    OF    TREES,    &C.  53 

"2,  Bafil,  common  fweet,  red  and  purple  flowered 

a dwarf,  or  bufh,  a  variety  in  leaf 

Capficums,  fee  the  laft  lilt 

2  Catthamus,  or  common  baflard  faffron,  yellow 
2  . woolly,  or  diftaff  flower,  yellow 

2  Cerinthe,  or  honey  wort,  great  and  fmall,  purple  and  ycl. 
4  Chryfanthemum,  double,  white  and  yel.  plain  and  quilled 
4  Convolvulus  major,  pink,  purple,  and  deep  purple 

i  Geranium,  African  trailing,  variegated  flower 

4  Hollyhock,  Chinefe,  fingle  and  double  variegated 

i  India,  or  Chinefe  pink,  fingle  and  double,  ttriped  varioufly 

Love  apple,  or  tomatum,  fee  page  264 

Love  lies  bleeding,  fee  amaranthus  trailing 

Mignonette,  fee  obfervation,  next  lilt 
4  Marigold, African,  pale  and  deep  yellow,  plain  and  quilled 

3  ••       French,  yellow  and  crimfon  ftriped,  velvety 

J2  • , dwarf  forts  of  both  African  and  French 

4  'Marvel  of  Peru,  white,  yellow,  red,  purple  and  variegated 
Najlurtium,  yellow  and  orange  flower,  July,  fee  obfervatku 

1  Nolana,  Peruvian  dwarf,  a  trailer,  blue  flower 

4  Palma  Chrifli,  large  and  fmall,  a  variety  in  (talk 
Perficaria,  fee  next  lift 

2  Poppy,  Mexican,  or  prickly  poppy,  yellow  flower 
Prince's  feather,  fee  amaranthus  upright 
Scabious,  fometimes  made  an  annual,  fee  biennials 

2  Stock,  com.  ten  week,  red,  fcarlet,  purple  and  white 

x dwarf  French  fine  fcarlet,  and  ditto 

2  — — -  Pruffian,  or  wall  flower  leaved,  ditto 

2  Sweet  Jult an,  yellow,  purple,  red  and  white  flowered 
4  Tobacco,  common  broad  and  narrow  leaved  Virginian 

3  Xeranthemum,  or  eternal  flower,  white  violet  and  purple 
3  Zinnia,  yellow  flowered,  and  red  many  flowered. 

*#*  The  feeds  of  moft  of  thefe  flowers  will  come  up  very 
well  in  cold  ground,  (if  not  fown  too  early)  but  are  for 
warded  by  a  little  heat,  fo  as  to  have  them  much  earlier,  and 
a  finer  blow,  producing  feed,  which  late  plants  will  not.  The 
forts  of  thefe  that  naturally  require  heat  are,  afitr,  bafil,  ger~ 
anium,  love-apple,  marvel  of  Peru,  palma  Chrijii ,  yellow  jul~ 
ianj  and  zinnia  The 


.54  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  SECT,  XIX. 

The  gourd  may  be  added  to  this  clafs  ;  but  to  fucceed  well, 
it  fliould  have  a  good  fouth  wall  to  be  trained  againft,  and  it 
will  take  up  a  good  deal  of  room  there.  Sorts  numerous,  as 
to  fize,  fliape  and  colour.  The  common  ptimpzon  (fee  page 
243)  is  the  hardieft  ;  and  the  warted  orange  gourd  is  com 
monly  thought  the  prettieft. 

OBSERVATIONS    ON    PARTICULAR    FLOWERS. 

After,  to  have  it  forward  and  fine,  fhould  have  a 
fe-cond  flight  hot  bed  to  prick  a  few  out  upon,  and  in 
deed  this  would  be  a  great  advantage  to  any  of  the 
other  forts.  Thofe  not  thus  forwarded,  will  make  a 
fecond  blow.  Thzjlriped  forts  are  much  the  prettied, 
yet  the  plain  ones  make  a  good  (hew,  and  do  very 
well  for  fhrubberies,  &c.  particularly  the  fuperb  white 
and  red.  It  is  a  good  way  to  plant  a  few  offers,  or 
any  flowers  defigned  for  feed,  in  beds  by  themfelves, 
in  a  way  of  nurfery,  as  in  the  beft  borders  it  is  much 
neater  to  have  all  flowers  pulled  off  regularly,  when 
their  beauty  is  over  :  Pull  up  all  bad  flowers  (as  foon 
as  difcovered)  from  amongft  fuch  feeding  plants. 

Balfam,  yellow,  is  more  frequently  fown  in  cold 
ground,  (as  others  of  this  lift,  carthamus,  cerintbet  pop 
py,  prince's  feather,  and  xeranthemum)  but  it  is  worth 
while  to  afford  the  aflidance  of  a  little  heat.  This 
flower  is  fufficiently  ornamental  to  merit  a  place  in 
the  garden  ;  but  is  chiefly  curious  for  the  elaftic  prop 
erty  of  its  feed  pods  burfting  with  force,,  whenjuft 
preiTed  between  the  fingers,  throwing  the  feeds  to  a 
diftance. 

Cbineft  hollyhock  fliould  be  brought  forward  (efpecially 
northwards)  to  infure  a  timely  blow.  See  page  12, 
vol.  2. 

Chryfanthemuniy  to  preferve  fome  of  the  fined:  doubles, 
plant  'cuttings,  or  (lips,  in  September,  in  pots,  and 
houfe  them  before  November,  or  the  froit  comes  ;  and 
they  will  furvive  the  winter,  and  flower  much  earlier, 
though  not  fo  ftrong  as  thofe  fown  in  fpring. 


SECT.  XIX.  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  55 

Convolvulus  major  \vill  need  fupport  by  a  wall, 
(lake,  or  othervvife,  to  be  trained,  or  run  up,  as  a 
fcarlet  bean/  The  deep  blue  is  called  convolvulus  nil, 
or  anil.  The  major  convolvulus  makes  a  good  (hew, 
and  may  be  fown  in  April,  in  the  places  deiigned  to 
flower  ;  but  it  is  the  beft  way  to  fow  three  or  tour 
feeds  in  a  fmall  pot,  which  being  placed  on  a  gentle 
heat,  will  be  much  forwarder  and  finer,  and  may  be 
turned  out  whole  (when  about  three  inches  high)  into 
open  ground;  for  this  flower,  (as  many  other  annuals) 
does  not  tranfplant  well  :  Nil  will  not  do  without 
heat  to  bring  it  up. 

India  pink  is  now  brought  to  blow  much  more 
double  and  variegated  than  formerly,  and  it  is  a  very 
neat,  engaging  flower,  blowing  a  long  time.  Prick 
them  but  when  quite  fmall,  (for  they  readily  (hike) 
that  they  may  not  be  drawn  up  weak,  and  let  them 
grow  in  (ingle  detached  plants,  in  a  dry  light  foil,  and 
they  will  be  ftrong.  If  cut  down  as  foon  as  the  prin 
cipal  blow  is  over,  they  will  Hand  another  year. 

Marigold  the  African,  grows  ftrongly  erect,  There 
is  a  variety  in  the  form  of  the  flower,  and  the  quilled 
forts  are  moftly  admired.  The  French  grows  weakly 
fpreading,  and  there  are  beautiful  varieties  of  it  from 
feed,  which  (hould  be  carefully  faved  from  the  rnoft 
double  flowers,  having  had  no  fingle  ones  growing 
near  them.  The  fmell  of  thefe  flowers  is  unpleafanr, 
but  there  are  fweet  fcented  forts  of  each.  ^ 

Marvel  of  Peru  is  confidered  as  an  annual,  yet  is 
naturally  perennial  in  root — our  climate  makes  it  an 
nual.  If  the  roots  of  thofe  growing  abroad  are  taken 
up  in  Oclobcr,  and  dried  a  few  days,  they  may  be 
packed  in  dry  fand,  and  kept  in  a  dry  place  (from 
froft)  till  fpring  ;  when  potted  and  placed  on  a  gentle 
heat,  they  will  (hoot,  and  come  forward.  Or  if 'the 
plants  are  houfed  in  autumn  (before  the  leaves  are  „ 
damaged  by  frcftj  and  the  pots  (land  till  the  mould 


56  LISTS    OF   TREES,  &c.  SECT.  XIX. 

gets  very  dry,   they  may  be  cut  down,  and  the  roots 
(probably)  live,  having  no  moifture  to  rot  them. 

Palma  Cbrifti,  the  large  leaved  (often  half  a  yard 
broad)  will  grow  from  feven  to  ten  feet  high,  accord 
ing  to  culture,  as  early  fown,  &c.  As  it  is  valued 
for  its  noble  itature,  and  ample  foliage,  fome  garden 
ers  bring  it  forward  as  a  tender  annual,  in  order  to 
produce  a  giant ;  but  it  is  not  advifable.  Thefmall 
leaved  grows  to  about  four  feet  high,  and  is  an  agree 
able  plant  in  the  leaf,  in  other  refpecls  than  fize. 

Naflurtium  feed  comes  up  well  on  natural  ground, 
but  a  little  froft  kills  the  plants,  hence  it  has  been  con- 
fidered  in  this  clafs,  to  have  it  flower  early.  Late 
fown  plants,  if  potted  and  houfed,  will  blow  in  winter, 
and  live  round  to  fpring.  Cuttings  of  it  will  grow. 
The  fpreading,  rambling  nature  of  this  fhewy  annual-, 
makes  fome  people  object  to  it  ;  but  the  evil  may  be 
remedied,  by  growing  it  in  a  poor  dry  foil,  or  treating 
it  as  directed  for  the  ice  plant,  in  laft  lift.  The  dwarf 
fort  is  preferred  by  fome  for  flower  borders,  but  is 
not  fo  floriferous  as  the  large.  See  page  259. 

Stock,  ten  week,  fas  beautiful  and  fragrant)  is  the 
moft  important  annual  flower  we  have.  Every  one 
admires  it,  and  its  abfence  is  always  felt.  It  therefore 
merits  every  attention,  to  raife  fine  double  flowers,  to 
have  them,  early,  a  continued  fucceflion,  and  as  late  as 
pofiible. 

There  iliould  be/iwr  fowings  of  this  flower  in  the 
year.  Let  the  frft  be  in  the  fpring,  (as  at  the  end  of 
February,  or  beginning  of  March}  on  a  gentle  heat  ; 
and  being  foon  thinned  a  little,  they  fhould  be  pricked 
out  in  about  a  fortnight  upon  another  moderate  hot 
bed',  at  four  inches  afunder,  where  they  may  grow  till 
this  diftance  is  thought  too  crowding  ;  but  the  beft 
rule  is,  to  give  them  their  final  ftation  as  foon  as  they 
have  acquired  eight  leaves. 

They^w^fowing  fhould  take  place  on  a  little  heat, 
when  the  firft  plants  are  pricked  out  ;  and  let  this 

fowing 


SECT.  XIX,  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  57 

fowing  be  prefently  thinned  to  an  inch  afunder  ;  prick 
the  plants  out  in  the  full  ground,  (or  on  a  moderate 
hot  bed,  if  you  wifli  to  forward  them)  at  fix  inches 
afunder.  Here  they  may  grow  till  either  put  out  with 
eight  leaves,  or  (land  till  their  flower  buds  appear, 
Which  mew  plainly  whether  they  will  be  double  or 
fmgle  ;  the  double  having  round  buds,  and  the  fingle 
long  ones.  But  if  every  other  is  drawn  with  eight 
leaves,  the  reft  will  do  the  better,  and  may  be  taken 
up  with  large  balls  of  earth  ;  concerning  the  method 
of  doing  which,  fee  page  9,  vol.  2.  Or,  every  other  be 
ing  taken  up  from  the  bed,  the  reft  may  remain  to 
rnake  a  grand  mew  in  flower.  Let  as  many  fingle 
ones  as  are  not  wanted  for  feed,  be  pulled,  or  cut  up. 

The  third  fowing  is  to  be  upon  cold  ground,  in  a 
warm  border,  or  rather  under  a  hand-glafs,  fome  time, 
between  the  firft  and  tenth  of  May.  Let  the  plants 
be  thinned 'in  time,  fo  as  not  to  draw  one  another  up 
weak,  and  pricked  out  at  four  inches,  as  foon  as  may 
be,  in  fhowery  weather,  for  ftocks  will  tranfplant 
very  young  ;  and  when  they  have  eight  leaves,  let 
them  be  planted  where  they  are  to  blow.  It  is  a  good 
way  (in  furni  thing  borders)  to  plant  three  or  four 
ftocks  together,  about  four  inches  from  one  another, 
and  thofe  that  prove  fingle,  may  be  cut  out  as  foon  as 
discovered. 

The  fourth  fowing  is  defigned  for  plants  to  be  pre- 
ferved  through  the  winter  for  a  fpring  blow,  and 
ihould  be  made  either  the  laft  week  in  July,  or  the 
firft  in  Auguft.  Plant  fome  clofe  under  a  fouth  wall, 
and  pot  others  for  houfing  ;  but  let  them  not  be  fhel- 
tered  before,  or  more  than  neceflary.  If  two  or  three 
plants  are  put  in  a  pot,  the  fingle  may  be  cut  away 
from  the  double  as  foon  as  difcovered. 

The  French  ftock  is  very  floriferous,  and  there  gen 
erally  comes  more  double  of  this  than  the  others. 
The  *P  ruffian  is  fometimes  called  the  fea-grecn  ftock, 

to 


5&  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  SECT.  XIX. 

to  diftinguifti  it  from  the  others,  which  are  fomewhat 
hoary  leaved. 

To  fave  feed  that  is  moft  promifmg  for  double, 
mark  thofe  flowers  which  have  five  or  fix  leaves,  by 
tying  a  bit  of  thread  round  them.  A  fingle  flowering 
plant  that  has  double  ones  growing  near  it,  produces 
good  feed  ;  but  thofe  fingle  flowers  that  come  out 
before  the  double  ones  appear,  it  is  proper  to  take  off, 
as  alfb  all  the  late  flowers,  which  if  they  ripen  their 
feeds  at  all,  would  be  weak  ;  and  a  plant  having  but 
few  pods  to  ripen,  will  certainly  produce  the  boldeft 
feed,  and  of  courfe  the  largeft  plants  and  flowers  may 
be  expedled  from  it.  Be  fure  that  the  feed  is  ripe 
before  gathered,  and  that  it  is  kept  dry,  which  will  be 
beft  in  their  pods,  clofe  tied  in  paper  bags. 

Sultan*  the  yellow  is  the  finelt  flower,  and  has  a 
very  agreeable  mufky  fcent  ;  but  it  is  the  tendered, 
and  will  hardly  do  without  the  affiftance  of  heat  to 
bring  the  feeds  up  :  It  has  a  chance,  however,  if  fown 
under  a  fmall  hand-glafs,  that  is  air  tight,  on  a  warm 
border^  The  yellow  will  produce  many  fine  flowers, 
if  pricked  out  upon  a  fecond  flight  hot-bed. 

Zinniay  the  colours  of  this  flower  are  dingy,  but  yet 
agreeable.  Some  gardeners  chufe  to  treat  it  as  the 
balfam  ;  but  a  moderate  hot  bed  will  produce  the 
plants  large  and  forward  enough  to  ripen  their  feeds. 
Zinnia  is,  however,  rather  more  impatient  of  cold 
than  others  of  this  clafs. 


HARDY    ANNUALS. 


2  Adonis,  pheafant's  eye,  or  bird's  eye,  red  and  yellow 
i  Ametlr.'ftea,  the  flower  is  a  pretty  amethyft  blue  one 

1  Alyjfon,  fweet  fcented,  white  flowering 

2  Balm,  Moldavian,  blue  and  red  flowered 

Baljatn, 


SECT.   XIX.  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C-  59 

Balfam,  yellow,  fee  laft  lift,  and  obfervation 
2  Belvidere,  annual,  fummer  or  mock  cyprefs 
2  Borage,  variegated  leaved,  purple  and  red,  fee  pige  253 
i  Campion,  dwarf,  vifcous,  or  dwarf  lychnijs,  purple 
j  Candy  tuft,  white,  red,  crimfon  and  purple 
i — — .  bitter,  and  fweet  fcented  white 

1  Caterpillar  plant,  four  forts  yellow,  fee  page  5,  vol.  2, 

2  Catchfly,  Label's  red,  purple  and  white 
Cerinthe,  or  honey  wort,  fee  laft  lift 

2  Clary,  annual  pink,  purple  and  white  topped 

i   Convolvulus  minor,  blue,  white  and  ftriped 

4  Cyanus,  or  corn  bottles,  blue,  red,  purple,  white  and  firip/ 

Devil  in  a  buJJi,  fee  nigella 
i  Geranium,  annual  red  mufk,  and  a  ftiowy  blue  and  purple 

1  Erigeron,  or  Canada  flea  wort,  white 

2  Hawkweed,  (baflard)  red,  pale  and  deep  yellow 

1  Heart's  eafe,  or  panfey,  large  Dutch,  &c.  a  variety 

4  Indian  corn,  dwarf,  or  maize,  yellow  flower,  red  fruit 

2  Ketmia  bladder,  or  flower  of  an  hour,  yellow 

4  Larkfpur,  tall,  unbranched,  branching  and  rocket 

2  dwarf  rocket,  as  of  ditto,  a  variety 

3 Neapolitan,  branched  and  fpotted 

2  Lathyrus,  joint  podded,  blue  flowered 

3  Lavatera,  or  cretan  mallow,  red,  white  and  purple 
2 three  month's  Syrian,  pale  red  flower 

1  Lupine,  fweet  fcented,  yellow  flowered 

3 common,  two  blue  forts,  and  a  white 

4 hairy  giant  blue,  and  rofe  coloured 

fcarlet,  fee  pea,  Tangier 

Lychnis,  dwarf  annual,  fee  campion 

4  Mallow,  curled  leaved  Syrian,  and  Chinefe,  pink 
Venetian,  fee  ketmia 

Cretan  and  a  Syrian,  fee  lavatera 

3  Marigold,  giant,  or  large  common  double 

2  large  cape,  hybrid,  or  mongrel 

i  dwarf  cape,  leafy,  and  naked  (talked 

i  Migiionette,  (trailing)  or  fweet  fcented  refeda 

3  Mulberry 


60  LISTS   OF    TREES,    &C.         'SECT.  XIX, 

3  Mulberry  blight,  or  flrawberry  fpinach,  red  fruit 

i dwarf  plain  and  variegated  leaved 

Naflurtium,  fee  obfervation,  laft  lift 
2  Nigilla,  blue,  white  and  yellow,  fingle  and  double 

Normandy  tuft  ;  i.  e.  red  candy  tuft,  which  fee 

4  Pea,  fweet,  purple,  fear.  wh.  pink  and  wh.  or  painted  lady 
4  • Tangier,  fometimes  called  fcarlet  lupine 

2  — -  blue  flowered,  or  cultivated  lathyrns 

4  crown,  rofe,  or  cape  horn,  pink  and  whitej* 

*  winged,  or  winged  podded  lotus,  red  flower*' 

4  Perflcaria,  oriental,  red  flowered,  fee  pages  6,  13,  vol.  2. 
4  Poppy,  tall,  double  purple,  fcarkt,  carnation,  &c. 
2 dwarf,  or  corn  poppy,  double,  a  variety 

2  • prickly  Mexican,  or  yellow  flowered 

3  • chelidonium,  or  horned  fcarlet 

Scabious,  fee  next  lift 

Ji  Snails,  hedge  hogs  and  horns,  yellow,  fee  page  $,  vol.  2. 

2  Snapdragon,  annual  Sicilian,  white  flowered 

a  Stock,  (maritime)  dwarf  annual,  or  Virginian  9 

4  Sunflower,  large  double,  pale  and  full  yellow 

3 dwarf  double  ditto 

fi  Toadflax,  or  three  leaved  antirhinum,  yellow,  blue,  &c. 
i  Whitlow  grafs,  white  and  yellow  flowered 
1  Venus' V  looking  glafs,  blue,  white  and  purple 

z  navel  wort,  common  and  Portugal,  white 

Xeranthsmum,  or  eternal  flower,  fee  laft  lift. 

*a*  There  will  not  need  many  obfervations  on  the  flowers 
of  this  clafs.  Directions  refpecting  their  cultivation  will  be 
found  in  the  lalt  fection.  It  was  there  faid,  that  May  was  not 
too  late  for  fowing  thofe  annuals  that  come  quick  into  flow 
er  ; — the  feafon  may  be  extended  (for  late  blows)  to  fume, 
through  June,  or  even  the  beginning  of  July,  as  annual  flock, 
candy  tuft,  convolvulus  minor,  corn  bottles,  hearths  eafe,  yellow 
lupine,  mignonette,  fweet  pea,  and  pheafanfs  eye.  But,  if 
dry  weather,  the  feeds  mull  be  watered  to  bring  them  up,  and 
the  plants  alfo  to  bring  them  forward. 

OBSERVATIONS 


SECT.    XIX.  LISTS  OF  TREES,  $CC.  6l 

OBSERVATIONS    ON    PARTICULAR    FLOWERS. 

Belvidere  is  of  a  beautiful  regular  growth.  The 
autumn  fown  feed  make  far  the  tineft  plants,  and  as 
felt  fown  ones  often  come  up,  they  mould  be  preferv- 
ed.  This  flower  is  adapted  for  potting,  in  which  fit- 
uation  it  looks  well.  See  pages  5,  14,  vol.  2. 

Ketmia,  the  flower  fades  in  a  mort  time,  when  the 
fun  is  out ;  but  the  plant  produces  a  great  number, 
in  long  fucceflion. 

Larkfpur  is  feldom  permitted  to  attain  its  utmoft 
perfe&ion,  not  allowing  it  room  enough.  The  large 
forts  Jhould  be  from  a  foot  to  eighteen  inches  afunder, 
and  the  dwarf  half  this  diftance  :  A  firft  rate  florift 
directs  two  feet  for  the  branching  larkfpur.  See 
page  14. 

'Mignonette  is  often  fown  on  heat,  early  in  the 
fpringj  to  obtain  forward  plants  for  pricking  out  into 
pots,  boxes,  or  bafkets,  to  be  houfed  in  windows,  &c. 
But,  as  it  does  not  tranfplant  well,  take  it  up  with  a 
little  earth  about  the  roots  ;  and,  if  convenient,  put 
the  pots,  &c.  on  a  little  heat,  till  well  rooted. 

Mulberry  blight  or  more  properly  btitey  i.  e.  the 
herb  blitum,  whofe  fruit  refembles  a  red  unripe  mul 
berry.  It  is  alfo  called  ftrawberryfpinach,  from  the 
leaves  being  like  thofe  of  the  prickly  Jpinach,  and  the 
fruit  like  a  fcarlet  Arawberry.  The  branches  of  this 
plant  muft  be  fupported  by  a  wall,  pales,  or  flicks,  or 
the  weight  of  the  fruit  (not  eatable)  will  bring  them 
to  the  ground.  It  looks  beft,  and  is  very  handforne, 
when  trained  to  a  wall,  which  it  fhould  be,  juft  as  a 
fruit  tree,  fufFering  no  fide  moots  to  remain  on.  The 
feed  is  near  a  month  coming  up,  which  makes  autumn 
fown  plants  valuable,  in  order  to  have  the  fruit  for 
ward  and  fine.  Some  perfons  fow  it  in  fpring  upon  a 
flight  hot  bed,  and  prick  the  plants  out  where  they  are 
to  grow  ;  but  to  fow  forward,  in  their  proper  place, 
(not  to  be  tranfplanted)  generally  does  very  well  ;  as 

it 


62  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  SECT.  XIX. 

it  will  then  decorate  the  autumn,  when  other  things 
begin  to  fail. 

Stock,  annual,  if  fown  about  Mid-Augufi,  for  an 
edging,  or  in  little  patches,  will  make  a  pretty  early 
fpring  blow,  as  it  is  very  hardy  :  A  light  foil  fuits  it 
beft.  This  little  flower  is  commonly  fpoiled  by  being 
fuffered  to  grow  thick,  which  makes  it  trail,  and  ram 
ble  too  much.  Four  in  a  patch,  about  four  inches 
afunder,  is  fufficient. 


X. 

LIST  of  biennial  flowers. 

2  Campion,  roje,  fingle  red,  white  and  ftriped  and  doub.  crimf. 
g  Canterbury  bells,  blue,  purple  and  white  flower,  June 

2 variegated,  and  double  flower,  June 

2  Carnation,  (or  gilliflower)  a  great  variety,  fee  obfervation 
2  Chelone,  forking,  penciled,  American,  purple,  September 

2  Clary,  garden,  a  variety  in  leaf,  purple,  fee  p.  254,  June 
Colutea,  Ceefena,  bladder,  below 

3  Honey fuckle  French,  red,  white  and  ftriped  flower,  June,  d. 

3  Honejly,  fatin  flower,  or  moonwort,  purple  and  white  May 
2  Lion"1*  tale  Virginian,  or  monarda  pundtata,  yellow  July 

4  Mallow  tree,  (proving  fometimes  biennial)  purple,  June,  d- 
2,  vervain,  ditto,  red  and  white,  June,  d. 

Q  Milk  vetch,  fox  tail,  (often  biennial)  yellow,/.  June,  d. 
4  Mullein,  branching,  phlomoide  and  fmuated,  yellow,  June 
2  Pen/lemon,  (a  biennial  perennial)  violet  and  pi./.  Sept. 
2  Poppey,  common,  horned  podded,  yellow  flower,  July 
4  Primrose  tree,  com.  hairy  and  fmooth  flemed,  yellow,  June 

2  Rampion,  (fee  page  261)  a  large  blue  bell  flower,  June 

4  Rudbcckia,  three  lobed  Virginian,  yellow  flower,  July,  d. 

3  Scabious,  purple,  black,  red,  white  and  flriped,  flow.  June 
3 hen  and  chicken  flowered,  purple,  June 

3 flary,  Spanifli  and  Montpelier,  purple,  July 

4  Sena,  bladder,  (colutea)  Ethiopian  fcarlet,  Auguft 

Snapdragon* 


SECT.  XIX.     LISTS  OF  TREES,  &C,  63 

2  Snapdragon,  red,  purp*  white,  yellow  and  variegated,  June 
2 red,  &c.  with  variegated  leaves,  June,  d» 

3  Stock,  Brompton,  Tcarlet,  blufh  and  white,  May 
g queen,  red,  blufh  and  white,  May 

3  Twickenham,  purple  flowered,  May 

3  fhrubby,  white,  tinged  and  fpotted,  May 

4  large  red  Dutch  and  Patagonian,  May 

2  Sweet  William,  Tingle  and  double,  a  variety,  June 

2 muje,  or  Tweet  Wil.  pink,  doub.  red,  June 

2 broad  leaved,  ftriped  and  red  flower,  June 

2  Wallflower,  large,  yellow  and  bloody,  Tingle  and  double 
i  __-  white,  and  dw.  yellow,  Tingle  and  double,  May 
s winter  and  early  Tpring,  Tingle  yellow 

*#*  Several  biennial  flowers,  if  Town  early,  or  brought  for 
ward  upon  a  little  heat,  will  blow  the  Tame  year,  only  later, 
as  French  Jioneyfuckle,  hone(ty,fcabious,Jenna,  and  flocks  ;  but 
it  is  not  generally  defirable*  to  attempt  this,  as  they  do  not 
come  To  fine  and  {Irong,  when  made  annuals  of.  ThoTejufl 
named,  oTcotirfe,  though  (own  late  the  preceding  year,  will 
blow  the  next  ;  but  Tome  ot  the  biennials,  in  this  cafe,  will 
not  blow  the  next  year,  as  has  been  particularly  experienced 
with  Canterbury  bells,  a  few  of  which,  though  Town  at  their 
proper  TeaTon,  may  Itand  over  to*  another  year, 


OBSERVATIONS    ON    PARTICULAR    FLOWERS;, 

Campion,  though  a  perennial,  fliould  be  confidered 
as  biennial,  in  order  to  a  timely  Tupply,  as  it  Tome- 
times  is  of  no  longer  duration.  The  double  (as  bear 
ing  no  Teed)  is  propagated  by  flips  from  the  roots. 

Carnation  is  Teldom  conTidered  as  a  biennial,  though 
in  fadt  it  is  To,  as  much  as  feveral  others,  uTually  de 
nominated  of  this  clafs  ;  for,  after  the  firft  blow,  the 
plants  become  ftraggKng,  and  flower  weakly  ;  it  is, 
therefore,  that  they  are  always  layered,  &c.  to  con 
tinue  them.  The  plain,  deep  red,  or  clove  fcented 
carnation,  is  the  orfginal,  and  an  eftabliflied  cultivated 

VOL.  n.  F  fort. 


64  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  SECT.  XIX. 

fort.  The  reft  are  claffed  under  the  heads,  flakes, 
bizarres,  picquetees,  and  painted  ladies,  according  to 
their  colours,  ftripes,  fpots,  andpouncings.  For/aj^r- 
ing,  and  raffing  carnations,  fee  the  end  of  this  fe&ion. 

Ch clone,  the  feed  of  this  flower  is  beft  fown  as  foon 
as  ripe,  in  autumn  ;  and  coming  up  inthefpring,  they 
inay  be  planted  in  the  borders,  in  June  and  July,  and 
\vill  flower  the  fame  feafon. 

Primrofe  tree,  produces  fo  immenfe  a  quantity  of 
feed,  that  it  becomes  rather  a  troublefome  weed  to 
fome  people.  Cut  the  flower  ftems  off,  or  pull  up 
the  plant,  juft  before  the  feed  pods  are  ripe  enough  to 
Ihed  their  contents,. 

Rudbeckia,  or  American  fun-flower,  this  biennial 
fort  is  called  hardy,  but  fhould  neverthelefs  have  a  dry 
flickered  fituation.  The  narrow  leaved  dwarf  per 
ennial  (about  three  feet]  fometimes  proves  biennial,  and 
may  be  fown  as  fuch,  a  little  every  year,  by  thofe  who 
would  extend  their  work  in  the  culture  of  flowers. 

Scabious  has  been  noticed  in  the  two  laft  lifts  as  an 
annual,  which  it  becomes,  if  fown  early  ;  and  fome 
gardeners  make  a  point  of  doing  it  on  a  little  heat  to 
forward  them.  As  a  biennial,  it  fhould  not  be  fown 
too  foon  ;  but  if  forward  plants  are  tranfplanted  in 
June,  it  will  prevent  their  flowering  till  next  year, 
when  they  will  come  very  fine  andftrong. 

Sena,  bladder,  or  colutea,  Ethiopian  fcarlet,  is  rather 
tender,  and  the  feedling  plants  muft  be  potted  and 
houfed,  or  Iheltered  by  a  frame  from  fharp  frofts. 
This  flower  is  a  -perennial,  (fee  lift  IV.)  but  as  it  is  apt 
to  be  cut  off  in  fevere  weather,  it  is  here'c^fidered  as 
biennial,  and  may  take  its  chance  after  the  firft  flower 
ing.  It  is  fometimes  made  an  annual.  See  colutea* 
lift  VII. 

Snapdragon  we  confider  as  biennial,    it^not  blowing 

fo  handfome  afterwards.     The  variegated  (as  all  ftripes 

are)  is  tender ifh  ;  this  muft  be  propagated  from  cut- 

,  as  indeed  the  plain  may  be,  though  the  fined 

plants 


XIX.  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &£.  65 

plants  come  from  feed.  This  flower  is  of  longed  con 
tinuance  in  a  poor  foil,  and  will  grow  out  of  cracks 
in  walls. 

Slock,  or  flock  gvrifflower,  is  apt  to  get  too  rampant 
(in  fome  feafonspbefore  winter,  and  when  killed  by 
froft,  it  is  chiefly  owing  to  this  circumftance  ;  for 
nothing  (lands  fevere  weather  well,  that  has  grown  very 
freely.  Hence  it  ufed  to  be  the  cuftom  of  florifts  to 
tranfplant  them  feveral  times  in  the  fummer  ;  (even  at 
every  full  moon)  but  to  keep  them  down,  and  hardy, 
by  this  means,  tends  directly  to  weaken  the  blow,  if 
not  to  kill  the  plant.  The  moft  reafonable  method  i» 
this  bufinefs  is,  not  to  fow  toe  early,  (or  before  the 
firft  week  in  April}  to -thin  them,  and  to  prick  them 
out  in  time,  that  they  may  not  be  drawn  up  long 
legged  ;  and  by  no  means  to  let  them  have  a  dungy 
foil  to  grow  in,  or"  a  very  rich  one.  Prick  them  out 
the  fir  ft  cool  weather  after  the*y  have  fix  leaves,  at  fix 
or  eight  inches  afunder,  where  let  them  remain  till 
-Augufty  chufing  a  fhowery  time,  (rather  about  the 
middle)  to  plant  them  out  where  they  are  to  blow  ; 
but  let  not  this  be  into  a  moift  foil,  or  damp  fituation. 
It  is  a  good  way  to  mix  half  fand  in  th&  mould  that 
lies  about  the  {hanks  above  the  roots  ;  and  when  wet 
and  froft  comes,  to  lay  coaife,  or  drift  fand,  round 
about  them,  two  or  three  inches  high,  which  remove 
at  fpring.  Some  plants  may  remain  in  the  nurfery 
bed^till  fpring,  to  put  out  in  cooler  or  moifter  ground, 
for  in  fuch  a  foil  they  blow  beft,  though  they  do  not 
ftand  the  winter  well  in  it  -:  Stocks  blow  much  finer 
in  a  fhowery  fummer  than  in  a  hot  one.  It  will  be 
a  great  advantage  to  thofe  moved  at  fpring,  to  have 
balls  of  earth  to  the  roots,  though  they  do  not  well 
retain  it.  To  difpofe  them  to  it,  and  make  them  fitter 
to  tranfplant,  they  may  be  cut  round  in  autumn,  with 
a  long  knife,  five  or  fix  inches  deep,  and  three  inches 
trom  the  item,  making  one  flaming  cut  under  the  root, 
at  lix  inches  depth,  to  cut  thofe  afunder  that  ftrike 

direftly 


66  LISTS    OF     TREES,  &C.  SECT.  XIX. 

dire&ly  down.  This  is  a  practice  that  would  anfwer 
in  moft  things  that  are  to  be  removed  at  fpring  ;  and 
if  not,  it  would  generally  be  of  fervice,  as  the  cutting 
off  the  end  of  a  root,  occafions  it  to  throw  out  feveral 
uthers  of  a  more  fibrous  nature. 

Sweet  William  (or  bearded  pink)  is  diftinguifhed 
into  broad  and  narrow  leaved  forts.  This  flower 
comes  very  diverfified  from  feed,  many  plain,  others 
beautifully  ftriped,  and  a  few  double,  perhaps  one  in 
thirty  or  forty.  But  the  iingle  ones  are  generally  fo 
ornamental,  that  the  want  of  doubles  is  not  much  la 
mented.  The  double  forts  are  propagated  from  layers^ 
as  carnations.  The  fweet  William  is  perennial,  but 
as  the  plants  ceafe  to  be  handfome  (and  in  fome  cafes 
die]  after  the  firft  blow,  it  is  neceffary  to  raife  fome 
every  year. 

Wall-ft(jwers>  raifed  from  feed,  produce  fome  dou 
bles  ;  but  the  chance  is  fiot  great  for  fine  ones,  which 
are  to  be  continued  from  flips  in  May,  June,  or  July, 
planting  them  in  a  rich  foil  and  fhade  till  rooted.  The 
double  white  wall-flower  is  tender,  and  fhould  be  pot 
ted  for  houfing,  as  indeed  other  good  forts  fhould  be, 
and  generally  are. 

****** 

XI. 

LIST  of  fibrous  rooted  perennial  flowers. 

2  Adonis,  or  perennial  pheafant's  eye,  yellow,  r.f.  Auguft,  m. 

3  Acanthus,  fmooth  and  prickly,  white  and  pink,/,  r.  July,  d. 
3  Agrimony,  the  large,  or  odoriferous,  yellow,/,  r.  July 

3  ___ hemp,  common  wild,  red,/,  r.  Augnit,  m. 

% fpotrecl  (talked  American,  purple,  ditto 

3 lower  Pennfylvanian  and  Virginian  wh.  ditto 

4 Canada  or  tall  purple  flowered,  ditto 

4 tailed  Pennfylvanian,  white  flowered,  ditto 

2  Alkekengi,  com.  winter  cherry,  red  fr.  wh.  fl.  r.f.  Jims 
i  Alyffon,  rock,  Cretan,  and  prickly,  yel.  and  wh.  /.  r.  May 
i  Anthemis,  or  tea  camomile,  a  trailer,  white,/.  July 

3 


'SECT.  XIX,  LISTS    OF   TREXS,  &C.  ^7 

3  Anthemh,  ox  eye  fort,  yellow,  white  and  red,  r.  June 
i  Anthyllis,  double,  purple  and  fcarlet  trailing,/,  r.  June 
i  Arum,  com.  fpotted  leaved,  \vh.  fl.  red  berry,  r.  June 

j white  ftriped  leaved,  and  friar's  cowl,  r.  May 

4 dragon,  common  fpotted  {talked,  purple,  r.  Jurfe 

j  AJarabacca,  Virginian  vein  leaved,  &c.  ptirp.  r.  May 

2,  Afphodel,  or  king's  fpear,  yellow  and  white,/,  r.  June 
After,  a  variety,  fee  flarwort 

l  Auricula ,  or  bear's  ear,  fee  objervaiion 

i  >&*/»,  com.  alp.  yel,  and  marfh,  pur.  &c*/  r.  May,  w. 

3  Bachelor's  button,  ling,  and  double,  red  and  wh./.  r.  May 

-       „  blue,  fee  cyanut 

i  Balm,  grandiflorus,  purple,  red  and  white,  r,  June 
j  Barrenwort,  alpine  (epimedium)  red,  r.  W,zy,Jhade 
Bear's  breech,  fee  acanthus 

3.  Bear's  tar  f article  t  of  Matthioltis,  fine  red,  r.  June,  rf. 

1  Bear's  foot,  or'hellebore,  greenifh  flower,/  r.  Feb. 

2  Betony,  com.  Danifti,  oriental,  pur.  red,  wh./.  r.  July,  m 
2  Birthwort,  upright  yel.  and  trailing  purple,/.  Augtilt,  <•', 

4  5e^  larkfpur,  common,  and  great  flow,  blue,/  r.  July 
2  Bloodwort,  or  bloody  ftalked  dock,  white,/.  April 

2  Borage,  oriental  perennial,  blue  flower,  f.r.  May,  d. 
i  Bugle,  com.  pyramidal  blue,  red  and  wh.  r.  May,  in, 

1  Buglojs,  com.  (fee  p.  253)  blue  wh.  and  red,/.  June 

a  oriental  trailing  and  Virginian  yellow,/.  May 

2  Burnet,  com.  (253)  and  agrimony  leav.  red,/,  r.  June 
4  Bryony,  common  white  flowered,  red  berried,/.  May 

2  Cacalia,  alpine  purple,  a  variety  in  leaf,/  r.  June 
Calamint,  Ketrurian,  fee  balm  grandiflorus 

4  Campanula,  pyramidal,  or  fleeple  flow.  blue,//Z.  Ai-gnT: 

1  .  .. grandiflora,  and  Carpathian,  purp./  r.  July 

Campion,  rofe,  fee  biennials,  lad  lift 

3  Cardinal  flower,  fcarlet,  blue  and  violet,/,  r.  c,  Aug.  d. 
Carnation,  fee  biennials,  laft  lift 

2  Catchfly,  or  vifcous  campion,  douc,  reel  and  wh.  r,  June 

4  Centaury,  great  pur.  and  woad  leaved  yel./.  r.  June 

2  Chelcne,  Virginian,  &c.  wh.  blue,  red  and  purple,  r,  Sep, 
4  Chervil,  perennial,  orfweetfern,  white,/.  June 
,j  Chriftmas  rofe,  or  black  hellebore,  white,  r.  January 
F3  4 


.68 


LISTS    OF    TREES,  £c.  SECT.  XIX* 


4  Clary,  Indian  blue,  and  glutinous  yellow,/,  r.  June 

3  Columbine,  com.  plain,  flriped  and  fpotted,/.  r.  June 

3 feathered,  (thalictrum)  \vh.  and  pur.  ditto 

2  • —  mountain,  or  alpine,  large  blue,/,  r.  May 

1  —  Canada  dwarf  early,  red  with  yel./ r. 

Cookoo  flower,  or  meadow  pink,  fee  nzgg^/  rofow 

4  Coreopfu,  verticillate,  yellow,  a  long  blow,  r.  July 
i  Coivjlip,  double  yellow,  and  double  fcarlet,  r.  May 

1  American,  or  Meadia  purple,/,  r.  May 

2  Crowfoot,  meadow,  double  yellow  flowered,  r.  May 
1 mountain,  double  white  flowered,  r.  May 

2  Cyanus,  mountain,  or  perennial  blue  bottle,/,  r.  June 

i  Daify,  wh.  red,  fear,  variegated,  coxcomb,  £c.  r.  Apr. 

1  ••'          globe,  (globularia)  a  fine  blue  flower,  r.  June 

3  ox  eye,  American  and  Montpelier,  wh./  r.  July 

Michaelmas,  fezfiarwort  tradefcants 

Dittany,  feefraxiuclla 

2  Dodartia,  oriental,  deep  purple  flower,  r.  May 

2  Dog's  bane,  willow  leaved,  purple  and  white,  &c.  r.  July 

3  Dragon's  head,  Virginian  purple  flowered,/  r.  Auguft 
2 hyflbp  leaved,  blue  flowered,/.  June 

3  Eryngo,  or  Tea  holly,  Amethyftine  and  Ruffian,/.  July 
2  maratime  Englifli,  and  aquatic  American,,  ditto 

2  Eternal  flower,  pearly,  or  white  everlafting,  r.  June 

3  Feverfew,  two  doub.  fl.  and  a  curled  leav.  wh.  j.  r.  c.  June 

4  Figwort,  Spanifh,  elder  leaved,  red  and  gr./.  r.Jl.  c.  July 
4 aquatic  variegnted  leaved,  ditto 

4  Flax,  perennial  Siberian  blue  flowered,/.  June 

3  Foxglove,  pur.  red,  wh,  and  iron  coloured,/,  r.  June 

2  -  great  and  lefs  yel.  and  Spanifli  purple,  ditto 
— *.  American,  fee  monkey  flower 

3  Fraxinella,  \vh.  and  purple  flowered,/,  r.  June 

3  French  honeyfuckle,  Canadian  red,  wh.  pur./  June,  d. 
2  . fenfitive  branched,  yellow,  ditto 

1  Fumatory.,  diffufed  branching,  yel.  and  wh./  June 

2 upright  American  purple,  ditto 

3  Gentian,  great  yellow, and  purple  flowering,/  July 

t  afclepias  ]eav.  and  croffwort,  blue,/  r.  May 

i  Gentiane'lla,-fin€  azure  blue  flower,/  r.  May 

i  Geranium^  •( 'Englifli)  Wue?  purple,  red,  black,  r.  May 

i  Geranium* 


SECT.  XIX.         LISTS    OF    TREES,   &C.  £ 

1  Geranium,  African,  or  tender  forts,  fee  objerwition 

2  Globe  flower,  European  and  Afiatic,  yellow,/,  r.  May,  m, 
4  Globe  thiftle,  great,  blue,  and  white  flowered,/.  June 

2 lefs,  deep  blue,  and  white  flowered,  ditto 

3  Golden  Rod,  common  Mexican  and  American,  r.  Auguft 
4 talllate  blowing  American,  r.  September 

4 New- York,  flelhy  leaved,  evergreen,  r.  O&o. 

i loweft,  or  dwarf  Pyrenean,  r.  Auguft 

2.  Goldilocks,  German,  a  bright  yellow  flower,  r.  c,  July 

1  Hawkweed,  (or  grim  the  collier)  orange  colour,/. r.  July 
i great  yellow  or  French  goat's  beard,/.  June 

Hedge  mujlard ,fingle  and  double,  fee  rocket  yellow 

4  Hellebore,  (veratrum)  white,  black  and  yellow,/,  r.  May 

2  Helonias,  two  forts,  white  and  cream  coloured,/,  off.  July 
i  Hepatica,  red,  blue,  white  and  itr.  fing.  and  doub.  r.  Mar. 

1  Heart's  eafe,  or  tricolor  violet,  yel.  pur.  wh.  r.  April 
Herb  bennet,  (getim)  fee  ovens 

4  Herb  Chnjlopher,  com.  and  long  fpiked,  white,/.  June 
4  Hollyhock,  com.  doub.  wh.  yel.  pink,  red,  fca.  &c./.  Aug, 
4  —  •  fig  leaved,  or  palmated,  a  variety,  ditto 

Chinefe,  or  painted  lady,  fee  lift  V1H. 

Ladies'  mantle,  common  fringed,  Alpine.  &c.  r./.  May 
Ladies'  fmock,  double,  purple  and  double  wh.  r.  May,  m, 
Ladies'*  Jlippers,  yellows,  purples,  red,  &c./  r.  May,  m. 
Lavendcrfea,  great,  &c.  white  and  blues,  r.Jl,  c.  July 
Lily  of  the  valley,  wh.red,  fir.  fing.  and  doub.  r.  May,  m. 

2  Lioti's  foot,  fingle  and  double,  blue  flow./,  r.  June,  d. 

2  Lion's  tail,  fear,  and  pur.  fl.  pi.  and  flrip.  ledf,  r.Jl.  c.  July 
i  London  pride,  or  none  fo  pretty,  fpotted  flow.  r.  May 

3  Loofeflrife,  common  great  yellow  flowered,  r.  June 
3 —  willow  leaved  white  Spanifh,  ditto 

i  ..  ciliated  Canadian  yellow,  ditto 

1  money  wort,  or  herb  two  pence,  yellow  ditto 

fee  willow  heib,  lift  IV. 

2  Lupine,  perennial  Virginian  blue  flowered,/.  June 

1  Lungwort,  blue,  purple,  red  and  white,  r./.  April 

3  Lychnis,  fingle  and  double  fear,  pink  and  white,/  r.  c.  July 
3 Chinefe,  fine  orange  coloured  flower,  ditto,  d. 

2  Lychnidea,  red,  purple,  blue  and  wh.  fw.  fcented,  r.c.  July 
Madwort,  fee  AlyJJbn 

2.  Mallow,  'Virginia. fraooth  and  rough  leaved,  wh./.  r.  June 

j  .Marfe 


70  LISTS    OF   TREES,  &c«         SECT.  XIX* 

1  Marfli  marigold,  double  flowered  yellow,  r.  April,  m. 

2  Mafterwort,  great  black  rooted,  yellow,  r.  June 

4  Meadow  rue,  common  and  Montpelier,  yel.  r./.  June/?w, 

/  Michaelmas  daijy,  \sftarwort,  tradejcants,  which  fee 

i  Milkwort,  com.  and  bitter,  blue,  red,  wh.  &c./.  June,  d. 

3  Milk  vetch,  goats  ruejeaved,  and  oriental,  yellow,/.  July 
2,  Monkey  flower,  or  American  fox  glove,  blue,  r./.  July 

3  Morina,  purple,  white,  pale  and  deep  red,  /.  off.  June 

4  Mullein,  yellow,  purple  and  iron  coloured,  r,/.  June 
i  -  myconic  borage  leaved,  trailing,  blue,  ditto 

1  Navelwort,  perennial  trailing,  blue  flowered,  r.  c.  April 
Orobus,  fee  vetch 

Qrchis,  biennial,  fee  next  lift 
Orobus,  fee^vetch,  bitter 

2  Orpine,  the  greater,  purple  and  white,,/Z.  c.  July,  3. 

i  the  lefTer,  (anacampferos)  a  trailer,  jjur.  ditto 

i  true,  (telephium)  white  flowered,/.  r.:Jl»  c.  July 

4  Out  eye  daijy,  American  and  Montpelier,  white,  r.  July 
2,  >  corymbous  flowering,  white,  ditto 

Pajque  flower,  fee  next  lift 

4  Pajjion  flower 9  com.  palmated  blue  rayed,  c.  /././«•  July 
4  Pea,  everlafting,  red,  fear,  purple  and  large  fl./.  r.  June 

Paony,  being  tuberous  rooted,*fee  next  lift 
i  Pink,  com,  red,  white,  plain  and  fringed,  damafk 

I  red  cob,  white  cob,  painted  lady 

j  maiden,  or  matted,  and  grey  leaved  mountain 

-i  pheafant's  eye,  &c.  a  great  variety 

3  Plumbago,  or  European  lead  wort,  blue,  purp.  wh.  r.  Oft. 

1  Polyanthus,  a  great  variety  in  flower,/,  r.  April 

2  Poppy,  oriental  fcarlet,  and  Welfli  yellow,/,  r.  June 

1  Primrofe,  white,  red,  fcarlet,  double  yel.  &c.  r.  March 

2  tree,  the  larger,  (perennial)  yel./.  r..  June 

2,  Ragged  robin,  or  meadow  pink,  double  red,/,  r.  May 

4  Reed,  Portugal,  or  Spanifli,  and  variegated,  offsets 

2,  Reft  Harrow,  common  purple  with  red  flowers,/.  May 

3  Rhubarb,  com.  and  waved  leaved .Chinefe,  wh,/.  June 
4 palmated  Chinefe,  and  large  Tartarian,  &c. 

2  Rocket,  fmg.  and  double  wh.  pur.  and  red,  /.  c.  r.  June 
2  , double  yellow^  or.  double  eryfimum,  r.  June 

4  Rudbeckia,  jagged  leaved  Virginian,  orange,  r.J.  July 
3, dwarf  hairy,  yellow,  purple,  &c,  ditto 


•SECT.   XIX.  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  7l 

4  Rufh,  T\veet  flowering,  pink,  white  and  purple,  r.  July,  w. 

1  Sanguinarea,  Canada,  (puccoon)  fing.  and  double,  wh.  r. 

2  Sarracena,  or  fide  faddle  flower,  purple  and  yel./  r.  July 
4  Saw  wort,  New- York  and  Maryland,  pur.  flow.  r.  June 

3  Saxifrage,  pyramidal,  often  called  fedum,  wh.  off.  June 
2  fpotted  hairy,  and  flrawberry,  wh.  ditto 

i ladies'  cufliion,  a  low  trailer,  wh.  off.  May 

1  golden,  two  forts  as  to  leaf,  yellow,  r.  July 

double  flowered,  fee  next  lift 

4  Scabious,  perennial  Alpice  blue  flowered,  Jl.  c.  r.  July 

2  oriental  filvery,  and  grafs  leaved,/.  July 

3  Sou/leap,  tailed,  or  nettle  leaved,  purple,/.  June,  d. 
2  Alpine  violet,  and  white  flowered,  ditto 

2  eaftc-rn,  germander  leaved  yellow,  ditto 

Sea  pink,  fee  lavender  and  thrift 

3  Sena,  wild,  or  Marilandic,  (caffia)  r.f.  July,  d. 

1  Sifyrinchium,  Virginian  and  Bermudian,  blue,  r.f.  June 
fee  iris,  next  lift 

2  Sneeze-wort,  double  flowered  white,  r.J.  July,  m. 

i .  hoary  yel.  and  fi!very  Jeaved  wh.  r./.  July 

.3  Soapiuort ,  double  flowered  purple  and  fcarlet,  r.  July 

1  Soldanella,  purp.  blue,  wh.  and  fringed,  r.  March,  m. 

3  Soloman'sfeal,  many  flow,  fweet  fcented,  &c.  r.  May,  m, 

3  Sophora,  oriental,  fox  tail  like,  blue,  r.f.  July 
4 four  winged  podded,  yellow,  r.  June 

i tinftorious  Virginian,  trailing  yellow,  r.J,  July 

Speedwell,  fee  -veronica 

Spiderzuort,  fee  next  lift 

T  Starwort,  dwarf  alpine,  purple  flowered,  r.  June 
2 fea,  or  tripolium  after,  blue,  r.  July 

2  flax  leaved,  blue  flowered, r.  Auguft 

4  New  England,  violet  coloured,  r,  September 

4  tradefcants,  a  pale  blue  flower,  r.  Odlober 

3 Catefby's  pyramidal  Virginian,  blue,  r.  Nov. 

2 Italian,  large  bright  blue  flower,  r.  Nov. 

i  Stock)  dwarf  ihrtibby,  or  window  flow.  red,/.  June 
i  Stonecrop,  fraal-1  and  great,  trailing,  yellow,  c.  r.  July 

i poplar  leaved,  upright,  pinkifh,  ditto 

4  Sunflower,  many  flowered,  com.  double,  &c.  r.  July 

3  Swallow -wort  i  common,  wh.  black  and  yellow,/  r.  June 

x  Thrift, 


72  LISTS    OF    TREES,   &C.  SECT.    XIX. 

j  Thrift^  greater  and  fmaller,  red,  fear,  and  wh./Z.  r.  June 
3  Throatiuort,  great,  double,  white,  blue  and  purple,  r.  June 

4 giant,  blue,  white,  red,  and  ftriped,  ditto 

2  .  dwarf,  fmall  fine  blue  flower,  J.  June 

2  Toadflax,  a  variety,  yellow,  purple  and  white,/Z.  c.  r.  July 

1  •  dwarf  Alpine  purple  flowered,  ditto 

2  Toothwort,  five,  and  nine  lobed,  blufli  and  pi./,  r.  June 

3  Valerian,  common  red  and  white  mountain  red,/,  r.  June 

2  • Greek  pur,  vvh.  and  variegated,/,  r.  May 

4  Veronica,  a  variety,  blue,  white  and  blufh,  r.f.  June 
i  dwarf  blue  and  wh.  and  Welfh  blue,  ditto 

3  Vervain,  common,  and  fpear  leaved,  blue,/  r.  June 

4  F<?/cA,  white  wood,  and  tufted  blue,/  r.  July 

3  bitter,  (orobus)  a  variety,  blue  and  pur./  r.  May 

2,  • Siberian,  unbranching  orobus,  yel./  r.  April 

—  fee  orobus,  next  lift 
i  Violet,  com.  blue,  purple  and  white,  fin.  and  doub.  r.  Mar. 

i  Auftrian  purple,  and  Caniffian  blue,  r.  April 

i  ,  Alpine,  double  red,  and  purple,  r.  March 

i yellow,  and  grandiflorws  yellow,  &c,  r.  April 

Wake  robin,  fee  arum 

Willow  herb,  fee  loojeftrife 

1  Wood  forrel,  common  white  and  purple,  /  June,  m, 
j  Wormgrajs,  Maryland,  (fpigelia)  red  flower,  r.  July 

2  Yarrow,  or  milfoil,  the  purple  flowered,  Auguft 
— —  fee  maudlin  andfneezeivort. 

OBSERVATIONS    ON    PARTICULAR    FLOWERS. 

Acanthus ,  or  lear's  breech,  is  admired  for  the  ele 
gance  of  its  leaf,  and  was  fo  much  fo  by  the  ancients, 
that  they  introduced  it  into  the  capital  of ^the  Corinthian 
order.  It  fpreads  wide,  and  fhould  have  room  allowed 
it,  in  a  warm  light  foil,  and  flickered  fituation  j  but 
ftill  rather  a  fhady,  than  a  funny  one. 

Alkekengi  roots  run  much,  and  are  fometimes  kept 
in  pots,  or  boxes,  to  confine  them.  It  is  not  a  pretty 
plant ;  but  has  been  long  admitted  into  gardens  for  the 
Ihow  of  its  red  berries  in  winter,  when  there  are  few 
ornaments  to  adorn  the  ground.  AlyJJ'ons 


SECT.  XIX*  LISTS  OF  TREES,  &C.  73 

Afyjffons  do  beft  in  a  dry  .Hungry  foil,  but  ihould 
have  a  favourable  fituation,  where  they  will  blow 
long  and  prettily. 

Avens  will  grow  in  any  cold  moift  fhady  ground. 

Auricula,  from  the  great  and  elegant  variety  of  its 
flower  and  leaf,  arifing  perpetually  from  feed,  is  one 
of  the  forty's  chief  delights,  and  to  which  he  pays 
much  attention  in  the  culture.  It  is  one  of  the  firft 
flowers,  and  ranks  in  nature  with  the  primrafe  and 
polyanthus.  The  forts  admitted  in  the  prefent  collec 
tions,  are  about  four  hundred.  The  auricula,  t\iz  car 
nation,  tulip,  hyacinth,  ranunculus,  anemone,  &c.  are 
called  fancy  flowers.  For  the  propagation  and  culture 
of  the  auricula,  fee  the  end  of  this  fe&ion. 

Bears  earfanicle  is  very  hardy,  but  is  a  proper  plant 
to  pot.  It  may  be  planed  in  any  cold  place,  and 
ihould  have  a  dry  lean  foil,  but  be  duly  watered  in 
fummer  ;  and  moft  things  that  a  poor  foil  fuits,  muft 
flill  have  water  freely  in  warm  weather.  This  fanicle 
is  about  fix  inches  high  ;  that  of  Gmelin  only  four, 
and  is  not  fo  pretty. 

Betony,  as  it  is  a  native  of  the  woods,  is  proper  to 
plant  in  mrubberies,  and  fhady  places. 

Birthwort  is  tender,  and  feedlings  of  it  muft  be 
flickered  by  a  frame  in  winter. 

Bryony  is  a  climber,  and  will  grow  in  plantations 
to  run  up  trees,  &c. 

Campanula,  pyramidal,  may  be  propagated  (as  well 
as  from  feeds  and  flips)  by  pieces  of  its  root,  planted 
about  an  inch  and  half  in  the  ground,  in  a  fhady,  but 
not  moift  border.  The  fineft  plants  are  produced 
from  feed  ;  but  will  be  three  or  four  years  before  they 
blow.  Sow  a  few  every  year  in  April,  in  a  light  frefli 
foil,  where  the  morning  fun  only  comes.  As  much 
wet  in  the  cold  feafons  is  apt  to  rot  this  root,  it  will 
be  proper  to  guard  againft  it,  by  fome  occafional 
covering,  when  there  is  a  continuance  of  rain,  or  fnow* 

A  few 


74  LISTS   OF    TREES,  &C.  SECT.  XIX. 

A  few  potted  may  be  removed  under*fhelter,  A  mat 
fet  high  over  is  a  proper  covering  for  a  bed  of  them. 
In  the/ittnmer  they  mud  never  want  water,  efpecially 
when  fpindling,  or  in  blow.  There  is  a  white  fort. 

Cardinal  flower  mud  have  a  dry  foil  and  a  warm 
fituation  ;  occafionally  alfo  a  little  prote&ion.  They 
are  commonly  potted,  and  fome  mould  at  lead  be  fo, 
left  thofe  in  the  open  ground  be  cut  off.  This  flower 
is  very  ornamental,  but  the  fcarlet  much  more  fo  than 
the  blue,  and  is  not  tall  of  growth. 

Chriflmas  rofe  is  very  hardy,  but  a  dry  warm  fitua 
tion  may  be  allotted  it  ;  and  when  in  flower,  a  little 
protection  to  preferve  it  in  beauty,  as  a  band-glafs, 
may  be  advifable.  A  plant  or  two  potted  (large  pots 
as  it  fpreads)  is  agreeable  enough,  to  houfe  when  in 
blow. 

Columbine,  when  fown  in  fpring,  is  rather  apt  to 
mifs.  Autumn  is  therefore  preferable  ;  and  thefe 
plants  will  alfo  be  much  ftronger,  as  they  do  not  blow 
the  next,  but  following  year.  The  plants  fhould  not 
ftand  above  twoyears,  as  afterwards  they  get  unfightly, 
and  plain  in  flower. 

Cowflip  American  is  commonly  potted,  as  indeed 
fome  plants  mould  be,  as  it  thus  appears  to  advantage  ; 
but  it  is  hardy,  and  grows  bed  in  borders  that  are 
fome  what  fhady,  or  have  riot  the  afternoon  fun. 

Dragon's  head  fhould  have  a  moid  fhady  fituation. 

Figworty  the  plants  are  fomewhat  tender,,  and  may 
only  be  expected  to  dand  through  ordinary  winters, 
in  a  warm  foil  and  fituation.  Let  fome  be  potted,  for 
houfing,  led  thofe  abroad  be  cut  off.  The  pile  wort  is 
fometimes  called  figwort  ;  but  this  is  a  different  plant, 
whofe  proper  name  is  fcrophularia,  whereas  the  pile- 
wort  is  ranunculus  fie  aria  ; — this  has  a  red  flower,  that 
a  yellow  ; — this  a  fibrous,  that  a  tuberous  root — this 
grows  to  about  five  feet,  that  attains  only  to  fo  many 
inches, 

Foxgloves-, 


SECT,    XIX.  LISTS  OF  TREES,  &C.  75 

Fox  gloves  do  beft  in  a  fomewhat  ftrong  foil,  and 
fhady  fituation,  and  will  be  found  a  ufeful  flower  in 
fhrubberies,  &c.  in  all  its  varieties. 

Geranium,  or  crane's  billy  (fo  called  from  the  fhape 
of  the  feed  veiTel)  the  exotic  forts  are  tender,  Africa 
being  their  native  climate.  As  favourite  flowers,  the 
different  forts  are  cultivated  by  all  defcriptions  of 
people,  as  opportunity  affords  to  preferve  them  in  win 
ter  :  They  are  properly  green  houfe  plants.  The 
principal  kinds  are  as  follow,  clailed  according  to  their 
ordinary  height  of  growth  : 

1.  Flaming,    or  Vervain  mallow  leaved,   fcarlet, 
Three  coloured  ;  i.  e.  red,  black  and  white.     Ladies 
mantle    leaved,   whitifh    and  bluifh.     Sweet  fcented 
mallow  leaved,    white.     Goofeberry  leaved,  reddifli. 
Caraway  leaved,  or  variable  geranium,  red,  crimfon, 
purple,    white,  &c.      Vine  leaved,    red    and    white. 
Night  fmelling,  yellowifh  with  dark  fpots,  three  forts. 
Pinnated,   or   proliferous,  of  different  colours. 

2.  Spear  leaved,  white.     Flefhy  ftalked,  or  celan 
dine  leaved,  white.     Square  ftalked,  fiefh  coloured. 

3.  Birch  leaved,  reddifh.     Sorrel  leaved  blufh,  plain 
and  flripe  flowered,   and  variegated   leaved.     Three 
gouty  flalked,  or  columbine  leaved,   purple.     Rofe- 
fcented,  a  purplifh  blue.     Glutinous  vine  leaved,  red 
difh  purple  and  white.     Horfefhoe,  green  leaved,  va 
riegated,  filver  edged,  filver  ftriped,  gold  ftriped,  pink, 
two  fcarlets  and  a  purple,  and  one  large  fcarlet,  or 
grandiflorum. 

4.  Vine  leaved,  balm  fcented,  blue.     Shining,  and 
mallow  leaved,  fcarlet  and  deep  fcarlet.     Butterfly,  or 
variegated    flowered,    with    a  pointed    mallow  'leaf. 
Marfn  mallow,  or  hood  leaved,  purplifh  ;  and  a  variety 
of  this  with  angular  leaves.     Hafp  leaved,  flefh  colour, 
fpotted  red.     Two  coloured,  purple  and  white.      See 
the  end  of  this  fe&ion. 

Gentianella  likes  a  cool  loamy  foil,  and  eaftern  fitu 
ation,  and  fhould  not  be  often  removed,  or  in  too 
fmall  pieces. 

VOL.  ii.  G  Gkle 


76  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  ^SECT.  XIX. 

Ghle  flower,  or  globe  ranunculus,  is  very  ornamental.. 
The  European  is  fo  me  times  called  locker  gowlans.  They 
both  do  well  in  a  cool  foil,  and  north  border  ;  though 
the  name  Afiatic  feems  to  direct  to  a  dry  foil,  and 
•warm  fituation.  The  cafe  is,  they  are  natives  of 
moid,  fhady  places  ;  and  whenever  this  is  the  cafe,  we 
may  conclude  fuch  plants  are  organized  accordingly, 
and  that  they  muft  be  accommodated  by  us  agreeable 
to  their  nature.  The  conftitution  of  plants  is  neceffary 
to  be  known,  in  order  to  their  proper  culture  ;  and  u 
gardener  cannot  direct  his  attention  more  to  his  credit, 
than  to  make  ol>fervafi&ns:\nd  experiments  to  difcover  it. 

Golden  rod  will  grow  in  (hade,  and  particularly  the 
evergreen  fort  ;  but  being  late  blowers,  this  circum- 
ilance  rather  diredls  to  an  open,  or  forward  fituation. 

Hellebore,  the  white  flowered,  is  the  common  offici 
nal  plant.  A  light  foil  and  dry  fituation,  not  fubjedt 
to  fnails,  fuits  it  beft. 

Helonlas  is  a  very  elegant  and  ornamental  plant,, 
worthy  of  the  mod  confpicuous  part  of  the  pleafure 
gaiden.  It  requires  only  the  ordinary  culture  of  per 
ennials.  Seeds  are  imported  from  North  America,  as 
it  does  not  ripen  them  here. 

Hepatica  is  found  to  tranfplant  bed  when  in  flower ;. 
but  it  mud  not  be  in  fmall  portions,,  led  it  wither 
away  ;  and  they  never  look  well  in  fmall  patches,  as 
is  the  cafe  with  all  dwarf  blowers.  Situation  and  foil 
as  gentianella. 

Ladles  fmockj  and  ladies  flipper,,  do  bed  in  a  moid 
foil  and  made,  as  in  a  north  border,  where  not  many 
things  do  well.  . 

Lily  of  the  valley  fhould  have  a  cool  fituation,  and  if 
not  in  a  moid  foil,  give  it  at  lead  an  eafl  border,  or 
where  it  has  only  a  little  of  the  morning  fun. 

Lions  foot  is  fomewhat  tender,  and  to  do  well  mud 
have  a  favourable  place  in  the  garden,  as  to  fun  and 
tfielter  ;  and  it  does  bed  in  a  light,  or  fandy  foil.  Let 
fome  be  potted,  for  it  is  pretty,  and  blows  all  fummer. 

London 


-SECT.  XIX.  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  77 

London  pride  (a  faxifrage)  ufed  to  be  planted  much 
as  an  edging  ;  but  it  does  not  anfvver  this  purpofe  well. 
A  few  plants  here  and  there  in  patches  is  beft  ;  and 
by  no  means  a!Jow  it  a  good  border,  for  it  is  not  very 
handfome,  though  it  has  fuch  fine  names  :  It  prefers 
a  moift  foil  and  cold  fituation. 

Loofeftrife,  the  common,  is  found  wild  ;  but  it  is  a 
fhowy  plant,  and  where  a  variety  is  wanted  is  very 
admirable.  It  grows  in  fliady  moift  places,  and  fliould 
be  planted  accordingly,  in  the  borders  of  a  fhrubbery, 
.&c.  The  fmalleft  is  a  trailer. 

Lupine  will  be  beft  raifed  from  feed,  without  tranf- 
planting,  as  the  roots  ftrike  down  deep  :  If  they  are 
tranfplanted,  let  it  therefore  be  while  quite  young. 

Lungworts  prefer  a  fhady  fituation  ;  but  the  Vir 
ginian  (an  elegnt  little  plant]  rather  one  dry  and  ihel- 
tered 

Lychnit,  the  double  fcarlet  is  a  beautiful  flower,  but 
not  apt  to  increafe  much  at  root  ;  recourfe  is  therefore 
to  be  had  to  cuttings,  which  alfo  are  not  certain  in 
fh iking  root.  In  June>  or  July,  take  cuttings  from 
the  fide  (hoots,  (without  flower)  and  let  the  pieces 
planted  have  three,  or  at  the  moft  four  eyes.  Put 
them  into  a  good  foil,  fine  and  rich,  but  not  dungy, 
as  deep  as  half  way  between  the  fecond  and  third  joint, 
in  an  eafl  border  ;  and  keep  them  coo),  but  not  wer. 
A  hand-glafs  will  greatlv  afiifl  in  this  bufinefs.  See 
J>ink  at  the  end  of  this  fed  ion.  The  Chinefe  lychnis  is 
rather  too  tender  for  open  culture  ;  but  in  a  choice 
fituation  may  abide  moderate  winters.  It  makes  a 
good  potted  plant  among  myrtles  and  geraniums. 

Lychnidea,  take  the  cuttings  off  dole  to  the  ground, 
and  difcharge  the  tops  ;  and  plant  them  in  pots,  or 
borders,  in  a  place  not  of  much  fun. 

Mafterwort  (a  medicinal  plant)  is  of  no  great  or 
nament  ;  but  is  commonly  cultivated  for  borders  of 
Ihrubberies,  &c.  as  being  of  low  growth,  and  hardy 
nature.  There  is  an  alpine  fort  about  a  foot  high. 

Marfi 


78  LISTS   OF    TREES,    &C.          SECT.  XIX, 

Marjh  marigold  is  a  flower,  (as  its  name  imports) 
that  will  fiourith  in  a  wet  foil  ;  but  yet  it  does  not  do 
much  amifs  in  a  dry  one.  In  default  of  a  moiit  foil, 
any  plant  that  requires  one,  fhould  at  leaft  be  accom 
modated  with  a  (hady  {ituation,  and  never  want  water 
in  fummer. 

Milk  vetch  is  fomewhat  tender,  particularly  the 
feedlings,  which  mould  be  protected  by  a  garden  frame 
in  winter.  Foxtaiifoit,  fee  biennials. 

Mvnkey  flower  is  very  ornamental,  and  of  eafy  cul 
ture,  not  difficult  in  iituation. 

Monk's  bood  is  a  poi famous  plant  in  every  part,  but 
very  ornamental,  'and  commonly  cultivated.  Shade 
luits  it,  and  it  will  even  grow  under  trees,  or  in  any 
damp  place,  where  few  other  things  will. 

Morina  is  worthy  of  a  confpicuous  place  in  the  gar 
den.  It  has  a  ftrong  taproot,  and  mould  be  tranf- 
plaiited  whilft  voung,  that  it  may  not  be  damaged  ; 
but  Cowing  in  tae  place  where  it  is  to  grow  (as  dire£t- 
ed  for  the  lupine)  is  the  bell  way. 

Mulleins  prefer  a  light  foil,  but  like  a  north  border  ; 
and  the  borage  leaved  being^very  low,  is  proper  for  an 
edging  in  a  cool  fhady  fituation. 

Orpine,  this,  as  all  fucculent  plant?,  mould  have  a 
dry  foil  and  fituation,  and  not  often  watered. 

Paffion  flower  mould  be  planted  againft  a  warm  wall, 
where  it  may  have  room  to  fpread,  as  it  is  a  very  free 
{hooter.  The  forts  are  numerous,  (for  green  boufe 
znd/l&ve}  but  only  this  well  fuits  open  culture.  In 
fine  fituations,  and  \hsfouthern  parts  of  England,  theie 
are  two  more,  however,  that  may  do  abroad.  Prune 
It  about  Michaelmas*  leaving  the  moots  from  two  to 
four  feet  long,  as  the  ftrength  of  the  plants,  or  room, 
dictates,  and  a  foot  afunder.  Before  the  frofts  come, 
cover  the  roots,  a  yard  round,  with  dry  litter  ;  and  re 
new  it  with  dry,  when  afterwards  it  gets  much  and 
long  wet.  The  branches  aifo  mould  be  covered  with 
a  mat  (a  thin  one,  and  not  over  clofe)  before  fevert 

fruit 


,  XIX,  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  "79 

froft  fets  in  ;  but  uncover  as  foon  in  fpring  as  may  be, 
or,  in  ihort,  in  mild  weather,  on  days  through  the 
winter,  if  not  too  much  trouble.  This  flower  has 
been  fometimes  mined  to  a  flake,  in  which  cafe, 
fhorter  pruning  muft  take  place  to  keep  it  down.  It 
bears  upon  the  young  fhoots,  which  fhoukl  be  regu 
larly  trained  in,  and  the  flowers  are  the  glory  only  of 
a  day,  but  generally  a  great  number  are  produced  in 
fucceflion.  This  flower  takes  readily  from  cuuing, 
of  about  feven  or  eight  inches  long,  taken  off  in  March, 
and  planted  in  a  good  foil,  kept  cool  by  water,  and 
fhaded  from  much  fun. 

Pink,  the  forts  are  numerous,  for  feed  is  constantly 
producing  new  varieties,  occafionally  one  that  vies 
with  its  predeceflbrs  in  beauty,  and  whofe  fuperior 
excellence  is  not  negle&ed  by  they/or//?.  He  gives  it 
a  name  as  fancy  directs,  and  it  is  enrolled  in  the  nur- 
ferymcris  catalogues  of  worthies.  Maddocks  mentions 
in  his,  an  ever  blowning  pink,  price  2s.  6d.  The  pink 
(as  the  carnation  wasj  might  be  conlldered  biennially, 
the  good  forts  being  regularly  layered,  &c.  every  year 
for  increafe  :  They  do,  however,  (land  on  for  older 
plants,  better  than  carnations.  For  propagation,  &c. 
fee  the  end  of  this  fedion. 

Polyanthus  produces  an  infinity  of  forts  from  feed, 
and  the  fiori/i  purfues  his  object  of  obtaining  prize 
flowers  of  this  kind.  The  polyanthus  delights  in  a 
loamy  Toil,  and  fhacly  fituation.  It  is  an  excellent 
edging  flower  for  fhrubberies  ;  though  fine  blows  are 
not  to  be  expected  under  trees,  or  in  much  wet.  An 
eaft  border  is  the  place  for  producing  the  beft  flowers* 
For  rat/ing  them, &c.  fee  the  end  of  this  fection. 

Plumbago,  though  it  be  a  native  of  Italy,  is  hardy 
enough  to  abide  our  ordinary  winters  in  the  open 
ground.  Afford  it  a  dry,  funny,  flickered  fituation, 
which  will  be  a  means  of  preferving  it,  and  alfo  tend 
to. forward  the  blow,  as  it  is  fo  late  :  All  plants  that 
-produce  their  flowers  towards  the  end  sof  autumn, 
02  (how  eve? 


So  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  SECT.  XIX, 

(however  hardy)  fhould  have  a  favourable  afpect,   as 
to  fun,  left  winter  overtake  them. 

Poppy,  allow  the  eaftern  fort  a  light  dry  foil. 

Reed,  Portugal,  is  curious  for  iis  lofty  and  ample 
growth,  but  rarely  flowers  with  us.  It  attains  to  ten 
or  twelve  feet  high,  and  its  ftems  are  ftrong  enough 
for  walking  fticks.  The  variegated  forts  come  only 
to  half  the  lize,  and  more  frequently  flowers. 

Rhubarb,  the  common  ferves  for  fhow,  and  the 
ribs  of  the  leaves  for  tarts  ;  but  the  Cbinefe  principal 
ly,  and  then  the  Tartarian  for  medical  ufes  of  the  root : 
The  Cbinefe  is  deemed  the  true  officinal  rhubarb. 

Rocket,  (fometimes  called  dame's  violet,  and  queen's 
gittifawer)  the  (ingle  is  raifed  from  feed,  and  the  double 
from  rooted  flips  and  cuitings.  The  double  is  rather 
uncertain  in  continuance,  and  requires  fome  attention. 
Cut  the  ftems  down  as  foon  as  off  their  principal  (how 
and  time  of  flowering,*  which  is  a  means  to  help  them 
to  increafe,  and  get  ftrong  at  root,  as  it  is  from  offset's 
formed  in  the  prefent  year,  that  they  flower  in  the 
next.  If  weak,  or  fmall  roots  are  planted,  they  fhould 
not  be  fuffered  to  blow  the  fir  ft  year.  To  propagate 
by  cuttings,  do  it  when  the  ftems  are  about  eight  or 
:iine  inches  long,  (i.  e,  before  flowering)  making  each 
into  two  ;  and  plant  them  a  little  more  than  half  way 
deep  in  an  eaft  border,  in  good  frefh  undunged  foil. 
Keep  them  cool  by  occafional  watering,  and  if  the 
cuttings  attempt  to  flower,  nip  the  buds  off.  Cuttings 
of  ftems  that  have  flowered,  will  fometimes  grow,  but 
they  make  weak  plants.  A  hand-glafs  would  be  of  fer- 
vice  over  them.  See  pink  at  the  end  of  this  fe&ion. 

Rudbeckia,  or  American  funflcwer,  is  a  little  tender, 
and  mult  be  accommodated  accordingly.  Like  the 
rocket,  it  is  rather  (fome  forts  at  leaftj  unapt  to  form 
offsets  ;  and  therefore  to  encourage  the  putting  them, 
frorth,  (without  which  the  plant  dies;  the  ftems  may 
bt;  cut  down  to  prevent  flowering  :  That  is,  when 
plants  are  more  deiireJ  flowering. 

Rufi 


SECT,  XIX.  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C,  8l 

Ru/h  will  be  proper  only  for  places  that  are  con- 
ftantly  wet,  by  {landing  water  ;  and  whoever  has  fuch 
a  lituation  tor  them,  they  will  prove  ornamental. 

Sarracena  is  a  native  of  the  boggs  of  North  America. 
It  requires  therefore  a  moid  fituation  ;  but  is  found  to 
need  protection  from  our  fharp  f rolls.  The  whole 
plant  is  of  curious  formation.  It  is  not  apt  to  ripen 
its  feeds  here,  or  to  make  offsets  ;  fo  that  both  are 
frequently  imported. 

Saxifrage  plants  are  ufually  potted  to  move  into  the 
houfe  when  in  flower,  as  indeed  the  pyramidal  in  par 
ticular  Ihould  be  ;  but  they  are  all  very  hardy,  except 
the  flrawberry  fort,  (not  very  handfome)  which  is  too 
tender  to  endure  much  wet  and  cold. 

Sennayoi  Maryland,  muft  have  a  dry  foil  and  warm 
fituation.  It  is  annual  in  (talk,  and  therefore  the 
roots  may  be  well  protected  in  winter  :  This  flower 
makes  a  very  handfome  fhow. 

Solomans  fe'al  is  in  greater  variety,  and  one  with 
double  flowers.     They  all  fuit  well  in  ihady  moid. 
places. 

Starworts  are  in  general  of  that  hardy  nature,  that 
they  will  flower  almoft  any  where,  and  increafe  apace 
from  the  lead  flip.  They  are  apt,  however,  to  lofe 
their  lower  leaves,  in  proportion  to  the  made,  cold, 
and  wet,  they  grow  in  ;  and  the  Alpine  fort  will  re 
quire  an  open  fituation,  though,  like  the  others,  a  ftiff 
moid  foil  fuits  it.  There  are  other  forts,  as  a  Phila- 
delpbian  purple ,  eight  feet,  and  two  whites  of  rather 
low  growth,  &c.  The  two  laft,  as  blowing  late,  and 
not  rampant,  may  be  planted  near  the  houfe. 

Stock,  this  plant  is  rather  of  a  biennial  nature,  but 
is  commonly  of  longer  duration.  It  is  proper  \Qpot 
and  place  in  a  wiridow,  on  account  of  its  fize,  riling 
only  a  few  inches.  It  is  fweet  and  floriferous,  and 
altogether  very  proper  for  an  edging. 

Sijyrinchumt  allow  it  an  caft  border,  but  dry  foil  ; 
and  as  it  is  a  fmall  flower,  pot  forae. 


•S2  LISTS    OF    TREES,    &C.  SECT.  XIX, 

*3Tbroatwort ',  the  two  firft  forts  are  clafTed  with  cam 
panulas.  The  latter,  which  is  the  proper,  or  mountain 
blue  throatwort,  likes  the  fhade,  but  mud  have  a  light 
dry  foil.  This,  as  the  fnapdragon,  and  fome  others, 
\vill  grow  in  the  crack  of  walls,  &c.  and  continue 
longer  in  fuch  a  fituation,  than  a  better  :  In  moft  foils 
it  proves  often  biennial. 

Toothwort,  as  it  delights  in  fhade,  is  proper  for  the 
borders  of  walks  in  plantations  ;  though  it  will  grow 
any  where. 

Whitlow grafs  is  a  wild  (medicinal)  herb,  that  grows 
on  roofs  and  walls  of  old  houfes,  and  rubbifli  heaps  ; 
but  makes  a  pretty  dwarf  fpring  flower  as  an  edging, 
&c.  in  a  poor  foil. 

Worm  grafs  is  a  very  neat  little  plant,  with  a  flower 
bright  red  without,  and  a  deep  orange  within. 


XII. 

LIST  of  bulbous,  tuberous,  zmlfle/by  rooted  perennials. 

1  Aconite,  or  winter  wolf's  bane,  yellow  flower,  Feb. 

2  Albuca,  or  baftard  (tar  of  Bethlehem,  (leaf!)  yellow,  June 

3  i    greater,  or  fpear  leaved,  red  flowered,  June 
4 talleft,  with  fpiked  clutters  of  wh.  flow.  June 

2  Anemone,  double  broad  and  narrow  leaved,  variety,  May 

2  common  wood,  dou.  jvh.  purp.  blue,  red,  March 

2 Appenine  \vood,doub.  blue,  purp.  \vh.  April 

2 yellow  wood,  or  ranunculus  anemone,  April 

pulfatilla,  tee  pfifque  flower 

i  Buibocodium,  or  fpring  colchicum,  violet,  April 

I  Colchicum,  com,  fmg.  and  double,  purp.  pink,  \vh.  &c.  Sep» 

i variegated  flow,  and  a  Itriped  leaved,  Sep. 

T mountain,  (Spanifh)  red  and  ftrip.  red,  Aug. 

J eaftern,  variegated  leaf,  cbecquered  flow.  Aug. 

4  Comfrey,  oriental,  blue  (April)  and  German,  yel.  June 

4  Cornflag,  or  (word  lily,  crimf.  red,  purple  and  white,  June 
I  Crocus,   fpring,  yellows,  a  variety,  plain  and  ftrip.  March 

j  'ditto,  blues,  purples,  white,  plain  and  ftrip.  March 

i  Crocus , 


SECT.    XIX.  LISTS    OF    TREES,    &C,  83 

1  Crocus,  autumnal,  or  faffron,  pur.  blue,  white,  yel.  Oft. 

3  Crowfoot,  Alpine  plantain  leaved,  white,  April 
. fee  crowfoot,  la  ft  lift 

2 Pyreneau  grafs  leaved,  yellow,  May 

4  Crown  imperial,  fingle  and  double  reds  and  yellows,  May 
.  ___—  double  crowned,  triple  crowned,  May 

4 gold  and  filver  ftriped  leaved,  May 

1  Cyclamen,  European,  fpringand  autumn,  pur.  wh.  April 

3  Daffodil,  a  variety  of  yellows,  fingle  and  double,  April 
g double  yellow,  with  cup  in  cup,  April 

3  . vel,  with  whitecup,  and  wh.  with  yel.  cup,  April 

4 tradefcants,  large  double,  yellow,  April 

2  dwarf,  or  fhort-ftalked  yellow,  March 

i hoop  petticoat,  or  rulh  leaved  yellow,  April 

3  odorous,  or  fweet-fcented  Harry,  yellow,  April 

•  white,  feenarcijjiu 

......  Tea,  fee  pancratium. 

1  Dog's  tooth  violet,  purples,  red  and  white,  April 

j  __  narrow  leaved,  colours  ditto,  April 

4  Dog's  baxe,  (tuberous  afclepias)  orange,  July 

2  Dropwort,  donb.  flow,  and  varieg.  leaved,  white,  June 

3  Fritillary,  common  and  Pyrenean,  a  variety,  April 

1  Fumatory,  folid,  and  hollow  rooted,  red,  pur.  wh.  April 
Garlick,  (the  flowery  kinds)  fee  moly 

j  Herb  true  love,  nodding  and  fefiile  flower,  purple,  April 

2  Hyacinth,  a  great  variety,  white,  red,  blue,  &c.  May 

2 tufted,  (or  fair-haired)  bl.  pur.  and  white,  April 

a Spanifh  nodding  flowered,  red,  April 

^  • amethyftine,  a  deep  blue  colour,  March 

3 —  mufk  fcented,  purple  and  yellow,  April 

4 monftrous  flowered,  or  feathered,  blue,  April 

! grape  forts,  blue,  white  and  grey,  April 

2  lily,  (yellow  rooted)  a  blue  Oar  flower,  June 

i Peruvian  (tarry,  blue  and  white,  May 

2  Italian  and  Byzantine  {tarry,  blue,  April 

!  Englifh  ftarry,  (autumn  fquill)  blue,  Sept. 

i  __  bell  flowered  ftarry,  white  with  purple,  May 
* T—  Indian  tuberous,  fee  tuberofe  3  Jonquil, 


84  LISTS    OF    TREES,    &C.  SECT.  XIX 

3  Jonquil,  fingle,  femi  and  double  yellow,  April 

4  Iris,  or  flag,  a  variety,  pur.  blue,  yel.  wh.  &c.  June 

4  ftriped  leaved  ftinkinggladwin,  purple,  July 

4  Siberian  narrow  leaved,  blue  with  white,  July 

i  dwarf  Auftrian,  purp.  blue,  red  and  white,  May 

1  vernal,  or  dwarf  Virginian,  blue,  May 

3  fnake's  head,  or  tuberous  iris,  purple,  May 

2  Xiphium,  or  Spanifh  bulbous,  a  variety,  June 

a  Perfian  bulbous,  finely  variegated,  March 

i  bulbous  Sifyrinchium,  blue  and  yellow,  June 

I  Ixia,  large  flowered,  or  crocus  leaved,  variety,  June 

l  •    -     Chinese  fword  leaved,  yellow  with  red,  July 

4  Lily,  com.  (ing.  and  doub.  wh.  orange  and  fiery,  June 

3  ftriped  flowered,  purple  and  white,  June 

-3  ftriped  leaved,  of  white  and  orange  forts,  June 

4}  dwarf  flalked,  orange,  or  red  flowered,  June 

4  Conftantinople,  dependent  flowered,  June 

4  _  proliferous,  or  many  flowered  ditto,  June 

4 com.  raartagon,  or  Turk's  cap,  purple,  June 

.4 ditto,  wh.  red,  imperial  and  double,  June,  July 

4  pompony  martagons,  feveral  colours,  June 

4 Chalcedonia*-martagons,  fcarlet  and  purp.  July 

4  fuperb  pyramidal,  martagon,  variegated,  July 

4  Canadian  martagon,  plain,  and  fpotted  yel.  Aug. 

.  day,  or  lily  afphoriel,  yel.  and  tawney  red,  June 

.j  daffodil,  or  autumnal  narcifTus,  yellow,  September 

1  atamafco  amaryllis,  carnation  coloured,  July 

3  — —  Guernfey  fcarlet,  and  belladonna  purple,  September 
3 pancratium  common,  and  Illyrian,  wh.  Auguft,  July 

Martagon^  fee  lily  above 
Meadow  faffron,  fee  colckicum 

2  Moly,  (flowering  garlick)  yel.  wh.  pur,  and  red,  June 

4  niagicum,  viftoriaiis,  and  defcendens,  purple,  July 

3  NarciJJus,  poet's  daffodil,  variety  in  cup,  wh.  May 

2  .  peerlefs,or  two  coloured,  wh.  and  yel.  April 

3 polyanthus,  or  multiflorous,  ditto 

3,         .          late  flowering,  yellow  cup,  white,  Auguft 


SECT.    XIX.  LISTS  OF  TREES,  &C.  -       gj 

2  Orchis,  perennial,  purples,  reds  and  white,  June,  d. 
z  biennial,  bee,  or  gnat  orchis,  red,  June,  d, 

1  OrobttSy  tuberous,  or  wood  pea,  red  flower,  May 
fibrous  rooted,  fee  laft  lift 

4  Paony,  com.  fing.  doub.  reds,  purple,  black,  white,  May- 
4  _  Conftantinople,  large  flower,  blood  red,  June 
4  Portugal  fweet  fcented,  deep  red,  May 

3  fmall  narrow  leaved,  red  flowered,  May 

3  .  dwarf,  with  a  white  flower,  May 

2  Pafque  flower,  common  blue,  red  and  white,  April 
2 Siberian,  or  alpine  yellow,  April 

Pilewort,  fee  ranunculus  ficaria 
2  Ranunculus,  plantain  leaved  Alpine,  white,  April 

2  graTs  leaved  Pyrenean,  ftraw  col.  May 

3  grand iflorous,  or  oriental  great  yel.  May 

i ficaria,  or  pilewort,  double  yellow,  April 

2 Turkey ,  or  turban,  red,  fear.  yel.  black,  May 

x  Perjian,  a  great  variety,  fine  colours,  May 

' fee  cr oiv foot,  laft  lift 

2  Saxifrage,  granulous  rooted,  double  white,  May 

i  Snowdrop,  fingle,  femidouble  and  double,  white,  Feb. 
3 great,  fpring,  fummer  and  autumn  forts 

4  Spiderwort,  favoy,  (Bruno's  lily)  and  others,  wh.  June,  nt. 

4 Virginia,  (trctdefcants)  blue,  purp.  £c.  ditto 

4  Squill,  or  common  fea  onion,  white  flower,  June,  d. 

4  Star  of  Bethlehem,  pyramidal  Portugal,  white,  June 

4 L__  Arabian,  or  Alexandrian  lily,  ditto 

i  ___ common  wild,  greeniih  white,  May 

i ditto,  \\-ith.yellow  flower,  April 

3  Toothwort,  bulbiferous,  feven  lobed,  purple,  June 

4  Tuberofe,  (ingle  and  double  flowered,  white,  July 

4  Tulip,  double,  a  variety,  yel.  and  red  ftriped,  &c.  June 

4 parrot,  or  hooked  leaved,  ditto,  June 

4 Turkey  forts,  ftriped,  great  variety,  May 

2, ditto,  early  dwarfs,  a  variety,  April 

2, wild  European,  fraall  yellow  flower,  April 

***  The  propagation  of  flowers  in  this  lift,  is  generally  by 
cffietr,  or  pieces  of  roots,  having  an  eye,  or  bud  to  it.    Moil 

of 


86       *  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  SECT.  XIX, 

of  them  may  be  raifed  alfo  from  feed  s  but  this  is  a  tedious 
method,  and  not  ordinarily  pra6Ufed,  except  by  'curious  flo- 
rifts.  See  page  16,  vol.  2. 

Some  of  this  lift,  as  moft  of  the  bulbous  and  -tuberous  roots, 
may  be  kept  out  of  ground  a  long  time,  others  a  fhorter  j  (fee 
page  18,  vol.  2)but  thofedenominated//ey7;}'  roots,  mud  either 
be  planted  immediately,  or  at  leaft  in  a  few  days.  It  is  com 
mon  to  them  all  to  be  taken  out  of  ground  for  removal,  as 
foon  as  their  leaves  decay,  the  roots  then  being  in  a  flate  of 
reft,  which  is  naturally  longer,  or  fhorter,  in  different  plants  ; 
and  if  they  flay  in  the  ground  till  new  fibres  are  fliot,  they  are 
always  removed  with  damage. 

OBSERVATIONS    ON    PARTICULAR    FLOWERS. 

Albuca  is  too  tender  a  bulb  to  endure  much  wet  and 
froft,  and  therefore  is  ufually  planted  in  pots,  for  put 
ting  under  fhelter  (as  in  a  frame,  &c.)  in  winter  ;  but 
may  be  protected  in  the  open  ground,  by  covering  with 
a  glafs,  or  garden  pot,  towards  the  end  of  autumn,  to 
keep  the  roots  dry  ;  and  before  (harp  frofts  come, 
covering  round  with  Utter.  By  fuch  a  practice,  many 
tender  things  that  die  down  to  the  ground^  may  be 
preferved  abroad. 

Anemone,  the  garden  (in  contradiflin&ion  to  the 
>vood)  is  in  great  variety  of  very  fine  forts,  divided 
generally  into  two  kinds  ;  i.  e.  narrow  and  broad 
leaved  ;  the  latter  is  reckoned  the  hardier.  The  full 
doubles  only  are  efleemed  choice  flowers  ;  but  the 
femidoubles,  and  Tingles,  are  Ihowy  enough  for  ordi 
nary  borders.  The  fwgle,  or  poppy  anemonies,  (fo 
called  from  their  form)  frequently  blow  as  early  as 
February,  or  fooner  ;  and  thus  become  valuable,  for 
decorating  the  ground  at  fo  dreary  a  feafon.  The 
wood  kinds  bear  large  flowers,  and  are  very  ufeful  or 
naments  for  the  borders  bfjhriibbertes9  &c.  at  an  early 
feafon,  for  which  reafon,  they  ftiould  be  planted  in 
the  mod  frequented  mady  places. 

Cokhicum,  or  meadow  faffaron  flowers  about  Mi 
chaelmas  y  and  may  be  kept  out  of  ground  from  May 
(or  decay  of  the  leaf)'  to  Mid-Auguft.  It  is  a  remark 
able  property  of  this  flower,  (not  however  peculiar  to 

it 


S£CT.  XIX.  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  87 

it  alone)  that  it  makes  its  appearance  before  the  leaves, 
which  grow,  all  winter  and  fpring.  The  colcbicums 
are  pretty  plants  for  the  end  of  the  flowery  feafon, 
(Oftober)  which  makes  them  eftimable  objeds  near 
the  houfe,  where  they  may  be  often  feen. 

Cyclamen^  the  forts  flowering  in  winter  (Perfian) 
are  too  tender  for  open  Culture  ;  but  clofe  under  a 
warm  wall,  with  occafioni!  .protection  of  a  band-glafs, 
they  have  fucceeded.  A  culture  of  this  nature  is  ra 
ther  to  be  attempted,  as  houfmg  (except  in  places  where 
they  have  much  air)  does  not  iuit  them  ;  the  roots 
often  moulding  and  rotting  when  kept  too>clcfe.  The 
colours  of  the  Perfian  forts  are  red,  purple  and  white. 
Let  them  have  a  light,  and  deeply  dug  dry  foil,  not  too 
much  water,  and  none  at  all  after  the  leaves  begin  to 
decay  ;  for  the  roots  now  ceafing  to  ad~t,  would  fuffer 
by  abforbing  much  wet,  the  leaves  not  performing 
their  accuftotned  office  of  drawing  it  up,  anddifcharg- 
ing  it.  This  obfervation  applies  to  all  bulbs  and  tu 
bers  fin  a  degree)  though  few  are  fo  liable  to  rot  as  thtfe. 

Fritlllary  is  of  feveral  colours,  plain,  checquered 
and  fpotted,  white,  purple,  black,  red  and  yellow. 
The  kinds  are  broad  and  narrow  leaved  ;  and  there  is 
a  large  doubje  fort,  a  tall  Perfian^  (a  yard  high)  and  a 
dwarf  Perfian  about  half  fize,  both  having  deep  purple 
flowers. 

Jonquil,  or  ruflileaved  daffodil ',  has  been  always 
jultly  admired  for  a  very  neat  fweet  flower  ;  but  we 
do  not  fo  often  meet  with  it,  as  might  be  expected. 
The  (ingle  kinds  are  the  moft  fragrant,  and  the  large 
double  is  quite  fcentlefs.  It  is  proper  always  to  pot 
fome,  in  order  to  bring  them  into  the  houfe  when  in. 
flower,  for  their  perfume. 

Iris,  the  four  firft  forts  rather  prefer  a  fhady  moid 
fituation  ;  but  will  grow  any  where,  and  are  com* 
monly  planted  in  odd  fpare  corners  of  ground.""* 

Ixias  are  generally  green  houfe  and  ft  we  plants  ; 
but  thefe  two  are  found  hardy  enough  to  do  ordinarily 
VOL.  ir,  H  in 


88  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  SECT.  XIX. 

in  open  borders,  in  a  light  dry  foil,  and  warm  fitua- 
tion,  a  little  protection  being  afforded  them  in  fevere 
weather. 

Lily  is  a  very  ornamental  and  hardy  flower  in  all 
its  varieties  increafing  abundantly,  and  needing  only 
to  be  removed  eveiy  three  or  four  years,  for  the  pur- 
pofe  of  taking  away  the  offsets,  and  renewing  the  foil,, 
tor  a  fuperior  blow.  The  whites  will  not  keep  out  of 
ground  above  one  month,  but  the  orange  for  feveral. 
The  white  will  flower  tolerably  in  (hade,  but  the  orange 
much  better  :  and  as  it  is  a  gay  flower,  it  ferves  well 
to  enliven  plantation?.  The  martagons  are  generally 
not  nice  as  to  foil  and  fituation  \  but  the  fcarlet  and 
yelhw  forts,  and  Jlriped  lily,  mould  have  a  light  dry 
foil,  and  fome  fun.  The  Jingle  white  lilies  are  very 
fweet  ;  but  the  doubles  have  no  fmell,  as  is  the  cafe 
with  fome  other  flowers,  the  fragrance  arifing  from 
ihejtamina  and  anthcra,  which  are  fmothered  by  the 
numerous  petals.  The  Atamafco  Guernfey,  belladonna* 
and  pancratium  lilies,  are  tender,  and  fhould  have  a 
warm,  or  a  good  auricula  foil,  a  full  funny  border, 
and  well  fheltered  fituation  \  with  protection  alfo  from 
much  wet  in  cold  feafons,  and  fecurity  from  froft. 
Thefe  are  very  elegant  and  noble  flowers,  and  the 
Guernfey  lily  is  equal  to,  if  not  beyond,  any  competitor 
in  the  flowery  creation  :  This  is,  however,  the  ten- 
dereit  of  the  four  ;  then  tbe  belladonna  and  pancratium 
lily,  or  fea  daffodil,,  and  the  atamafco  is  the  hardieft. 
All  of  them  are  uftially  potted  for  removing  into  fheU 
ter  ;  but  they  may  be  managed  fo  as  to  do  abroad,  ex 
cept  in  the  more  northern  and  bleak  parts  of  this  iiland  : 
They  blow  much  the  finer  in  open  ground,  (all  things 
going  on  well)  the  roots  having  a  free  fcope  to  draw 
nouriihment,  &c. 

Orchis  is  rather  difficult  of  culture  :  It  likes  a  dry 
barren  foil,  and  the  roots  mould  be  taken  up  (from  the 
places  i;  grows  wild)  jujl  as  the  leaves  decay  after 
fljbwcriog  i  and,  if  with  a  ball  of  earth  about  them, 

the 


i,CT.  XIXc  LISTS  OF  TREES,  &C.  ''89 

the  chance  of  fucceeding  is  much  greater.  Upon  re 
moval,  let  them  be  planted  directly.  If  raifed  from 
fad,  (as  the  biennial,  though  it  is  not  always  fo)  let 
it  be  fown  as  foon  as  gathered  ;  and  the  plants  being 
thinned,  let  them  remain,  as  more  likely  to  do  well, 
than  when  tranfplanted.  It  is  evidently  not  proper  to 
move  thefe  bulbs  (as  others)  often,  but  ihould  (land 
^for  feveral  years. 

Ptfony,  the  fingle  kinds  are  fliowy,  but  the  doubles 
are  nobly  ornamental.  Let  this  flower  have  room, 
as  it  will  fpread  (when  in  full  fized  tunches)  a  yard 
round  :  and  let  it  be  planted  out  of  the  way  of  nhe  full 
fun,  and  of  much  wind.  It  need  not  be  removed  for 
many  years,  and  will  grow  in  any  foil  and  fituation, 
even  among  trees,  which  adapts  it  for  fkrubberies,  &c. 
The  forts  are  divided  into  male  and  female  ;  and  the 
former,  having  loft  its  flower,  produces  pods,  contain 
ing  rich  crimfon  grains,  interfperfed  with  black  berries 
of  feed,  that  look  very  pretty  when  burft  ;  and  may 
be  gathered  as  foon,  or  rather  juft  before  they  open, 
and  brought  into  the  houfe  as  cuiiofities.  Let  this 
root  be  removed  early  in  September,  or  at  leaft  before 
the  month  is  out,  before  new  fibres  are  formed  to  the 
knobs  of  the  roots. 

Piiewort,  (the  double)  prefers  a  (hady  moid  fitua 
tion  ;  and  is  a  pretty  wild  plant,  though  an  humble 
trailer.  It  is  called  fomeiimes  the  leffer  celadine,  and 
alfojigworf. 

Ranunculus,  in  all  its  forts,  is  very  ornamental  ;  but 
the  Perfian  kinds  are  beautiful,  and  of  infinite  variety. 
This  flower  is  left  too  much  to  the  culture  of  profelTed 
fiorifts  ;  for  why  fhould  not  every  garden  be  adorned 
with  it,  feeing,  that  not  much  {kill  is  neceffary  in  the 
management,  and  that  it  is  hardy,  and  increafes  freely  ? 

Saxifrage  roots  are  like  fo  many  fmall  peas,  and 
ihould  be  planted  five  or  fix  together,  in  order  to  form 
a  full  tuft  of  its  flowers,  which  are  double,  and  white 
like  a  ftock.  The  items,  being  {lender,  will  need  the 

ftipport 


90  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  SECT.  XIX. 

fupport  of  a  light  flick,  which  it  is  beft  to  fix  in  the 
middle  at  the  time  of  planting,  as  putting  one  in  after 
wards  might  injure  the  roots.  All  folid  rooted  plants 
are  liable  to  be  hurt  by  pufhing  in  a  (tick  too  near  for 
tying  to,  and  more  care  mould  be  taken  in  the  bufmefs 
than  ufually  is  :  The  practice  of  placing  a  ftick  at  the 
time  of  planting  is  the  befl  way,  when  it  may  be  fixed 
ciofe  ;  and  it  would  fcrve  to  fhow  where  the  roots  are, 
that  they  may  not  be  diiturbed  before  they  appear 
above  ground.  This  fax  if  rage  is  ufually  and  properly 
potted >  though  it  does  very  well  in  borders,  and  makes 
a  good  (how* 

Spiderwjrt  likes  made  and  moifture. 

Star  of  Bethlehem,  the  two  laft  forts,  are  proper  for 
the  edges  of  borders  in  plantations  ;  and  the  pyramidal 
fort  is -a  proper  flower  to  pot,  mixing  with  others  very 
ornamentally  :  The  two  firit  ihould  have  a  light  dry 
foil. 

Squill  will  need  a  little  protection  from  hard  frofts  ; 
but  is  fufficfently  ornamental  to  reward  the  trouble. 

Toothwort   thrives  beft  in  (hade  and  moifture. 

^Cuherofe,  there  is  a  dwarf  (talked,  and  a  variegated 
leaf  fort  of,  but  they  are  not  fo  worthy  of  cultivation 
as  the  common  Tingle  and  double  ;  of  which  two  the 
Jingle  is  preferable,  as  it  blows  better,  and  is  more 
fragrant.  See  the  end  of  this  fecYion. 

Tulip  (the  Turkey)  is  clafled  into  two  forts  ;  the 
taller,  ca\\cdjerotines,  or  late  blowers  ;  and  the  ihorter, 
pracoces,  or  early  blowers  ;  fomc  have  made  another 
diftin&ion,  medias,  but  it  is  not  neceflary.  The  plain 
tulips  (as  they  generally  are  when  they  firft  blow 
from  feed)  are  called  whole  blowers,  or  .breeders  ;  and 
according  as  they  break  into  other  colours,  Gripes, 
and  variegations,  are  denominated  and  clafled  into 
baguettes,  bybloemens,  verports,  and  bizarres.  As  the 
dwarf  forts  blow  fo  early  as  March  and  April,  (the 
duke  van  tol  earlier)  allow  them  a  warm  border  and 
foil,  to  preferve  them  from  froltand  wet,  which  they  are 

rather 


SECT.  XIX.      LISTS  OP  TREES,  &C.  91 

lather  impatient  of.  Thefe  are  often  fitted  arid  forced 
on  a  hot  bed,  &c.  or  brought  forward  by  water-glafTes, 
in  a  warm  room  ;  but  an  increafe  is  only  to  be  expected 
from  open  ground  culture,  and  there  thefe  early  forts 
do  it  fparingly.  Take  them  up  every  year  to  remove 
the  offsets,  and  renew  the  foil  ;  and  keep  each  fort 
feparate,  and  plant  \\\zm  fo,  for  then  they  will  blow 
together,  and  be  all  of  one  height.  There  are  about 
fifty  of  the  early  forts  ;  but  the  number  of  fancy  tulips 
in  Maddiclts  catalogue  is  more  than  eight  hundred, 
befides  breeders,  &c. 


THE  fallowing  articles  are  detached  as  mod  con 
veniently  ir.ferted  here  : 

Auricula  is  increafed  by  parting  the  roots,  or  flip 
ping  rooted  offsets  from  them  ;  but  offsets  without 
roots  will  fometimes  flrike,  if  well  managed,  by  fet- 
ting  them  in  a  good  foil,  (in  pots  heft)  where  they 
have  but  little  fun,  and  keeping  them  cool  by  occafional 
watering.  When  the  roots  are  divided,  (in  autumn] 
let  it  be  with  a  (harp  knife  ;  and  cutting  off  any  can 
kered  part,  morten  alfo  their  ends,  and  let  not  the  tap 
part  of  the  root  be  too  long. 

The/5/7  tor  auriculus  fhould  be  a  good  frefh  light 
loamy  maiden  one,  to  which  is  added  one  third  of  w.od 
pile,  or  willow  earth,  one  of  fea,  or  any  (harp,  or  drift 
fand  ;  and  a  quantity,  equal  to  the  whole,  of  rotted 
tow  dung,  or  in  lieu  of  this,  bvrfe  dung.  <fhis  mixture 
fhould  be  well  incorporated,  at  leaft'a  year  before,  by 
frequent  turning  over,  which  ought  to  be  repeated  once 
a  month. 

Drejs  the  pots  towards  the  end  of  January,  for  then 
the  plants  begin  to  pufh  for  flower,  ami  nv.jfl  be  at 
tended  to,  and  a  flitted."  Take  as  much  of  the  top 
mould  off  as  can  be,  without  ciiiturbing,  or  bruiilny 


Hie 


92  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  SECT.  XIX. 

the  roots  ;  and  fill  up  with  the  corn-pott,  a  little  preffed 
down.  If  the  pots  are  dry  from  the  fhelter  afforded 
them,  give  a  little  Toft  water  in  mild  weather,  about 
ten  o'clock. 

Shift,  or  tranfplant  auriculas  every  fecond  year,  and 
that  asfoon  as  they  are  out  of  blow  ;  tho'fe,  however, 
that  produce  many  offsets,  or  are  luxuriant  growers, 
snay^be  fhifted  every  year.  The  more  common  prac 
tice  is  to  move  all  in  Auguft. 

To  raife  auriculas  from  the  feed,  in  ^February,  fill 
boxes,  or  pots,  with  fine  fifted  middling  compoft  ; 
fmooththe  top  perfectly  level  ;  fcatter  the  feeds  evenly, 
and  cover  not  more  than  the  thicknefs  of  a  fhilling. 
Set  the  pots,  &cv  on  tiles,  or  boards,  under  a  warm 
wall,  and  keep  the  furface  moift.  It  is  a  good  way 
to  mix  the  feed  with  a  like  quantity  (or  a  little  more) 
of  fine  wood  afhes  ;  and  to  lay  fome  fmall  pieces  of 
furze ',  or  light  thorns  over.  Remove  them  (as'occafion 
diclates)  to  (helter,  or  prote6l  them  from  much  froft, 
or  heavy  rain,  &c.  and  by  May  expecl:  them  to  appear, 
when  take  the  furze  off  ;  after  which  fet  them  where 
they  have  only  the  morning  fun,  and  when  they  have 
•got  fix  leaves,  prick  them  out  three  inches  afunder, 
in  boxes,  or  pots  ;  and  early  in  the  next  fpring,  plant 
them  again  at  fix  inches  afunder,  and  protedl  them 
from  wet  and  froft. 

Much  might  be  advanced  re fpecting  this  flower  ; 
and  the  rnoft  fatisfadion  will  probably  be  obtained 
from  a  little  tracl  on  its  "  Culture  and  Management '," 
printed  for  BULL,  at  Bath,  and  fold  by  WALLIS,  in 
Ludgate  Street,  1782.  Something  more  will  occur  in 
the  calendar. 

Carnation  is  ufually  propagated  by  layers,  (fometimes 
by  pipings  M' cut  tings,  as  pinks)  about  Midfummer,  or 
as  ibon  after  in  the  feafon  as  they  will  admit  of  it, 
by  their  length  and  ftrength,  and  the  work  is  thus  : 
Strip  off  the  leaves  from  the  lower  part  of  the  (hoot  ; 
at  the  middle  of  it,  clofe  below  the  joint,  cut  it  half 

•through 


SECT.  XIX.  LISTS  OF  TREES,  &C.  93 

through  by  an  upward  direction,  with  a  thin,  narrow, 
fharp  knife,  and  continue  the  flit  exa&ly  up  the  middle 
from  half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  ;  peg  the  fhoot 
down  into  the  earth  (being  before  well  loofened)  as 
low  as  it  will  bear  bending,  fetting  the  layer  upright. 
This  btifmefs  muft  be  done  with  a  nice  hand,  and 
much  care,  left  the  layer  fhould  fnap  off.  Now,  or 
rather  before,  cut  off  the  ends  of  the  longeft  of  the  top 
leaves,  that  the  worms  may  not  draw  them  in,  and 
difturb  the  layer.  The  foil  mould  be  fine  and  good, 
and  may  be  raifed  about  the'layers  as  occafion  requires. 
Water  them  to  fet  the  earth  clofe,  and  always  keep  it 
cool.  In  fix  weeks,  or  two  months,  they  will  be  rooted, 
fit  for  tranjplanting  ;  cut  them  from  the  old  plant  (at  the 
peg)  with  a  (harp  knife,  and  take  them  up  carefully, 
that  their  very  tender  roots  may  not  be  broken  off, 
keeping  a  little  mould  about  them.,  if  poffible  :  but 
plant  them  not  deep,  as  they  are  then  liable  to  decay. 

The- foil  proper  for  carnations,  is  a  hazelly,  or  fandy 
loam,  procured  from  a  pafture,,  by  a  ipit  of  about  eight 
"inches  depth,  the  turf  being  well  broke,  -frequently 
turned,  and  laid  fo  long  together,  as  to  be  nearly  con- 
fumed  ;  then  add  a  little  time,  (or  not)  and  one-third, 
or  one-fourth  of  very  rotten  dung,  (cow's  beft)  and  let 
this  be  well  mixed,  and  turned  over,  till  thoroughly  in 
corporated,  which  will  be  fome  months  firft  ;  then 
fcreen  it,  or  fift  through  a  coarfe  fieve.  The  foil  for 
carnations  mufl  be  rich  ;  but  yet-.-dung  is  found  fo  in- 
•jurious  to  carnations,  that  fome  florilts  depend  upon  a 
good  freih  foil  alone  ;  carnations  .are  alfo  (except  in 
fummer)  impatient  of  much  wet.  Turf  a/hes?  or  thofe 
;of  any  vegetable,  may  be  mixed  with  afrefh  maiden 
foil,  but  not  too  freely  :  A  fmalt quantity  of  fine  f oof, 
or  wisd  ajhes9  may  me  alfo  ufed,  to  avoid  dung. 

To  raifg  carnations  :fiom,Jettfj*foit  thin  in  boxes, 

or  pots,   (in   a  foil  as  above)  early  in  April,  and   let 

them  have  only  the  morning  fun.     When  advanced  a 

-little  in  growth,  ..(as  about  Midfummir)  take  the  firft 

opportunity 


94  LISTS    OF    TREES,    &C.  SECT.    XIX, 

opportunity  of  moift  \veather,  and  prick  them  out  at 
three  or  four  inches  afunder,  and  give  a  little  water. 
If  dry  weather,  contrive  to  /hade  them  ten  days,  or  a 
fortnight,  with  mats  hooped  over,  which  remove  in 
ihady  or  (howery  weather.  When  they  have  grown 
here  a  month,  or  fix  weeks,  (or  before  Auguft  is  out) 
plant  them  at  nine  or  ten  inches  diftance,  and  (hade, 
if  neceflary.  Protect  them  in  hard  fiofts  by  mats,  or 
hoops,  fet  high.  Seed  is  beft  faved  from  good  feed- 
ling  plants,  rather  than  thofe  long  propagated  from 
layers,  &c. 

Geranium  (the  African  forts)  are  propagated  by  feeds 
and  cuttings.  The  former  produces  the  molt  free 
growing  plants  ;  but  as  luxuriance  is  not  deiirable  in 
things  confined  to  pots,  (as  geraniums  muft  be)  and  as 
the  propagation  by  cuttings  is  fo  eafy  and  expeditious, 
it  is  the  mode  of  culture  that  generally  prevails.  The 
young  plants  from  cuttings  are  alfo  hardier  than  thofe 
from  feed.  If  raifed  iromfeed,  fow  in  April,  in  a  light 
and  good  foil,  warm  border,  and  under  a  hand-glafs, 
keeping  the  earth  fomewhat  moift  ;  but  it  is  beft  to 
make  ufe  of  a  gentle  hot  bed,  giving  plenty  of  air  to  the 
plants,  when  they  appear,  which  on  natural  ground  will 
be  five  or  fix  weeks  in  coming  up,  and  on  a  moderate 
heat  about  three.  If  raifed  from  cuttings ,  ufe  fhoots  of 
the  laft  year's  growth,  (trait  and  (hort  jointed.  Plant 
them  in  a  fine  rich  foil,  two  or  three  inches  or  at  the 
moft  four  deep  and  eight  or  nine  inches  afunder,  or  lefs, 
if  more  convenient.  Or  the  rule  may  be,  to  plant  the 
fhorter  cuttings  in  two  thirds  of  their  length,  arfd  the 
longer  one  haff  ;  but  it  is  an  error  to  put  them  in  the 
ground  fo  deep  as  forne  people  do.  Thofe  railed  on  a 
little  heat  will  be  fufficiently  rooted  in  two  months  to 
tranfplant  into  fmall  pots ;  (ihorteningthe  longer  roots 
a  little)  and  thofe  in  the  cold  ground  will  be  ready  in 
three  months,  and  fometimes  lefs.  A  hand-glafs  fet 
ever  geranium  cuttings  (or  any  other)  will  greatly  fa 
cilitate  the  bufinefs,  as  is  directed  for  pinks.  It  the 

cuttings 


SECT.  XIX.     LISTS  OF  TREES,  &C.  q$ 

cuttings  are  raw,  or  long,  take  the  upper  part  off  down 
to  an  eye.  In  general  it  may  be  proper  to  keep  the 
cuttings  out  of  ground  a  day,  or  two  ;  but  the  fott  and 
fncculent  ones  mould  by  all  means,  in  order  to  dry 
the  ends,  and  fo  heal  the  wound,  which,  if  put  directly 
in  the  ground,  might  decay  and  jot. 

The  proper/*<7/0«  for  planting  is  from  Mid-May  to 
Mid-July  ;  a  little  earlier,  or  later,  may  however  do  : 
Some  chufe  to  forward  them  on  beat,  in  March  and 
April ;  but  they  muft  not  be  kept  clofe.  It  is  advif- 
able,  to  take  cuttings  from  towards  the  top,  in  order 
to  keep  the  plants  down  ;  but  where  they  can  be  bed 
fpared  for  maintaining  a  good  form,  is  the  general 
rule. 

The  management  of  geraniums  is,  to  keep  them  from 
fro/I,  and  as  much  as  may  be  from  harflj  winds,  par 
ticularly  in  ihefpring  ;  as  after  being  houfecl  all  win 
ter,  they  are  then  tender,  and  far  lefs  able  to  bear 
unkind  weather,  than  in  autumn  ;  when  having  been 
•ufed  to  the  external  air,*  and  the  colder  weather  com 
ing  on  by  degrees,  they  are  feldom  hurt  much,  but 
by  abfolute  froft.  In  thefpring,  they  muft  be  brought 
to  bear  air  by  degrees,  and  the  more  carefully,  ac 
cording  as  the  -winter  has  occafioned  them  to  be 
more  or  lefs  deprived  of  the  external  air,  being  let  in 
upon  them.  When  the  weather  is  mild  in  April,  let 
them  be  taken  out  in  the  day,  (if  convenient)  and  put 
in  on  nights  ;  and  venture  them  not  wholly  abroad  till 
Mid-May,  or  after.  In  \htfummer,  they  Ihould  be 
placed  injhelter  and /hade;  but  not  under  trees,  or  any 
roof  :  The  morning  fun  is  all  they  mould  have,  for 
more  of  it  dries  the  mould  in  the  pots  too  faft,  and 
fades  the  flowers.  They  will  want  frequent  watering, 
iee  page  10,  vol.  2.  They  may  take  up  their  fummer 
jefidence  about  Mid-May,  (as  directed;  but  ihefeafsn 
muft  govern  ;  and  it  will  not  do  to  bring  them  out  in 
a  harfh  one,  which  would  pinch  up  the  leaves,  and 
deprive  them  of  their  beauty.  If  put  clofe  under  a 

fwtb 


9<3  LISTS    OF    TREES,  &C.  SECT.  XIX, 

fouth  wall  for  a  week  or  two  at  firft,  it  would  be 
proper  ;  or  an  awning  of  mats  might  be  ufed  for  night?. 

Shifting  geraniums  fhould  generally  take  place  once 
a  year,  from  fmaller  pots  into  others  one  fize  bigger  : 
This  may  be  in  the  firil  mild  weather  in  April,  or  May. 
Loofen  and  take  off  the  top  mould  down  to  the -roots, 
(without  damaging  them-)  then  turn  the  pot  up,  and 
/hake  it  out.  If  the  roots  adhere  to  the  fides  of  the 
pot,  give  the  edge  a  tap  upon  the  knee,  or  fomeihing, 
•and  a  little  pr^iTure  at  the  hole,  with  the  thumb,  or 
finger,  at  the  fame  time,  which  will  help  to  difcharge 
it.  Pare  off  the  matted  roots  round  the  fides  and  bot 
tom,  with  ay2w/>knife  ;  and  plant  it  in  a  frefh  pot, 
"(or  the  fame  again  may  fometimes  do)  putting  in  as 
much  fine  light  rich  mould,  or  compoft,  at  the  bottom, 
as  will  iaife  the  ball  of  earth,  which  is  about  the  roots, 
within  an  inch  of  the  top  of  the  pot  ;  then  fill  round 
the  fides,  putting  the  mould  gently  in,  and  p  re  fling  it 
down  a  little,  make  all  level  to  the  top  within  half  an 
inch  ;  finally,  ^ive  a  wateriilg  that  fhall  foak  to  the 
bottom,  and  fprmkle  fomedry  mould  over.  Ail  fhifted 
plants  (hould  be  kept  rather  in  \\\t  Jbade  for  a  week  or 
two. 

If  anyy?/V£.r  are  to  the  plants,  they  tnuft  be  taken 
away  firft,  and  replaced  (if  neceflary)  again  before 
watering,  or  jather  the  next  day,  if  the  plants  will 
{land  up  without.  This  may  be  a  proper  time  to  trim 
off  all  dangling,  or  too  crowding  thoots  ;  but  if  cut 
tings  are  wanted  for  increafe,  they  fhould  not -be  trim- 
med  till  thefe  are  to  be  planted.  At  any  rate,  dead 
leaves,  or  unfightly  crooked  parts,  mould  be  difcharged, 
and  fymmettjy  in  a  fnug  round  head,  provided  for. 
Geraniums  are  free  growers,  and  it  is  always  advifa- 
ble  to  take  off  fame  (hoots  to  keep  them  down.  A 
few  of  the  plants,  that  moil  need  it,  (as  leaft  handfome 
or  healthy)  ihould  be  feverely  cut,  for  a  late  blow, 
which  generally  proves  a  fine  one  in  confequence.  A 

judicious 


SECT.   XIX^          LISTS    OF    TREES,   &C. 

judicious  regular  ufe  of  neat  (lender  Jiicks  is  of  much: 
advantage  to  geraniums,  or  other  potted  plants. 

What  has  been  faid  of  geraniums,  applies  to  all  ex* 
oiics  ;  in  the  management  of  which,  it  -is  a  material 
thing  not  to  ihift  mto  too  large  pots,  as  the  roots  run 
direSly  to  the  outfides,  and  fo  would  be  too  haftily 
brought  to  require  the  biggefl  pots.  Another  thirrg  is, 
to  take  off  fome  of  the  top  foil,  not  only  as  dire&ed 
infpring,  but  once  or  twice  in  ihefummer;  and  always- 
before  houfmg  in  autumn,  and  replacing  it  with  a  rich 
fompoft,  as  one  of  almoft  all  rotten  cow  dung,  which 
being  black,  is  the  moft  fuitable  foil  for  the  purpofc  ; 
and  it  is  cool  and  nourishing. 

It  is  material  to  matmfs,  and  the  end  of  ornament ', 
(for  which  plants  are  chiefly  potted)  that  the  pots 
mould  be  occafionally  waihed,  or  fcoured,  and  by  no 
means  fuffered  to  get  mouldy.  This  is  a  point  fo  little 
attended  to,  that  we  often  fee  a  beautiful  plant  in  a 
difgufting  habitation.  It  is  equally  offenfive,  and  is 
alfo  injurious  to  fuffer  the  furface  earth  to  get  mofTy, 
or  caked  hard  by  the  neceffary  waterings  ;  to  prevent 
which,  often  ftir  it  a  little  depth,  and  lay  it  fmooth, 
which  makes  all  look  neat  and  creditable. 

Pinks  are  fometimes  layered,  or  more  ufually  prop 
agated  by  cuttings,  or  pipings,  about  Midfummer  ;  and 
may  be  alfo  by  flips,  fet  in  March,  April^  or  May, 
with,  or  without  roots,  four  inches  afunder.  Cuttings 
mould  be  young  ftrong  (hoots  of  three  or  four  inches 
long,  taken  off  juft  below  a  joint  ;  from  which  ftrip- 
ping  the  lower  leaves,,  and  cutting  the  top  ones  fhorf, 
plant  them  in  a  fine  good  foil,  about  two  inches  afun 
der,  and  in  depth  full  half  of  their  length.  They  will 
ftrike  root,  fo  as  to  be  fit  to  move,  in  feven  or  eight 
weeks,  with  a  little  earth  about  the*r  roots  ;  or  may 
be  left  to  an  early  time  in  the  fpring  ;  but  where  this 
Is  defigned,  they  will  be  beft  fix  inches  afunder.  They 
may  be  either  put  in  pots,  or  borders,  where  they  are 
to  blow,  or  rather  into  a  nurfery  bed,  to  grow  a  year 

at 


g8  LISTS    OF     TREES,  &C.  SECT.  XIX> 

at  fix  inches  diftance.  Pipings  are  obtained  by  drawing 
the  heads  of  the  young  (hoots  out  of  their  lockets,  of. 
the  length  of  cuttings.  In  both  methods,  pu(h  the  moots 
carefully  into  the  earth,  gently  prefs  the  mould  about 
them,  and  give  a  watering  ;  (hade  alfo  from  much  fun. 
They  will  ftrike  more  certainly,  and  much  fooner  by 
"being  covered  clofe,  with  a  hand-glafs,  as  much  as 
poflible  air  tight.  They  mud  be  kept  cool,  by  occa- 
fional  watering  ;  but  when  under  glafs,  they  will  not 
need  fo  much  (hading,  or  may  do  without  any  ;  for 
though  the  inclofed  air  is  warmer,  it  is  always  more 
bumid,  which  refrefties  the  cuttings  with  anfwerable 
fupply  for  their  fupport  ;  and  it  is  this  moifture  and 
warmth  that  facilitates  the  growth.  When  they  ap 
pear  to  be  growing,  the  glafles  muft  be  raifed,  and  in 
a  (hort  time  removed.  To  ralfe,  pinks  from  feed,  fol 
low  the  directions  given  for  carnations. 

Polyanthus  is  propagated  by  parting  the  roots  in 
autumn,  or  (for  new  varieties)  by  feed  town  and  man 
aged  (nearly)  as  directed  for  aunculus  :  But  as  this 
flower  is  not  fo  delicate  in  the  cultivation,  it  may  be 
fown  in  borders,  where  there  is  only  the  morning  fun, 
anytime  from  Augujl  to  April ;  and  as  foon  as  the 
plants  are  at  all  big  enough  to  prick  out,  fet  them  four 
inches  afunder  ;  and  fometime  in  Auguft,  plant  at  fix 
inches,  where  they  are  to  remain  for  their  firil  blow  ; 
which  mould  be  attended  to,  in  order  to  mark  the  beit 
flowers,  dividing  thefe  into  two  forts,  prime  and  mid- 
ling  ;  and  the  reft  may  be  either  planted  into  ordinary 
ground  in  plantations,  &c.  or  caft  away  :  There  will 
be  but  few  good  ones  in  a  great  many  ;  but  the  culture 
of  this  plant  is  fo  eafy,  that  it  is  worth  while  to  try 
for  them.  Some  fow  in  pots,  and  boxes,  in  December, 
placing  them  in  the  fun,  and  houfing  them  in  fevere 
weather  ;  and  when  the  plants  appear,  fet  them  in  an 
eaft  afpecl:,  left  much  fun  deftroy  the  young  plants  ; 
early  in  autumn,  or  fpring,  is  however  better  :  The 
feed  may  be  covered  a  little  ie(s  than  a  quarter  of  an. 

inch. 


SECT.  XIX.  LISTS   OF    TREES,  &C.  9? 

inch.  Both  feeds  and  feedling  plants  fhould  have  oc- 
cafional  watering,  (except  in  winter)  as  moiiiure  fuits 
.them. 

A  compofl  for  the  polyanthus  is  fimply  a  light  loam* 
fas  the  fir  it  fpit  from  the  pafture  rotted  down  with  the 
turf)  and  about  one  fourth  part  cow  dung,  or  wood  pile 
earth.  If  the  loam  is  (hong,  a  little  drift  fand  amongflr 
it  will  be  proper.  The  polyanthus  grows  any  where,, 
but  a  cool  foil  and  fituation  fuits  it  beft  ;  and  the  above 
compofl,  and  an  eaft  border,  is  neceffary  for  a  capital 
blow* 

Tuberofe  is  beft  blown  in  a  hot  boufe;  but  if  planted 
in  pots,  and  plunged  at  the  back  of  a  hot  led  frame* 
it  will  fucceed  very  well.  This  will  be  beft  done 
about  Mid- April,  as  fooner  they  are  apt  to  get  too  tall 
before  they  can  fafely  be  expofed  abroad.  Provide  a 
good/r<r/fr  light  earth,  and  ufe  no  dung,  except  a  little 
rich  and  dungy,  to  lay  an  inch  below  the  bottom  of 
the  bulb  ;  rill  the  pots  only  three  parts,  and  place  the 
root  only  half  way,  or  a  little  more,  in  it.  Let  the 
mould  be  fomewhat  moid,  but  give  no  water  till  the 
fhoot  appears,  and  then  moderately  ;  at  which  time, 
fill  up  the  pot,  juft  to  cover  the  bulb,  which  mould  be 
but  barely  hid,  when  the  pot  is  full.  The  beft  (haped 
pots  for  bulbous  roots  is,  when  the  bottoms  are  as 
wide  as  the  top  ;  and  the  fize  for  the  tuberofe  fhould 
be  thofe  of  eight  or  nine  inches  diameter  at  top,  ac 
cording  as  the  bottom  is  for  width  ;  for  the  more  fpace 
below,  the  lefs  is  required  above. 

As  thefisots  advance  in  growth,  the  more  air  muft 
be  given  ',  and  as  freely  as  poffible  on  mild  days,  (hut 
ting  clofe  on  cold  nights,  and  almoft  fo  on  moderate 
ones.  When  they  get  too  high  for  the  frames,  and 
the  feafon  is  forward,  with  kind  weather,  they  may 
be  plunged  in  the  ground,  clofe  undef  a  warm  wail ;  and 
a  covering  of  mat  contrived  to  protect  them  a  while 
on  nights,  or  may  do  if  left  to  take  their  chance.  If 
the  weather  is  foul,  they  may  be  houfed  in  a  good 

VOL.  n,  i  window, 


ICO  LISTS    OF    TREES,   &C*         SECT.  XIX. 

window,  for  a  week  or  a  fortnight,  and  then  put  in 
the  ground  as  dire&ed  above.  Here  let  them  remain, 
giving  occafional  watering,  (and  that  freely  in  dry 
\veather)  till  in  flower,  when  the  houfe  (allowing  them 
light  and  fun)  will  be  their  proper  refidence,  to  enjoy 
their  fine  powerful  fcent,  and  to  protect  the  blow, 
that  it  may  the  longer  continue.  In  their  flowering 
ftate,  they  will  want  much  water. 

The  beat  on  which  this  flower  is  forwarded,  mould 
be  moderate,  otherwife  it  will  run  up  too  faft.  If 
planted  under  a  fouth  wall'm  May,  covering  the  root 
about  an  inch,  and  guarding  againft  much  wet  till  it 
is  growing,  it  will  do  for  a  late  blow  :  A  hand-glafs  of 
courfe  would  be  ferviceable,  both  to  affift  it  in  ihoot- 
ing,  and  fhelter  it  from  unkind  weather  ;  but  clofe 
covering  is  as  much  as  poflible  to  be  avoided.  Frefh 
roots  are  imported  every  year  ; — the  double  never 
flowers  twice  with  us,  but  the  fingle  may,  if  kept  in 
a  dry  warm  room. 


SECTION 


SECTION    XX. 


A    CALENDAR. 

THE  general  work  of  gardening  has  been  pretty 
fully  fpoken  of,  in  the  parts  concerning  \\\Q  for 
mation,  cultivation,  and  management  of  a  garden,  prepa- 
gation,  &c.  The  particular  culture  of  tjculents,  herbs, 
fruits,  zi\A  flowers,  has  been  treated  in  the  fedions  ap 
propriated  to  each.  It  therefore  remains  to  give  here 
little  more  than  fhort  hints,  by  way  of  aflifting  recol 
lection,  and  to  make  proper  references  to  the  pages, 
where  farther  inflruftions  may  be  found  of  thofe  that 
need,  or  chufe  to  confult  them. 

What  is  faid  concerning  feeds  and  f owing,  page  58 
to  65,  muft  be  amended  to.  It  need  only  be  farther 
obferved,  that  as  to  \\&feafon  proper  to  do  the  feverai 
works  of  gardening,  it  is  not  the  fame  (exactly)  every 
wheie,  as/0/Y  and  ftuatwn  make  a  difference.  The 
time  mentioned  in  this  calendar  is,  that  which  the 
author  judges  will  be  found  moft  generally  right  in  the 
midland  counties,  as  the  extremes  of  north  and  fouth 
necelTarily  make  a  difference  in  this  bufinefs. 

The  work  of  gardening  being  very  multifarious,  it 
would  be  a  practice  not  unworthy,  even  the  fkilful 
gardener,  to  make  it  a  rule,  once  a  week,  to  confider 
what  /j  to  be  done  the  following  week  ;  and  to  make 
memorandums  accordingly,  numbering  them  in  the 
order  he  would  have  them  performed.  Thus  he  would 
never  beat  a  lofs,  what  to  fet,  himfelf  or  his  labourers 
about,  and  the  mortification  of  omiflions,  or  appear 
ance 


102  JANUARY.  SECT.  XX. 

ance  of  negle£t,  would  be  avoided  :  This  'calendar,  it 
is  prefumed,  will  be  found  a  ready  and  fufhcient  aflift- 
ant  upon  fuch  an  occafion,  the  author  having  endea 
voured  to  make  it  as  plain  and  comprehenfive  as  it  is 
-concrfe. 


JANUARY. 

LET  every  thing  be  done  now,  that  the  weather 
and  circumftances  will  permit,  (though  not  abfolutely 
neceflary)  in  order  to  leffen  the  work  of  next  month, 
which  when  it  happens  to  be  an  open  feafon,  is  a  very 
important  one  in  the  way  of  gardening,  in  which  the 
lofs  of  a  (ingle  fine  day  is  of  confequence.  Many 
things  might  be  prepared  in  the  winter,  in  readinefs  for 
fpring,  which  are  but  too  often  neglected, 

MISCELLANEOUS    WORK.   ' 

Dung  for  hot  beds  fhould  be  duly  attended  to,  176. 
Manure  and  compoft  heaps  turn  freqitently  over. 
Efp alters,  gar 'den  frames,  and  fuch  things,  rectify. 
Tools,  make,  repair,  fharpen  and  brighten,  9,  vol.  2. 
Brujh  wood,  prepare  ready  for  flicking  peas,  &c.   237. 
Planting,  trench  and  prepare  ground  for,  29,  98,  &rc. 
New  planted  trees,  protect  and  tie  to  flakes,  102. 
Prune  efpalier  trees,  ftandards  and  fhrubs,  1 64, 1 66, 1 7 1 . 
Mofs,  clear  trees  and  fhrubs  from,  as  convenient. 
IPebs  and  nefts  of  caterpillars,  flugs,  fnails,  deftroy. 
Beds  and  borders,  weed,  flir  the  ground,  atnl  rake. 
Cauliflowers  and  lettuces  in  frames,  &c.  attend, 220, 232. 
Endive,  tie-up,  when  dry,  to  blanch  ;  and  protect  it, 226. 
Clans,  procure  for  grafting,  except  apples,  83,  86. 
Hotbeds,  prepare  for,  or  make,  cucumbers, &c.  1 74, 1 8 1  s 
Drain  ground,  fcour  ditches,  plaih  hedges,  &c. 

sow 


SECT.  XX.  JANUARY,  103 

SOW 

Cucumbers,  181.  Mekns,\^.  Peas,  136.  Beans,  213. 
Spinach,  249.  Ratifies,  244.  Lettuces,  231.  <>£/>» 
255.  Mujiard,  259.  Carrots,  218.  The  five  la  ft 
on  £*<?/  ;  to  which  may  be  added,  r^  and  /^ 
/>//«<:£,  233,  as  failading  ;  towards  the  end  of  the 
.month,. however,  they  may  be  Town  on  warm  bor 
ders,  the  failading  being  under  hand-glades, 

PLANT 

Minion  heat,  259.  Cabbages  at  diftances,  as  217- 
Trees  zndjhrubs  of  the  deciduous  kinds,  grape  vines, 
currants, gwfeberries  and  raff  kernes,  it  mild  weather, 
fo  that  the  ground  will  work  loofe.  Layers  may  be 
removed  ;  but  rather  prepare  the  ground  now  tor 
planting  next  month,  98,  &c. 

PROPAGATE 

Trees  zn&firubs  by  fuckers,  layers,  cuttings,  65,  Sec, 

FLOWERS. 

Pots  of,  fee  December  tulips,  &xt  monies,  nanuncMfes, 

hyacinths,  narcijjufes,  &c.  protecl,  21,  vol.  2. 

Bulbous  and  tuberous  roots  out  of  'ground,  now  plant 
for  a  late  blow,  or  in  the  next  month,  i8,,vol.  2  ; 
preferve  choice  forts  from  much  wet,  left  they  rof. 

Auriculas,  ifdifturbed  by  froft,  immediately  earih  up  ; 
or  if  not,  yet  do  h  for  affifting  the  blow,  91,  vol.  2  ; 
and  let  them  be  protected  from  fnow  and  wet,  by 
frames,  &c.  or  fet  the  pots  clofe  under  a  fouth  wall, 
where,  in  fevere  weather,  they  maybe  covered,  tho' 
froft  rarely  hurts  the  plant?,  if  kept  tolerably  dry  • 
The  pots  will  be  fafer,  if  plunged  in  the 'ground, 
fee  November.  Some  perfons  lay  the  pots  on  their 
fides, Jo  keep  them  dry,  and  to  cover  khem  j  hut,  in 
I  2  this 


104  JANUARY.  SECT.  XX. 

this  pofition,  they  ihould  not  remain  long,  as  it 
gives  the  bud  a  twift. 

Carnations,  and  all  hardy  plants,  in  pots,  placed  un 
der  any  cover,  muft  have  as  much  airandjunas 
can  be  given  them  ;  wet  is  now  peculiarly  injurious 
to  carnations,  which  thofe  in  pots,  at  leaft,  may  be 
eafily  protected  from,  by  frames  or  mats. 
Flowering  jbrubs  may  be  planted,  if  open  weather, 
covering  the  roots  well  ;  but  it  is  better  done  next 
month,  getting  the  ground  ready  now,  no,  &c. 


NURSERY. 


Vermin^  guard  againft  in  time,  on  feed  beds,  &cc.  73. 
Dig  beds  forfozving,  next  month  tree  feeds,  &c.  72. 
Protect  feedling  trees  (particular  exotics)  from  froft. 
Plant,  or  (ran/plant,  hardy  things,  cover  the  roots. 
Prepare    ground  for  next  month's  planting  out  feed- 
lings,  or  flocks  for  graffing  another  year,  73. 


FEBRUARY. 

WHEN  the  ground  can  be  conveniently  worked, 
this  is  a  very  bufy  month,  and  no  time  muft  be  loft, 
nor  hands  fpared,  that  every  thing  may 'be  done  in  its 
proper,  or  earl ieft  feafon. 

The  laft  week  is  the  principal,  in  which  many  things 
are  to  be  done,  and  fome/w//  crops  fown  :  The  Jkilful 
gardener  is  aware  of  this,  but  ordinarily  this  feafon 
is  loft. 

MISCELLANEOUS    WORK. 

Ground,  prepare  for  planting  and  f owing,  by  digging5 

trenching,  manuring,  levelling,  £v. 
Borders  mould  be  ftirred,  dug,  or  drelled,  29,  141. 
Gravel  walks,  weed,  put  in  order,  and  roll  fiifn. 

-Grafs 


SECT.  XX.          FEBRUARY.  105 

Grafs  plats,  &CQ.  clean  up,  cut  the  edges,  or  lay  turf. 
Compofts  and  manures  ,  turn  over,  and  break  well. 
Hot  beds,  attend  regularly,  and  no  neglect,  184,  &c. 
Stable  dung,  for  hot  beds,  manage  properly,  176. 
Cauliflower*  and  lettuces  ^  fee  latl  month,  and  ftir  the 

furface  of  the  mould  a  little  about  them. 
Earth  up  and  protett  plants  from  froft  and  wind. 
Stick  peas,  when  about  five  inches  high,  237. 
Weedvud  thin  crops,  as  winter  onions,  radifhes,&c.  49, 
Endive,  attend  to  blanch  and  ridge  when  quite  dry,  226. 
Vermin  and  infefts,  fee  to,  as  mice,  fnails,  ilugs,  &c.  238* 
Prune  wall  and  other  trees,  but  firfl  grape  vines,  132, 
Cions  for  graffing,  provide,  83,  and  ufe  then,   84,  &c<> 
Edgings  of  box,  thrift,  &c.  make  and  repair,  55. 

sow 

Cucumbers,  181,  224.  Mekns,  197,  233.  Peas  fmall, 
237,  large,  238.  Beans,  the  broad  forts,  or  the 
mazagom,  if  wanted  early,  214.  Radifies  on 
heat,  or  not,  244.  Lettuces  on  heat,  or  not.  231. 
Small  fallading  on  heat,  or  on  a  warm  border 
under  glafs,  255.  Cabbages,  the  fugar  loaf  forts, 
217  ;  or  if  early  ones  are  wanted,  fow  the  Tork- 
Jhire  on  a  little  heat.  Savoys,  247.  Onions,  234. 
Leeks  y  231.  Parjley,  260.  Spinach,  24Q.  Carrots 
on  heat  or  not,  218.  Parfneps,  235.  Celery,  222. 
Kidney  beans  on  heat,  229.  Turnips  on  heat,  250. 
Cauliflowers  on  heat,  221. 

PLANT. 

•Cucumbers,    189.     Melons,    200,      Cauliflowers,   22O. 
Cabbages,  217.     Horferadfo,  '227.      Garlick,    227 
261.  ' 


249.      C/'-u^j,  254. 

on  heat,  259.  Potatoes,  early  forts,  on  heat,  and 
-warm  borders,  241.  A7w«,  «;«//,  r/>«/ZcV,  and  y?«»- 
dard  fruit  trees,  forejl  frees,  and  deciduous  forubs,  ^o5 
•98,  in,  115, 

PROPAGATE 


106  MARCH.  SECT.  XX, 


PROPAGATE 

Trees  audjhrubs  by  graffing,  84,  by  fuckers,  layers* 
and  cuttings,  65.  SGW  kernels,  ftones,  and  feed^ 
of  fruit,  &c.  on  fine  well  broke  earth,  allowing  ex 
otics  a  little  heat,  72. 

FLOWERS. 

See  laft  month.    Hardy  biennials  and  perennials  ftiould 

now  be  planted,  before  they  (hoot,  15,  16,  vol.  2. 
Shrubs,  protect,  &c.  112  ;  prune  and  dig  about  them, 

114. 

Auricula  and  polyanthus  feed  fhould  be  fown  now. 
Bulbs  and  tubers,    plan|  by  the  middle  of  the  month  ; 

and  for  variety,  a  few  may  be  potted,  18,  vol.  2. 
Annuals,  all  forts,  may   be  fown  about  laft    week,    6, 

vol.  2,  fome  of  the  latter  may  be  fown  in  pots,  13, 

Vol.   2. 

NURSERY, 

See  laft  month.  Sow  hardy  trees  and  flirubs,  72. 
Transplant  hardy  feedlings  of  laft  year,  and  ftocks 
for  graffing  next  year,  or  the  following,  73. 


MARCH. 

THE  frfl  week  in  this,  like  the  laft  in  February,  is 
very  valuable  to  the  good  gardener,  and  muft  be  made 
the  beft  ufe  of  by  thofe  who  would  have  things  in  fea- 
fon.  It  is  therefore  proper  to  have  no  regard  to  the 
charge  of  necefTary  afliftance  :  Nature  now  waits  for 
us,  let  us  not  negieft  to  attend  upon  her.  See  man 
agement,  page  57. 

MISCEL, 


SECT.  XX.  MARC&.  107 

MISCELLANEOUS    WORTC. 

'Order  and  neatncfs  are  now  principal  objects,  54. 
-Vacant  ground,  dig  and  apply  manure  where  wanted. 
-Borders, &ttfe  by  weeding,  digging,  &c.  fee  laft  month, 
Gravel  walks,  clean,  relay,  or  make  new  ones,  rolling 

them  repeatedly  after  rain,  55. 
Edging^  of  box,  thrift,  &c.  clip,  repair  or  make. 
Grafs  plats  and  walks,  cleanfe,  mow,  and  cut  the  edges, 
Herb  beds,  weed  and  drefs,  fee  article  balm,  252. 
Afparagus  beds,  weed,  carefully  fork,  and  dreis,  212. 
Strawberry  beds,  weed,  flir  the  mould,  and  drefs,  171, 
Artichokes,  drefs  at  the  end  of  the  month,  209. 
Compojls  and  mould  heaps,  turn  over,   and  fcreen,  or 

lift  fome  ready  for  dreffing  pots  of  flowers,  &c. 
Vermin ,  injefts,  and  deftru&ive  birds,  fee  to,  238. 
Earth  up  peas,  beans,  and  whatever  elfe  needs  it. 
•Stick  peas -in  time,  and  ftop  them,  or  not,  237,  239. 
Graff  now,  but  apples  towards  the  end  of  month,  8f. 
Prune  wall  trees  without  delay,  but  firft  vines,  152. 
Bhffoms  of  choice  wall  tree  fruit,  defend,  148. 
Digj  drefs,  prune,  fhr-ubberies  and  plantations,  in. 
Hot  beds  mult  be  very  carefully  attended  to,  184,  &c. 

and  new  ones  made  in  due  time,  188. 
-Dung  heaps  for  future  hot  beds,  manage,  176. 
Cauliflowers,  &c,  under  glais,  give  air  freely  to,  220. 

S  0  W, 

See  lad  month.  Radijhes,\\\t  fpindle  rooted,  and  let 
tuces  of  forts  once  a  fortnight  ;  fmallfallads  every 
•week.  The  following  ten  things  in  the  firft  week  : 
Alexanders,  208.  Afparagus,  211.  Beets,  215. 
Hamburgh  Parfley,  235.  Salfafy,  246.  Sccrzonera, 
247.  Skirrets,  249.  Finochio,  256.  Red  cabbage, 
2i  8.  Turnip  radijhe  s,  245.  Second  week:  Turnips 
on  a  gentle  heat,  and  in  open  ground,  250  ;  and 
kidney  beam  on  heat,  or  in  a  warm  dry  border  under 

hand- 


X08  "  MARCH.  SECT.  XX, 

hand-glades,  or  not,  229.  Laft  week  :  Broccoli  of 
the  purple  autumn  forts,  216.  Na/iurtiums,  259. 
Capjicumsy  254.  Love  apples,  264.  Herbs  of  all 
forts,  252,  &c.  Grafs  feeds  for  plats.  Strawberries 
in  pots,  particularly  the  alpine  forts,  78. 


PLANT 


-Trees  and  firubs,  30,  98,  in,  115.  Herbs  in  rooted 
flips  or  cuttings,  252,  &c.  Strawberries,  39.  Afpa- 
ragus  210.  Artichokes  20$,  Jerufakm  artichokes, 
228.  Lettuces,  231.  Cauliflowers,  220.  Other  things 
as  directed  laft  month. 


PROPAGATE 

2>tv.r  zn&forubs  by  graffing,  84  ;  by  fuckers,  offsets, 
layers,  and  cuttings,  65.  Herbaceous  plants,  by 
parting  roots,  &c.  17,  vol.  2. 

FLOWERS. 

The  hardy  kinds  of  flowers  in  pots  that  have  been 
houfed,  fhould  be  inured  by  degrees  to  the  weather, 
and  foon  left  out  on  nights  :  Let  no  flowers  be 
houfed,  or  under  cover  more  than  neceifarv. 

Pot  defirable  hardy  plants  for  moveable  ornaments, 
when  in  flower  ;  not  too  many,  9,  n,  vol.  2. 

Carnations,  and  auriculas,  if  not  before,  drefs,  9 1 ,  vol.  2. 

Tulips, hyacinths,  &c.  of  the  beflforts,  protect,  21,  vol.  2, 

ffiater  potted  plants  as  the  weather  is,  10,  vol.  2.  auri 
culas  will  want  it  moft  as  pufhing  to  flower. 

Sow  annuals,  6.  vol.  2.  Biennials,  15,  vol.  2.  Perennials, 
17,  vol.  2. 

¥ake  up,  remove  offsets,  and  divide  fibrous  rooted  per 
ennial  flowers  early  in  the  month,  17,  vol.  2. 

Layers  of  carnations,  pinks,  and  fweetwilliams,  take  up 
carefully,  and  plant  with  earth  to  the  roots,  93,  vol.  2, 

Anemonies  and  ranunculuses  may  be  put  in  (tffft  border) 
thefirft  w?ek  ;'  but  they  will  blow  lat'e,  19,  vol.  2. 


SECT.  XX,  APRIL,  IO9 

Bulbous  roots  may  alfo  yet  be  put  in,  firft  week,  with 

profpeft  of  a  like  fuccefs,  20,  vol.  2. 
Box,  thrift,  daifes,  pinks,  &c.  plant  foon  for  edgings. 

NURSERY. 

Remove  litter,  weed,  ftir  the  ground,  rake  neatly. 
Prune  plants  into  form,  taking  off  fide  moots,  fhorten- 

ing  the  leader,  &c.  to  make  a  head,  &c.  70. 
Graffs  of  laft  year  cut  down  to  a  few  eyes  ;  but  at  the 

end  of  the  month  is  foon  enough. 
Tranfplant  andyku  as  laft  month,  and  do  it  quickly. 
Exotics,  or  tender  plants,  fow  on  a  gentle  hot  bed. 
Water  give  in  a  dry  time,  to  feeds,  feedlings,  cuttings, 

and  newly  planted  things-;  but  hot  over  much. 


APRIL. 

IF  by  any  means  the  proper  early  cropping  of  the 
ground  has  been  prevented,  make  no  delay  to  finifh, 
and  to  get  the  garden  into  a  complete  ftate  of  cultiva 
tion.  This  month  may  be  mild  enough  to  invite  us 
abroad,  to  traverfe  the  walks,  and  view  nature  in  her 
fpring  attire,  "  all  blooming  and  benevolent."  Let  no 
thing  therefore  be  met  with  that  appears  (lovingly,  or 
difgufting.  See  page  54. 

MISCELLANEOUS    WORK. 

Borders,  &c.  weed,  ftir,  rake,  and  clean  up  neatly,  49, 
Gravel  walks  and  grafs  plats,  put  in  order,  roll,  &c,  55. 
Edgings  of  box,  &c.  make,  repair,  trim,  or  cut,  55. 
Watering  omit  not  w  :ere  ncceiTary  in  -s  dry  time,  50. 
Pruning  finifh  foon,  he^ad  down  young  trees,  133,  147, 
Graffs,  fee  to,  that  the  diving  remains  fafeon,  86. 
BToffbms  of  wall  fruit,  protect  in  bad  weather,  148. 

Dung 


*I°  .        APR4L,  SECT.  tfX, 

Dung  for  hot  beds,  collect  and  take  due  care  of,  176. 
Hot  beds,  make  in  time  for  fruiting  cucumbers. 
Melons, tender annuals, kt.  188, 199,  6,  vol.  2.  n,vol.2. 
Afparagus,ftrawberries,  artichokes,  fee  laft  month. 
Cauliflowers,  ftir  mould  about,  and  earth  up,  220. 
P^ZJ-,  earth  up,  and  ftick  before  they  droop,  237. 
Beam  in  blolfoms,  crop  and  earth  up  firmly. 
Thin  in  time  all  feedling  crops,  by  hand  or  hoe,  49. 
Prick  out  plants  of  every  kind  as  foon  as  fit,  50. 
Potatoes,  early  fort,  earth  up,  protect  from  froft,   241. 
Lettuces,  tie  up,  and  ftir  the  ground  about,  233. 
Cabbages,  earth  up,  and  alfo  tie  up  forward  ones,  217, 

sow 

As  foon  as  pofiible,  what  may  have  been  omitted  laft 
month,  or  the  preceding.  Then,  Salfafy,  246.  Scor- 
zonera,  247. .  Plimptons  and  gourds,  243.  Boorcole, 
215.  Broccoli,.  216.  Brvffcls  fprouts,  217.  Cte 
Milan,  224.  Chardons,  223.  Kidney  beans,  the 
ground  being  dry,  229.  Cabbages,  chiefly  the  large 
/ugar  loaf,  for  autumn  coleworts,  217,  224.  Herbs, 
culinary  and  medicinal,  252,  &c.  Najlurtiums,  coii 
ground,  259.  J&T/?/,  on  heat,  253. 

Succfjjion  crops  of  cucumbers  and  melons,  for  bringing, 
up  under  hand-glaiTes,  &c.  193^  204.  224,  233, 
Peas,  large  and  fmall.  Beans,  the  broad  fort,  &j- 
voysyfpinack,  carrots,  turnips,  celery,  radi/hes,  lettuces, 
finochio,  fmall fallading,  onions  to  draw  young.  Ob- 
ferve  that  fucceffiw  crops  fhould  have  cooler  fitua-- 
tions  as  the  fummer  advances. 

PLANT 

Straw  berries  yet  but  alpine  s  fucceed  beft  fo  late,  39, 
Afparagus,  210.  Artichokes-,  2o8.  Lettuces,  231. 
Chives,  garlick,  rocombole  and/halots,  firft  week,  fee 
February.  Cabbages,  (if  any  remain)  217.  Cauli 
flowers  f  220.  Kidney  beam  that  have  been  raifed  on 

beat,. 


SECT.  XX.  APRIL.  Ill 

heat,  229.  Potatoes  for  a  full  crop,  239.  Herbs  in 
rooted  flips,  252,  &c.  Trees  zn&Jhrubs  immediutely, 
and  do  it  in  the  belt  manner,  water,  cover  the  roots, 
and  (take  the  items,  98,  102,  &c. 

PROPAGATE 

Frees  and  Jhrubs,  by  grafting,  layers,  cuttings,  and 
fowing,  which  may  yet  be  performed,  65,  72,  84. 

Herbs,  by  flips,  or  cuttings,  in  a  good  foil,  and  a  fhady 
fituation,  but  not  under  trees,  252,60:. 

FLOWERS. 

Sow,  in  the  fir  ft  week,  (if  not  done  before)  annuals , 
6,  IT,  13,  vol.  2.  Biennials,  15,  vol.  2.  Peren 
nials,  17,  vol.  2. 

Plant,  or  prick  out,  annuals  in  frefh  hot  beds,  pots,  or 
borders,  as  the  feveral  forts  require,  7,  vol.  2.  Bien 
nials  and  perennials  of  the  late  blowers,  may  yet  be 
tranfplanted  into  borders  or  pots,  giving  an  imme 
diate  watering,  and  fhading  a  few  days  from  fun, 
12  vol.  2.  Carnation  layers,  taking  them  up  carefully 
with  a  fcoop  trowel,  9,  vol.  2.  Pinks,  the  fame. 
Tuberofe,  as  dire&ed,  page  99,  vol.  2. 

"Tulips,  ranunculufesy  anemmies,  &c.  of  choice  forts, 
protect  in  fevere weather,  as  cutting  wind,  21,  vol.  2. 

Auriculas  in  bloom,  flicker  from  rain,  wind,  fun,  and 
fupport  the  (terns  by  neat  forked  flicks. 

Pots  offowersy  ihift,  and  drefs,  tie  up,  water,  &c. 

NURSERY. 

Weed,  water,  ftir  the  foil,  rake  neatly,  and  clean  up. 

Tianjplant  (yet)  feedlings  of  trees  and  flirubs  \  the 
evergreen  forts  it  is  now  a  good  time  for,  72. 

Sew  (if  not  done  before)  the  feeds  of  foieft  trees,  flow 
ering  flirubs  and  evergreens  ;  but  keep  them  cool*  by 
watering,  as  every  thing  (hould  be,  that  is  fowr  or 
tranfolanted  late  in  the  fpring  :  Yet  they  muft  not 
be  ioaked  with  wet. 
VOL.  ii.  K  MAY. 


MAY.  SECT.  XX. 


MAY. 

LET  this  charming  month  be  ufhered  in  with  due 
refpecl,  by  the  gardens  being  in  excellent  order,  to 
•which  end  let  no  help  be  fpared,  when  the  gardener  is 
not  competent  to  perform  the  work  himlelf  :  It  is 
often  too  much  for  the  moftinduftrious  man. 

We  now  gather  vegetables  that  have  flood  the  win 
ter,  and  been  the  care  of  many  months,  with  fome  of 
the  produces  of  fpring  alfo  ;  and  it  is  the  hope  and 
fruition  of  reward  that  fweetens  labour  :  All  the 
fenfes  are  gratified, 

The  foftening  air  is  balm  ; 

And  every  fenfeand  every  heart  is  joy  ! 

THOMSON. 

MISCELLANEOUS  WORK. 

Neahiffs  muft  be  purfued,  ftir  the  ground,  rake,  &c.  49. 

Gravel  walks  zndgrajs plats,  keep  in  good  order,  55. 

Weeds,  deftroy  every  where,  by  the  hand  or  hoe,  49,  54. 

Water,  if  dry  weather,  new  planted  trees,  fhrubs  and 
flowers,  draw  berries,  cauliflowers,  &c.  40,  51. 

jT#//t  all  forts  of  feedling  crops  enough,  and  in  time,  49. 

Prick auf  \eituces,  celery,  broccoli,  boorcole,  cauliflow 
ers,  favoys,  cabbages,  leeks,  &c.  51. 

Earth  up  potatoes,  peas,  broad  beans,  kidney  beans, 
cabbages,  favoys,  forward  celery,  &c. 

Tie  up  forward  lettuces,  and  early  cabbages,  217  233. 

Cucumber  plants,  air,  water,  made,  train,  190,  &c. 

Hot  beds,  make  for  cucumbers  &  melons,  178,194,205. 

Prune  figs,  firft  week,  regulate  wall-trees,  135,154,156. 

Graffs,  fee  to,  and  repair  the  claying,  if  they  have  riot 
taken,  and  made  fome  (hoot,  86. 

*£hm  fruit  that  is  fuperabundant  on  wall  trees,  150. 

Beans,  Top,  when  in  bloffom,  as  it  helps  to  forward  the 
crop,  and  prevents  their  being  top  heavy. 

sow 


SECT.  XX.  MAY, 


SOW 

Nafturtittms,  herbs,  and  tall  kidney  beans,  firft  week, 
259.  Endive,  226,  and  pur/lain,  261,  fecond  week, 
Cauliflowers  about  the  middle  for  a  late  autumn 
crop,  221.  Pumpions  and  gourds,  243.' 

Succejjion  crtps  of  cucumbers  for  picklers,  195.  Melons 
for  mangoes,  206.  Dwarf  kidney  beans,  celery,  rad- 
ifljes,  turnips,  cabbages,  favoys,  broccoli,  peas,  beans, 
fnochio,Jatfafy,fcorzonera,  ckardons,fpinach,  lettuces, 
radijhes,  and  Jmall  f alluding  ;  chiefly  in  the  fir  ft 
week. 

PLANT 

Kidney  beans  that  have  been  forwarded  on  heat,  229, 
Cucumbers  and  melons,  fecond  crop,  194,  205.  For 
ward  gourds,  243.  Lettuces,  232.  Cauliflowers, 
favoys,  cabbages,  coleworts,  217,  224.  Celery,  if  for 
ward,  in  trenches,  222.  Artichokes,  208.  Potatoes, 
239.  Nafturtiums,  259.  Capficums,  254.  Love- 
apples,  264,  and  bafil,  253,  towards  the  end  of  the 
month.  Herbs,  by  parted  roots,  252,  &c.  Tree* 
and  jhrubs  may  yet  fucceed  under  good  manage 
ment,  103. 

PROPAGATE 

Herbs,  culinary  and  medicinal,  by  flips  and  cuttings, 
but  rather  the  latter.  For  fage  it  is  now  the  belt 
time,  252,  &c. 

FLOWERS. 

Sow  annuals  of  all  forts  for  a  late  blow.  Scarlet  lean, 
fow  as  a  flower  to  run  up  pales,  &c.  6,  vol.  2.  £c. 

Thin  feedlings  foon,  that  they  may  not  be  weak,  6,  vol.  2. 

Prick  out,  or  plant,  the  tender  annuah  in  new  hot  beds, 
pots,  &c.  as  directed,  7,  9,  u,  vol.  2. 

Hot  bed* 


114  JUNE.  SECT.    XX, 

Hot  beds  of  flowers,  manage,  as  to  air,  water,  &c. 

6.  vol.  2. 
Biennials  and  perennials,  thin  in  time,  and  water  them  ; 

alfo  prick  out  any  that  are  forward  enough  ;  they 

may  yet  be  fcv/r>,  15,  16,  vol.  2. 
Auriculas  out  of  flower,  remove  out  of  the  fun. 
TubfrofeS)  pot  on  heat,  or  under  a  fouth  wall,  99,  vol.2. 
Tulips,  ancmonies,  &c.  in  beds  and  in  flower,  protect, 

21,  Vol.  2. 

Bulbs  and  tubers   of  dying  fpring  flowers,  take  up, 

l8,  Vol.  2. 

Slips  and  cuttings  of  pinks,  double  Wall  flowers,  double 
Jweet  Williams,  double  Jcarlet  lychnis,  double  rockeft, 

and  Ijcbnidea,  plant  as  foon  as  the  young  (hoots  are 

forward  enough. 

Geraniums  plant  cuttings  of  laft  year's  moots,  94,vol.2. 
Water  feed  beds  lightly  and  moderately  in  a  dry  time, 

13,  vol.  2  :  and  pots  of  flowers  regularly,  10.  vol.  2. 
j£/r,  give  to  houfed  plants  freely,  as  the  feafon  is. 
Drefs,fhift,  and  tie  up,  flowers  and  mrubs  ir  pots. 
Pot  fome  ten  week  (locks,  mignonette,  &c  9,  n,vol.  2. 
Support  fpindling  flowers  and  weak  ihrubs,  56, 

NURSERY. 


Weed,  water,  and  occafionallyyZ^tffc  tender  feedlings. 
Seed  beds,  keep  cool,   for  without  muifture,  germina 

tion  cannot  be  expected  ;  but  give  water  lightly,  fo 

as  not  to  cjfce  the  ground,  51. 


.JUNE. 

IN  this  month  the  gardener  begins  to  find  fome  paufe 
to  his  labour.  The  ground  is  now  fully  cropped,  as 
to  principals,  and  the  chief  bufinefs  is  to  fee  that  the 
various  plants,  according  to  their  different  ages  of 
growth,  do  not  ftand  in  need  of  the  neceffary  afliftance 
of  culture,  or  good  management. 

MISCEL. 


SECT,  XX.  JUNE.  115 

MISCELLANEOUS    WORK. 

Weedy  &c.  keeping  the  crops  and  ground  neat,  54. 
Gravel  walk*,  grafs  plats,  and  edgings,  fee  to,  55. 
Watery  let  it  be  duly  applied  where  neceiTary,  51. 
Thin  by  hoe,  or  hand,  all  forts  of  crops,  49. 
Prick  out  celery y  endive,  Javoyst  broccoli,  &c.  50. 
Cauliflowers  fhewing  head,  break  leaves  over,  22 1. 
Earth  up  high  peas,  beans,  &c.  fee  the  laft  month. 
Tie  up  the  leaves  of  garlickand  rocambole,  227. 
Blanch  lettuce,  white  beat,  and  finochio,  215,  233,256. 
Stick  peas  and  top  beam,  when  in  full  flower,  237. 
Cucumber^,  attend  duly,  to  air,  water,  train,  &c.  190. 
Melons,  ditto,  prune  and  lay  tile  under  the  fruit,  201 . 
Prune  wall  trees,  vines  and  efpaliers,  135,  154,  164. 
Blighted  trees,  pull  off  curled   leaves,*  in  time,    and 

water  them  frequently  with  an  engine,  52. 
Graffs  that  have  taken,  unclay  and  unbind,  86. 
Bud,  or  inoculate,  at  Midfummer,  or  foon  after,  or. 
Ajparagus,  finifh  cutting  by  Midfummer,  212. 
Herbs  rcr  drying,  gather  as  directed,  page  252. 

sow 

Cucumbers,  laft  crop,  for  picklers  may  do  in  cold 
ground,  if  a  good  foil  and  funny  iituation,  195. 
Pumpions  and  gourds  may  fucceed  as  ditto,  243. 
Turnip  radifkes  of  all  forts,  but  chiefly  the  large 
white  and  black  Spanifh  for  autumn  ufe,  in  cool 
ground,  245.  Endive  for  a  principal  crop,  226. 

Succeffion  crops  of  broccoli,  peas,  broad  beans,  kidney  beans » 
fpindle  rooted  radi/hes,  lettuces,  fmaU  fai lading,  pur- 
Jlam,  turnips,  c  abb  ages  y  carrots,  finockio, 
which  will  however  foon  run. 


PLANT 


Cucumbers,  194.     Melons,  205.     Pumpions  and  gourds, 
243.     Najlurtkuns,  259.       CapfuumSy  254..     Love 
apples,  264.    JLe*h,2$i.     Celery,  222.     Cauliflowers, 
K.  2  broccoli^. 


Il6  JUNE.  ^ECT.  XX. 

broccoli,  bsorcole,  favoys,  cabbages,  and  fuch  like 
greens,  at  two  and  a  half  feet,  or  rather  more  for 
cauliflowers  ;  lefs  for  broccoli,  and  cabbages  if  a  fmall 
fort.  SeedHng  herbs,  252,  &c.  Moift  weather  at 
this  feafon  is  very  advantageous  for  pricking  out, 
or  planting,  and  it  muft  not  be  neglected  if  it  occurs  : 
Water  at  ^the  time,  and  afterwards  as  the  weather 
may  require. 

PROPAGATE 

Herbs  by  flips,  or  cuttings,  in  a  good  foil,  and  as  cool 

a  fituation  as  may  be,  not  under  trees,  252,  &c. 
Layer  the   young  moots  of  rofes,  evergreens,   or  any 

fhrub,  or  tree,  that  does  not  readily  (trike  root  from 

older  wood,  or  fend  forth  fuckers,  69. 
Cuttings,  or  the  young  moots  of  fome  woody  plants, 

may  be  made  to  {hike  root,  fee  page  43,  vol.  2. 

FLOWERS. 

Annuals,  tender  forts,  pot  and  plant  out  into  the  bor 
ders  ;  they  will  require  a  good  foil,  water,  and  a 
little  made  at  firft,  and  chufe  rainy  or  cloudy  wea 
ther,  9,  vol.  2. 

Pots  of  flowers  fet  where  they  have  only  the  morning 
fun,  but  not  under  trees,  or  any  roof,  except  for 
ornament,  when  in  blow. 

"Trim,  from  dead  parts,  &c.  perennials  and  biennials,  57. 

Carnations,  and  other  fpindling  flowers,  fupport,  56. 

Water  pots  of  flowers  duly,  borders  occaiionally,  10, 
vol.  2. 

Prick  out  feeJlings  of  biennial  and  perennial  flowers, 
particularly  carnations,  93,  vol.  2.  Pinks,  98,  vol.  2. 
Auriculas,  92,  vol.  2,  and  poly  ant  hufes,  98,  vol.  2, 
into  (hady  places. 

Plant  flips,  or  cuttings  of  walls,  £c.  fee  laft  month. 

Layer  carnations,  pinks,  and  fvveet  wiiliams. 

Auriculas  fhould  be  fet  in  (hade,  except  for  feed. 

Spring  -bulbs,  the  leaves  being  decayed,  take  up,  1 8, vol.  2. 

Autumnal  £w/fo,plant  at  the  end  of  the  month,  i8,vol.2. 

NURSERY. 


SECT.XX^  JULY.  117 

NURSERY. 

Weed,  water,  ftir  the  foil,  rake  and  clean  up. 

Shade  tender  feedlings,  and  late  planted  things. 

Seed  beds,  fpring  fown,  keep  moid,  and  earthed  up  ^ 
in  very  hot  weather,  an  awning  of  mats  is  advan 
tageous. 

Thin  young  plants  from  growing  thick  and  weak. 


JULY. 

THOUGH  in  this  month  there  is  a  ceffation  from 
the  great  buftle,  and  more  laborious  works  of  garden 
ing,  yet  "  its  many  cares"  ftill  find  employment  for  the 
willing  hand  ;  and  mod  afTuredly  a  good  fuccefs  in 
the  end  will  not  be  attained  without  perfeverance  in 
the  means.  Let  nothing  therefore  be  omitted,  that 
may  tend  to  crown  the  gardener's  credit  with  a  con 
tinued  production  of  fine  vegetables,  fruits,  ni\&  flowers. 
The  garden  now  abundantly  gratifies  the  fight,  the 
tafte,  \hefmell ;  and  thofe  who  have  the  opportunity  to 
enjoy  it,  ihould  be  grateful  to  GOD — andthe^r^w^r. 

MISCELLANEOUS    WORK. 

Prepare  vacant  ground  for  cropping,  and  let  as  little 

of  it  as  poflible  lay  rude  and  unproductive. 
Wetdjftir  the  borders,  hoe  between  crops,  &c.  54. 
footer  cauliflowers,  and  whatever  elfe  may  need  it,  51. 
G ravel  walks,  grafs  plats,  and  edgings,  keep  in  order,  55. 
Bix,  yew,  &c.  (hould  be  clipped  after,  or  in  rain. 
Earth  peas,  broad  and  kid.  beans,  celery,  cabbages,  &c. 
Blanch  lettuce,  white  beet,  and  iinochio,  215,  233,  256. 
Stick  peas,  and  running  kidney  beans  in  time,  237,  230. 
Thin  all  fraall  crops  to  their  due  diftances,  49. 
Prick  out  celery,  broccoli,  cabbages,  lavoys,  &c,  50. 

&*<&, 


Xl8  JULY.  SECT.  XX. 

Seeds,  gather  as  they  ripen,  left  the  beftare  loft,  59. 
Herbs  for  drying,  gather  as  foon  as  in  flower,  252. 
Take  up  garlick,  rocambole,  fhalots,  227,  249,  261. 
Cucumbers  and  me  Ions,  attend,  water,  train,  &c.  190,201. 
Pumpions  andgaurds,  train,  and  water  plentifully,  243. 
Artichokes,  take  off  fmall  fide  heads  in  time,  208. 
Wall  trees,  &c.  regulate  and  occafionally  prune  ;  alfo 
ftop  vines,  and  take  off  fide  moots,  135,  154,  159,50:. 
Thin  wall  trees,  &c.  of  fuperabundant  fruit,  150,  161. 
Bud-graff,  or  inoculate,  fruit  trees,  rofes,  &c.  91. 
Blighted  wall  trees,  attend  to,  fee  the  laft  month. 

sow. 

Broccoli,  firft  "week,  cool  ground  a  little,  for  late  ufe. 

Endive,  principal  winter  crop,  in  open  ground,  226. 

Peas  and  beans,  of  any  kind,  may  yet  be  fown,  if  ground 
to  fpare,  before  the  I5th,  and  chance  to  do  tolerably  ; 
prefer  the  mazagan  bean  and  Leadmans  dwarf  peas, 
238  :  Sow  under  fhelter,  if  convenient,  from  N.  &  £• 

Kidney  beans,  dwarfs,  firft  week,  fouth  border,  230. 

Carrots,  a  few,  cool  ground,  to  draw  young  late  in 
autumn,  water  both  feeds  and  roots  occafionally  in 
dry  weather  to  forward  them. 

Radtjhes  of  any  kind,  but-chiefly  the  large  black  and 
white  Spanifti  turnip  forts,  245. 

Lettuces,  the  hardier,  or  winter  forts,  open  ground,  23 1* 

Spinach,  beginning  of  the  month  the  round,  and  to 
wards  the  end  \UQprickly  feeded,  249. 

Onions,  a  few  Welch,  and  Strafburgh,  fecond  week, 234, 

Coleworts,  firft  week  for  winter,  laft  week  fpring,  224. 

Turnips,  any  fort, both  early  and  late  in  the  month, 250. 

PLANT 

Celery  zr\&  leeks  at  fix  inches.  Endive,  lettuces,  cole- 
worts  at  a  foot.  Cabbages,  favoys,  broccoli,  boorcole, 
and  cauliflowers,  at  two  feet,  or  a  little  more,  in  a 
rich  foil,  particularly  the  latter  ;  Give  water  at 

planting, 


SECT.   XX.  7ULY.  119 

planting,  and  two  or  three  times  after,  if  not  much 
rain  fhould  fell. 

PROPAGATE 

Herbs,  particularly  fage,  propagate  yet,  by  cuttings^ 
or  flips,  occafiorially  :  ring,  252,  &c. 

•Tree A  and  jhruhs,  by  laying  (hoots  of  the  prefent  year  ^ 
i.  e.  of  ihofc  that  are  not  apt  to  ft  like  from  older 
wood.  Slips  and  cuttings  of  fome  forts,  may  ftrike, 
by  the  help  of  a  hend-glafs,  67.  122,  43,  vol.  2. 

FLOWERS. 

Stir  flower  borders,  and  rake  them  neatly,  54, 

Pots  of  flowers,  fet  in  made,  and  regularly  water,  ro, 
vol.  2. 

Carnations  and  double/w,'^/  Williams,  layers,  92,  vol.2. 

Pinks,  plant  flips,  cuttings,  pipings,  or  layers,  97, vol. 2. 

Geraniums,  double,  fcarkt  lychnis,  lychnideas  and  double 
wallflowers,  plant  cuttings,  or  flips  of,  94,  vol.  2. 

Annuals,  the  beginning  of  this  month  is  a  good  time  to 
plant  out  the  tender  forts  into  borders  ;  any  that  are 
in  too  fmall  pots,  Ihift  into  bigger,  12,  vol.  2. 

Biennials,  thin  feed  beds  of,  prick  out,  water,  &c,  15, 
vol.  2. 

-Perennials,  ditto,  particularly  auriculas,  92,  vol.  2. 
Carnations,  93.  vol.  2.  Piriks,  98,  vol.  ,2,  and  poly 
anthus,  98,  vol.  2. 

Larkfpurs  and  flocks,  pull  up  fingle  ones  ;  i.  e.  all  the 
former,  and  mod  of  the  latter,  58,  vol.  2. 

Seeds,  gather  very  regularly  as  they  ripen,  57,  66. 

Bulbous  and  tuberous  roots  take  up  indue  time,  19,  vol.  2. 

Trim  off  dead  ftem?,  or  other  parts  of  plants  and  flirubs, 
draggling  branches,  &c.  57. 

Support  weak  flowers  and  fhrubs  by  proper  ties,  56. 

NURSERY. 

Weed,  water,/hade,young  tender  feedlings,  &c.  70. 
Prune  away  fuckers,  or  (hoots  from  (terns,  &c.  partic 
ularly  thofe  that  have  been  graffed,  96.  Thin 


120  AUGUST.  SECT.  XX 

Thin  feedlings  that  grow  thick  ;  if  thofe  drawn  are 
planted  out,  afford  occafional  watering,  and  the 
fhade  of  a  Tingle  mat,  which  fhould  only  be  over 
on  days,  for  the  night  dews  greatly  refrefh  new 
planted  things.  A  little  mofs  laid  round  the  roots 
of  any  curious  forts  would  preferve  them  from 
drought. 


AUGUST. 

IN  this  month  (as  in  fome  meafure  before)  the 
gardener  anticipates  produces  of  the  future  yea'r,  and 
fows  various  vegetables  in  autumn  to  ftand  the  winter, 
for  Jprlng  and  fummer  ufe  ;  fo  that,  in  this,  and  other 
refpecls,  Augujl  is  in  truth  an  important  feafon,  as 
will  be  feen  by  the  work  directed  to  be  done.  The 
times  for  feveralfowings  mould  be  pretty  exactly  ob- 
ferved  in  order  to  fuccefs. 

MISCELLANEOUS    WORK. 

Weed  and  water,  ftir  borders,  clean  up,  be  neat,  50,  54. 

Walks  and  grafs  plats,  attend,  roll,  mow,  fweep,  55. 

Thin  by  hoe,  or  hand,  young  crops,  in  dry  weather,  49. 

Prick  out  qelery,  and  other  things  that  are  ready,  50. 

Earth  up  peas,    beans,   kidney  beans,   celery,  cauli 
flowers,  cabbages,  favoys,  winter  greens,  &c.  49. 

Blanch  endive,  beet,  chardon,  finochio,  226,  215,  223. 

Dig,  or  ufe  a  ftrong  hoe,  between  rows  of  plants,  and 
water  to  fettle  earth  about  the  roots,  49. 

Vacant  ground,  clean,  and,  confidering  how  it  will  be 
beft  difpofed  of,  prepare  accordingly,  46,  &c. 

Stick  peas,  arid  take  up  the  haulm  of  old  crops,  237. 

Stake  tall  plants  which  are  (landing  for  feed,  59. 

Seeds,  gather  as  they  ripen,  left  the  beft  ihed,  6c. 

Herbs,  gather  for  drying  juft  when  in  flower,  252. 

Onions,  prefs  down  the  leaves  to  the  ground,  235. 

Grape 


SECT.  XX.     '  AUGUST.  121 

Grape  vines,  prune,  and  keep  in  due  order,  155. 
Wall  /r^-sefpaliers,  climbing  fhrubs,  &c.  regulate,  136, 
Infecls  about  wall  trees,  fee  to,  and  hang  up  vials  of 

fugar  and  water  for  wafps,  &c.     See  blight,  June. 
Budding  may  yet  be  performed,  firft  week,  91  ;  buds 

that  have  taken  of  former  work,  unbind,  96. 
Net  fruit  trees  to  keep  off  birds  and  alfo  fingers. 
Gather  fruit  before  the  fun  has  been  long  on  it. 
Mat  currants  and  goofeberries  for  late  fruit,  169. 
Strawberries,  clear  from  runners,  weeds,  leaves,  171. 
Cucumbers?  melons,  pumpions,  and  gourds,  train,  water, 

&c.  but  melons  like  not  much  wet,  202,  &c. 
Pickling  cucumbers  Ihould  be  gathered  twice  a  week. 


sow 


Coleworts   in   the  firft   week,   224  ;  callages  in   the 
feccuul,  217  ;    and  cauliflowers  in   the  third,   220, 
iri 


Onion;  ki  winter  and  ipring,  a  full  crop  of 
and  a  few  Strajburgh  in  a  warm  border,  firft  week, 
234.  Lettuces  at  the  beginning,  middle,  and  end  of 
the  month,  231.  Small  j  allading,  in  a  (hady  place, 
and  "vvater  it,  255.  American  crefs,  it  is  the  beft 
time  for,  fecond  week,  256.  Radijh,  both  fpindle 
and  round  rooted,  but  chiefly  the  large  Spanifh  tur 
nip  forts,  cool  ground,  245.  Peas,  early  frame,  and 
Leadman's  dwarf,  may  be  tried  firft  week,  for  the 
chance  of  a  rarity,  clofe  under  a  warm  wall,  238. 
Kidney  beans,  dwarf,  as  ditto,  23©.  Spinach,  round 
and  prickly,  firft  and  third  weeks,  the  former  at 
broad  caft,  and  the  latter  rather  in  drills,  249.  Tur 
nips,  firft  or  fecond  week,  250.  Carrots,  ditto,  but 
they  will  be  iticky.  Herbs  may  be  fown,  firft  week, 
252,  &c. 

FLANT 

Leeks,  celery,  lettuces,  endive,  cabbages,  colewortsa 
late  bvocco1!,  and  boorcole,  diftance  as  lift  month, 
though  every  thing  planted  late,  may  be  fo  much 

the 


AUGUST/  SECT.  XX. 

the  nigher.  Strawberries  ar.d  herbs,  culinary  and 
medicinal,  towards  the  end  of  the  month,  that  they 
may  be  well  rooted  before  winter,  39,  252,  &c. 


PROPAGATE 

and  Jhrubs,  by  laying  young  fhoots  in  fine  rich 
earth,  and  keep  the  ground  cool  about  them,  69. 

FLOWERS. 

Decayed  parts,  takeoff,  trim,  and  tie  to  fticks,  56,  57. 
Shrubs,  ditto,  thin  a  little,  and  prune  off  fuckers,  1 14. 
Edgings,  or  hedges  of  box,  yew,  &c,  may  be  cut  now. 
Water  potted  flowers  regularly,  others  occafionaltyy 

and  particularly  new  planted  things,  10,  vol.  2. 
Annuals,  hardy,  fow  towards  lend  of  the  month,  13, 

vol.  2. 

Biennials  and  perennials,  plant,  laft  weefc,  15, 17,  vol.  2. 
Saxifrage  pyramidal,  and  double  plant  in  pots,  81,  vol.2. 
Geraniums,  raifed  from  cuttings,  (or  feed)  pot  foon. 
Auriculas  and  polyanthus,  tranfplant,  part  the  roots,  &c. 

any  time  this  month,  91,  98,  vol.  2. 
Carnations  may   yet  be  layered  ;    early  layered  ones 

will  be  rooted,  which  carefully  take  up,  and  plant 

in  pots,  or  open  ground,  water  and  (hade,  92,  vol.  2. 
Pinks  from  cuttings,  &c.  andfzueet  willlam  layers  may 

be  fit  to  move  ;  but,   if  late  and  weak,  leave  fome 

of  them  till  fpring,  97,  vol.  2. 
Bulbous  roots,  as  lilies,  &c.  take  up  for  planting,  18, 

vol.  2. 

Bulbous  offsets,  replant  without  delay,  19,  vol.  2. 
Bulbs  of  autumn  flowers,  plant  in  h'rft  01  fecond  week  :- 

fee  atamafco,    Guernfey,   belladonna,  and  pancratium 

lilies. 

NURSERY-. 

Prune  fuckers,  fide  ftem  moots,  draggling  and  luxu 
riant  ones  from  the  head  ;  Jllr  the  ground,  weed, 
water,  thinjeedlingsr  &c.  See  laft  month. 

SEPTEMBER, 


SECT.  XX,  SEPTEMBER. 


SEPTEMBER. 

GARDENS  begin  now  to  fail  of  their  wonted 
beauty,  and  therefore  dying  flowers,  all  litter,  and 
every  thing  unfightly,  admonifh  the  gardener  to  trim 
his  plants,  and  clean  the  ground  frequently,  that  alt 
may  be  neat,  if  not  gay.  An  attention  of  this  fort, 
ftirring  the  ground,  and  raking  it,  will  give  an  air  of 
fre/bnefs  and  culture  highly  pleafmg  and  creditable, 

/ 
MISCELLANEOUS    WORK. 

See  beginning  of  laft  month,  twelve  firfl  articles. 

Prepare  ground  for  planting  trees  and  fhrubs,  108. 

Turf,  lay  as  a  good  time,  beat,  roll,  and,  if  dry,  water. 

Gather  fruits  as  they  ripen,  and  (lore  them  well,  269. 

Grapes,  tie  fine  ripe  bunches  up  in  gauze  or  crape, 

Figs,  keep  in  clofe  training  to  ripen  the  fruit. 

Cucumbers  and  melons,  cover  the  frames,  &c.  on  nights ; 
melons  muft  be  protected  from  cold  and  wet,  206. 

Pickling  cucumbers,  gather  before  they  fpot. 

Cauliflowers,  prick  out,  and  fome  on  a  flight  hot  bed 
to  ftrengthen  them,  at  three  inches,  to  grow  three 
weeks  ;  thefe  muflthen  be  put  under  the  protection 
of  frames,  or  hand-glafies,  as  choice  plants  ;  every 
other  may  be  drawn,  and  the  reft  remain  to  be 
covered.  The  Michaelmas  crop,  if  dry  weather, 
water  to  bring  forward. 

Herb  beds  mould  be  cleaned  tfnd  drefled  this  month,  252. 

Onions,  being  dry  and  hard,  take  in  and  fort,  to  rope, 
&c.  235. 

Gar  lick,  Jhalots,  and  rocambole,  tie  up,  and  (lore,  227. 

Seeds,  fuch  as  are  well  dried,  drefs  and  put  up,  57,60. 

VOL.  II.  L  SOW 


J24  SEPTEMBER.  SECT.  XX, 

SOW 

Spinach,  turnips,  Welch  onions ,  and  endive,  firft  week, 
for  late  fpring  ufe.  Radiihes  of  all  forts,  but  chiefly 
the  large  black  turnip,  245.  Small  fallading,  every 
ten  days,  warm  borders,  215.  Cvrnfailad,  255. 
Chervil,  254,  zndforrel,  263. 

PLANT 

At  diftances  as  before,  coleworts,  endive,  lettuces,  and 
yet  winter  cabbages,  favoys,  broccoli,  boorcole,  Brujfels, 
fprouts,  chou-milan,  and  celery.  The  lettuces  mould 
be  on  dry  warm  ground,  232.  Herbs,  pot  and 
medicinal,  from  parted  roots,  or  offsets,  252,  &c. 
Strawberries,  any  time  this  month,  but  the  fooner 
the  better  ;  drefs  old  beds  and  plants,  39,  171. 
Shrubs,  begin  to  plant  towards  the  end,  efpecially  if 
moid  weather,  but  let  not  the  roots  be  long  out  of 
ground,  no,  &c. 

• 

PROPAGATE 

frees  andjhrubs,  by  laying  young  moots,  and  at  the 
end  of  the  month,  cuttings  may  be  planted,  as  of 
goofeberries,  currants,  laurels,  honeyfuckles,  jajminesy 
&c.  65,  &c. 

FLOWERS. 

Remove  dead  ones,  trim  the  decaying,  tie  up,  &c.  56, 57. 
Annuals,  fow  fome  of  the  hardy  forts,  firft  week,   13, 

vol.  2. 
Biennials,  plant  out,  referving  a  few  for  fpring,  15. 

vol.  2. 
Perennials,  ditto,  alfo  take  up,  and  part  old  roots  17, 

vol.  2. 
Pinks,  from  cuttings,  &c .*(if  well  rooted)  plan*  out  ; 

alfo  carnations,  fweet  Williams,  &c.  from  layers,  97, 

vol.  2. 
Geraniums,  from  cuttings,  or  feed,  plant  without  delay, 

in  fmall  pots',  fhortening  the  roots,  &c. 

Auriculas, 


-SECT.  XX*  OCTOBER.  I2| 

Auriculas,  drefs  pots,  fhift  plants,  or  fow,  91,  vol.  2. 

Polyanthus,  plant,  part  roots,  or  fow  the  feed,  272. 

Bulbs  of  autumn  flowers,  plant  yet  in  firft  week,  fee  lafl 
month  ;  and  thofe  of  fpring  in  laft  week,  zscrocufes, 
early  tulips,  common  anemonies,  &c.  18,  vol.  2. 

Lilies  and  other  fcaiy  bulbous  roots,  plant  foon,  19, 
vol.  2.  [vol.  2. 

Offset:,  from  bulbs  muft  be  planted  immediately,   19, 

Beds  for  choice  bulbous  and  tuberous  roots,  prepare 
for  planting  next  month,  19,  vol.  2. 

Edgings  of  box,  or  thrift,  plant,  cut,  or  repair. 

Pots  of  flowers  bring  from  fliady  fituations  to  more 
funny  ones  ;  the  exotics,  or  tender  plants,  begin 
(fecond  week)  to  put  under  fome  degree  of  fheltery 
a-ccording  to  their  nature. 

Succulent  plants  are  impatient  of  wet,  and  more  fo  of 
froft,  but  (till  do  not  well  endure  houfing,  therefore 
they  require  a  peculiar  attention  at  this  feafon,  fo  as 
to  have  the  open  air  as  long  as  may  be  expofed 
without  danger, 

NURSERY. 

IVeedtftlr  the  foil,  clean  up,  and  water,  if  dry  weather, 
Dig  about  young  trees,  at  the  end  of  this,  or  the  be 
ginning  of  next  month,  as  directed,  80. 
Prepare  ground  for  planting  next    month.      Stocks 
and  feedlings,  and  fowing  feeds  of  trees  and  fhrubs, 
72,  73.     Evergreen  feedlings  fhould  be  planted  out 
by  the  end  of  this  month,  and  be  watered  regularly, 
if  a  dry  time. 


OCTOBER. 

THIS  is  the  chief  month  of  the  year  for  planting 
trees,  ihrubs,  &c.  No  part  of  it  fhould  be  loft,  in 
cither  working  the  ground  well  for  the  purpofe,  or 

putting 


126  OCTOBER. 


SECT.  XX, 


putting  in  the  plants  as  foon  as  poflible  :  Early  plant 
ing,  if  the  ground  is  fit,  is  of  more  confequence  than 
many  of  thofe  who  do,  or  ought  to  know  better,  will 
admit  of. 

Now  the  virtues  of  induflry  and  perfeverance  will 
be  tried,  to  keep  the  grounds  clean  from  falling  leaves, 
&c.  The  garden,  however,  ought  yet  to  be  a  fource 
of  pleafure,  and  the  weather  is  often  flill  inviting 
abroad  :  All  impediments  mould  be  furmounted. 


MISCELLANEOUS   WORK. 

Big,  dungy  trench,  and  drain,  ground  thoroughly,  46. 
Predate  tor  planting,  lay  open  the  holes  for  trees,  99. 
Rake  leaves  off  borders  and  quarters,  fweep,  &c. 
Gravel  watts  and  grafsptafs,  cleanfe,  roll,  mow,  &c. 
JTurf  will  be  well  laid  now,  and  do  the  work  foon. 
Caterpillars,  deftroy,  for  they  do  mifchief  rapidly. 
Thin  by  hoe,  fpinach,  &c.  fmall  crops,  by  hand,  49. 
Prick  out  cabbages  for  winter  or  fpring  planting,  217. 
Hoe  between  roes  of  cabbages,  &c.  and  earth  up,  49. 
Blanch  celery,  finochio  by  earthing  up  ;  endive,  beet, 

chardons,  by  tying  up,  223,  226,  256,  215,  223. 
Cauliflowers  that  are   heading,  break  leaves  over,  221. 
Ajparagus  beds  and  feedlings,  drefs,  fecondweek,  212. 
Strawberries >  if  not  before,  drefs  out  of  hand,  171. 
Rafpberries,  drefs,  and  plant  coleworts  between,  169. 
Seeds,  gather  duly,  and  lay  up  thoroughly  dry,  60. 
Fruits,  gather  carefully, -and  houfe  well,  269,  274. 
Dig  up,  and  (lore  clean  and  dry,  carrots,  219;  potatoes, 

242  ;  parfneps,  235  ;   Jerufalem  artichokes,  228. 
Drefs    (for  fine  fruit)  about    currant   and   goofeberry 

bufhes,  by  digging  in  a  little  manure. 
Herb  beds  fliould  always  be  drefled  at  this  time,  252. 
Vines,  wall-trees )  &c,  regulate,  if  not  prune,   146. 


sow 


SECT.    XX.  OCTOBER.  127 

SOW 

Beans,  mazagan,  213.  Peas,  early  forts,  236.  Lettuces, 
hardy  forts,  firft  week,  warm  border,  231.  Small 
Jallading,  warm  border,  under  glafs,  255.  Radt/hes, 
early  purple  fliort  top,  may  fucceed,  fbuth  afpedt, 
245.  Carrots,  a  few  early  horn,  warm  border,  but 
they  will  prove  flicky. 

PLANT 

Broccoli,  a  few,  firft  week,  for  lateft  fpring  ufe,  at 
eighteen  inches,  but  the  heads  will  be  ftnall.  •  Cole- 
worts,  firft  week,  at  about  a  foot,  224.  Cabbages', 
any  time,  chufing  ftrong  plants,  217.  Endive,  tirft 
week,  warm  border,  226.  Celery,  firft  week,  open 
ground,  for  late  fpring  ufe,  222.  Cauliflowers,  fettle 
foon  in  their  winter  quarters,  and  manage  wellt 
220.  Lettuces  neat  as  cauliflowers,  232.  Shalots, 
garlick,  'rocambole,  dry  ground,  249,  227,  261. 
Strawberries,  firft  week,  39,  Wall  trees,  and  other 
firubs,  but  evergreens  in  the  firft  week.  Herbs, 
rooted  forts,  252,  &c.  Mint  on  a  little  heat,  pro 
tecting  it,  259.  Layers  of  trees  and*fhrubs  made 
laft  year  ;  being  rooted,  take  them  up  well,  and 
plant!  immediately,  99,  &c. 

PROPAGATE 

Trees  and  /hrubs,  by  fuchrs,  65,  By  layers  of  the 
young  wood,  rofes,  jafmines,  bay,  laurel,  laurufti- 
nus,  vines,  figs,  filberts,  codlins,  mulberries,  &c. 
See  lifts  of  trees  and  fhrubs.  By  cuttings  or  flips? 
goofeberriea,  currants,  berberry,  jafmines  honey- 
fuckles,  laurels,  box,  &c.  See  lifts, 

FLOWERS. 

Look  over,  trim,  tie  up,  gather  ripe  feeds,  &c,  56, 57,  6o» 
•Geraniums,  and  other  tender  plants,  drefs,  houfe,  97, 
vol.  2, 

L  2  Auriculas 


NOVEMBER.  SECT.' XX. 

Auriculas  and  carnations  in  pots,  preferve  from  much 

wet,  and  fet  in  funny  fituations. 
Seeds ,  oi  feedlings,  in  pots,  or  boxes,  ditto,  and  fhelter 

from  the  cutting  N.  E.  winds. 
Annuals,  felf  fown,  &c.  may  be  taken  up  with  a  little 

earth,  and  planted  where  wanted. 
Biennials ,  plant  out,  but  leave  a  few  for  fpring,   15, 

vol.  2. 

Perennials,  ditto,  alfo  flip  or  divide  old  roots,  17,  vol.  2. 
Bulbous,  tuberous  and  fl'Jhy  roots  of  fpring  and  fummer 

flowers,  plant,  but  the  earlieft  h'rft,  18,  vol.  2. 
Saxifrage,  pyramidal  and  double,  plant  in  pots,   8 1, 

vol.  2. 
Edging  of  dwarf  flowers,  box,  &c.  plant,  or  repair. 

NURSERY. 

Stir,  and  fork  in  neatly  a  little  well  rotted  manure,  71. 
Dig  ground  to  be  planted,  a  week  before  vaunted. 
Sow  feeds  of  trees,  &c.  and  guard  againft  mice,  &c. 

72,  80. 
^ran/plant  feedlings  to  wider  diftances,  as  thofe  defign- 

ed  for  flocks,  &c.  at  about  two  feet,  73,  74. 
Suckers  of  plums,  &c.  plant  for  flocks,  and  cuttings  of 

codlin,  quince,  and  mulberry,  for  trees,  75. 
Prune,  or  drel's  up,  young  trees  and  fhrubs  from  fuc- 
'     kers,  draggling  (hoots,  and  form  the  heads. 


NOVEMBER. 

THOUGH  the  /^/?be  the  better  month  for  planting, 
yet  this  is  more  commonly  the  time  adopted  :  It  can 
not  be  now  proper  to  delay  it.  The  leaves  not  being 
all  off  mould  be  no  obftacle. 

The  object  of  pleafure  (hould  not  yet  be  given  up  ; 
and  let  the  gardener  do  all  in  his  power  to  be  cleanly 
and  neat,  giving  his  grounds  that  proof  of  good  cul 
ture,  which  is  fo  effential  to  his  credit* 

MISCEL. 


SECT.  XX.  NOVEMBER,  1*9 

MISCELLANEOUS   WORK. 

Wet,  if  water  ftands  any  where,  let  it  be  well  drained, 

Vacant  ground,  dig,  manure,  trench,  or  at  lead  hoe,  49. 

Clear  away  dead  plants,  leaves,  and  all  litter,  54. 

Weed  borders  and  crops,  as  fpinach,  winter  onions,  &c. 

Grafs  plats,  cleanfe,  roll,  mow,  and  lay  /wf/foon. 

Gravel  walks,  weed,  clean  and  roll  hard  after  rain. 

Compofts,  colled,  and  mix  well  the  materials  for. 

Cucumber and  ritelon  earth,  (lore  in  dry  time,  183,  200. 

Earth  up  peas  and  beans  as  foon  as  above  ground  ; 
celery ,  cauliflowers ,  broccoli,  and  winter  greens. 

Blanch  endive,  226,  chardons,  223,  and  finochio,  256. 

Dig  up  carrots,  potatoes,  Jerufalem  artichokes,  and  parf- 
neps,  but  not  all  the  latter,  235.  Alfo  when  in 
profpe6l  Q{  frofl,  fome  red  beet,  fcorzonera,  falfify, 
fldrrets,  Hamburgh  parfley,  leeks,  turnip  radifhes, 
and  horferadim,  all  of  them  to  be  preferved  a  while 
in  a  cellar,  or  longer  in  dry  fand.  See  cauliflowers 
farther  on. 

Cauliflowers  and  lettuces  in  frames,  &c.  attend,  220,232* 

Artichokes,  fee  to,  when  in  profpeft  of  froft,  209. 

Afparagus,  drefs  beds  of,  and  alfo  feedlings  foon,  212. 

Rafpberries,  drefs  in  the  firft  week  ;  fee  laft  month. 

Hot  beds  may  be  ufed  for  fmall  fallading,  255,  mint, 
259,  lettuces,  233,  or  for  radifhes  at  Chriftmas,  245, 

Froji,  confider  what  mould  be  protected  from  it. 

Fruit,  latefl  forts,  gather  in  the  firft  week  ;  and  man 
age  that  already  houfed,  269,  273. 

Onions,  (lore  of,  look  over  to  remove  decayed  ones,  235. 

Seeds,  drefs,  and  put  up  clean  and  dry,  and  keep  fo. 

Caterpillars  on  winter  greens,  pick  off  in  time. 

Grubs  about  the  roots  of  lettuces,  fearch  for. 

Shrubs,  prune  and  dig  about  ;  fallen  trained  ones,  1 14. 

Prune  all  trees,  except  figs,  but  cherries. firft,  146. 

Figs,  pull  offgreen  fruit,  and  faften  the  ihootsas  clofc 
as  may  be  without  force,  156. 

Csver  the  roots,  and  flake  new  planted  trees,  or  tali 
ihrubs  ;  faften  thofe  of  the  wall,  102. 

Cauliflower* 


NOVEMBER,  SECT.  XX* 

Cauliflowers  in  head,  break  leaves  over.  This  vege 
table,  and  broccoli,  may  be  taken  up  when  in  profpeft 
of  froft,  and  planted  with  balls  of  earth,  and  only 
laid  in  a  cellar,  where  they  will  keep  (perhaps)  a 
month  ;  but  tie  the  leaves  together  at  the  tops  with 
a  hay  band  before  taken  up. 

sow 

Small  fallading  and  Jap  lettuce,  under  glafs,  warm  bor 
der,  or  on  a  little  heat,  233,  255.  Radifhes,  purple 
fhort  top,  warm  border,  244.  Carrots,  early  horn* 
may  chance  to  fucceed.  Beans  and  peas  for  firft 
principal  crop,  213,  235. 


PLANT 

Celery  yet,  222.  Lettuces,  232;  and  caullflow ers  yet, 
in  frames,  under  hand-glafles,  or  clofe  under  a  fouth 
wall,  220.  Coleworts,  224.  Cabbages,  217  ;  and 
all  in  the  firft  week,  though  the  latter  may  be  later* 
Mint  on  heat,  259.  Wall  trees,  and  others  foon, 
30,  &c.  98,  &c.  Shrubs,  deciduous,  but  not  ever 
greens,  1 10,  &c.  Strawberries,  if  defiled,  but  foon., 

39- 

PROPAGATE 

See  laft  month,  by  cuttings,  flips,  layers,  and  fuckers^ 
or  divided  roots,  as  rofes,  &c.  66,  &c. 


FLOWERS. 

up  dead  ones,  trim  and  tie  thofe  in  blow. 
Froft y  beware  of,  as  to  the  care  of  tender  ones. 
Auriculas  and  carnations  in  pots,  f  tho'  hardy)  protect. 
Seedlings  in  boxes,  &c.  place  in  the  fun,  and  protect. 

Pots 


SECT.  XX.  DECEMBER.  131 

Pots  of  hardy  flowers  are  themfelves  preferved,  as  well 
as  the  plants,  by  plunging  (rather  above  their  rims) 
in  the  ground  ;  place  a  bit  of  tile  under  them  to 
keep  out  worms.  If  the  foil  is  moift,  lay  drift  fand, 
or  afhes,  about  the  pots. 

Bulbous  and  tuberous  roots,  plant  early  ;  and  valuable 
forts  protect  from  much  wet  and  froft,  21,  vol.  2. 

Biennials  and  perennials  of  hardy  forts,  plant  early,  in 
dry  foils,  and  water  in  the  morning,  15,  16,  vol.  2, 

Thrift,  or  box,  plant  or  repair,  as  foon  as  may  be. 

NURSERY. 

See  laft  month  ;  and  do  foon  what  was  omitted. 
Tranjplant  hardy  feedlings,  in  fine  broke  earth,  73. 
Cover  the  roots  of  newly  planted  things,  73. 
r,  fet  for  mice,  &c»  about  feed  beds,  73. 


DECEMBER. 

.  THE  garden  is  no  longer  decorated  with  flowers, 
or  verdure  ;  but  it  contains  many  things  of  promije, 
which  demand  attention,  and  which  the  induftrious 
gardener  will  duly  afford,  agreeable  to  the  culture  that 
each  requires. 

There  are  (lill  fome  works  of  labour  ;  and  where 
there  is  plenty  of  dung  and  frames,  hot  beds  may  be 
made  ufe  of,  zndfpring  anticipated. 

If  this  month  be  called  dreary,  yet  ftill  the  face  of 
nature  has  its  charms,  and  invites  us  fometimes  abroad, 
even  when  covered  with  fnow.  Froft  is  cleanly  and 
beneficial,  it  dries  the  path,  it  firings  our  nerves,  ex 
hilarates  our  fpirits,  purifies  the  air,  and  prepares  the 
ground  for  tuture  produce. 

All 


DECEMBER.  SECT,    XX, 

All  nature  feels  the  renovating  force 
Of  winter,  only  to  the  thoughtlefs  eye 
In  ruin  feen.     The  froft-concocted  glebe 
Draws  in  abundant  vegetable  foul, 
And  gathers  vigour  for  the  coming  year. 

THOMSON, 

MISCELLANEOUS   WORK. 

Weed  crops,  &c.  clean  up  litter,  and  ftill  be  neat. 
Gravel  walks,  roll  hard,  if  dry,  againft  wet  and  froft. 
Grafs  plats,  cleanfe  from  worm  cafts,  fweep  and  roll. 
Mice  traps,  fa  about  peas,  beans,  cauliflowers,  &c,  239. 
Caterpillars,  f nails  zndjlugs,  fee  after  duly. 
Tools,  make,  repair,  grind,  and  keep  bright,  9,  vol.  2* 
Seeds,  look  over  the  ftock  to  keep  clean,  dry,  &c. 
Fruit  and  onions,  examine,  to  remove  decaying,  235. 
Straw,  damp  or  mufty,  remove  from  ftore  rooms. 
Frqft*  guard  againft  ill  effects  of  every  where. 
Wheat  ftraw,  ufeful  to  protect  things,  fee  radifh,  244. 
Vegetables^  before  hard  froft,  take  up,  fee  laft  month. 
Artichokes,  afparagus.  and  rajpberries,   (if  not  before) 

give  their  winter  dreffing  foon,  209,  212,  169. 
Endivi,  tie  up  when  perfectly  dry,  and  ridge  fome,226. 
Earth  up  high  celery,  cauliflowers,  chardons,bioccoli, 

favoys,  cabbages,  &c.  preffing  the  mould  to. 
Cauliflowers  and  lettuces  in  frames,&c. manage, 220, 232. 
Planting,  prepare  for,  and  open  the'  holes  ready,  29,98. 
Vacant  ground,  clean,  dung,  rough  dig,  or  trench,  46. 
Barrow,  make  ufe  of  in  froft  to  wheel  in  dung,  &c. 
Hot  beds,  fee  and  manage  the  materials  well  for,  174. 
Cucumbers  may  he  fown  in  the  laft  week,  178,  181. 
Conipofts,  make,  and  incorporate  well  by  turning  over. 
Orchards,  prune  trees,  drefs,  dig,  or  plough  the  foil,  43. 
Prune  wall  pear  trees,  efpaliers  and  mrubs,  146,  157. 
Hedges  and  ditches,  manage  as  the  cafe  requires. 
Drain  wet  from  ftanding  in  gardens,  or  plantations. 
Spring,  have  a  conftant  eye  to,  and  prepare  for. 

sow 


SECT.  XX.  DECEMBER.  133 


SOW 


Beans,  213.  Peas^  237.  Radijhes,  244.  Carrots  may 
be  tried  as  radifhes,  218.  Lettuces  under  glafs  in 
a  warm  border.  Small  fallad  and  lap  lettuce  on  a 
flight  heat,  255,  233. 

PLANT 

Mint  on  heat,  259.  3*re*t  andftru&s  of  the  deciduous 
kind,  covering  the  roots  and  flaking  ;  if  againft  a 
wall,  faften  them  to  it,  99,  &c. 

PROPAGATE 

By  fuckers,  cuttings,  layers,  &c.  fee  Oftober,  65,  &c, 

FLOWERS, 

Take   care  of,  but  neither  fow  nor  plant  ;  yet  feme 

chufe  to  fow  auriculas  in  this  month. 
Covering  of  every  kind  is  to  be  no  clofer,  or  longer 

kept  on  than  necejjary,  for  great  dangers  arife  from 

much  nurfing,  when  plants  come  to  be  expofed,  fee 

lait  month. 

NURSERY. 

Proteft  feed  beds,  as  the  froft  may  require. 
New  planted  things,  cover  the  roots  of  well. 
Seedlings  of  tender  things  may  be  covered  lightly  all 

over,  but  uncover  in  time. 
Froft-cracks  in  beds,    fill  up  with  fifted  mould. 
Wet   (much  of)  gives  frolt  fo  great  hold,  that  it  fhould 

be  particularly  guarded  againft. 
Vermin  mult  be  attended  to,  particularly  mice,  which 

are  even  apt  to  bark  young  trees,  73. 

CLO'SE,, 


C   134 


CLOSE. 

As  it  has  been  one  of  the  obje&s  of  this  book  to 
afford  fome  entertainment  and  moral  inftruftion,  the 
following  lines  from  Tbomfon  may  properly  follow  the 
calendar,  and  will  ferve  for  a  finifh. 

ON    THE    SEASONS. 

THESE,  as  they  change,  ALMIGHTY  FATHER,  thefe 
Are  but  the  -varied  GOD.     The  rolling  year 
Is  full  of  THEE. 

Nature  attend  !  join  every  living  foul, 
Beneath  the  fpacious  te.mple  of  the  fky, 
In  adoration  join  j  and,  ardent  raife 
One  general  fong, 

Soft  roll  your  incenfe,  herbs,  and  fruits,  and  flowers— 

In  mingled  clouds  to  HIM,  whofe  fun  exalts, 

Whofe  breath  perfumes  you,  and  whofe  pencil  paints. 

Great  fouree  of  Day  !   beft  image  here  below 
Of  thy  CREATOR,  ever  pouring  wide, 
From  world  to  world,  the  vital  ocean  round, 
On  nature  write  with  every  beam  his  praife. 

For  me,  when  I  forget  the  darling  theme, 
"Whether  the  blofTom  blows,  the  fummer  ray, 
Ruflets  the  plain,  infpiring  autumn  gleams  ; 
Or  winter  rifes  in  the  blackening'eaft  j 
Be  my  tongue  mute,  my  fancy  paint  no  more, 
And,  dead  to  joy,  forget  my  heart  to  beat ! 

THOMSON. 


THE    END. 


AN 

ESSAY 

ON 

U  I  C  K-L  I  M  E, 

AS  A 

CEMENT 

AND    AS   A 

MANURE, 

BY 

JAMES   ANDERSON,  L.L.D. 

F.R.S.    F.A.S*    S. 

Author  of  "  Efiays  relating  to  Agriculture  and  Rural  Affairs,*'  3  Vols.  8vo,  and 
of  feveral  other  Performances. 

Honorary  Member  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  Agriculture,  Z&c.  at  Bath  ;  of  the 
Philofophical,  and  of  the  Agricultural  Societies  in  Mc.nchefler  ;  of  the  Society 
for  Promoting  Natural  Hiftory,  London  ;  of  the  Academy  of  Arts,  Sciences, 
and  Belles  Lettres,  Dijon  s  of  the  Philofophical  Society,  Philadelphia  ;  of  the 
Royal  Economical  Society,  Berlin  ;  and  correfpondent  Member  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Agriculture,  Paris. 


And.  he  gave  it  for  his  opinion,  that  whoever  could  make  tivo  ears  of  com*  or  t-wo 
blades  of '  grafs,  to  grow  upon  ajpot  of  ground  "where  only  one  grew  before,  "would 
deferve  better  of  mankind,  and  do  more  ejjential  fervid  to  his  country,  than  the  •whole 
race  of  Politician!  put  together, 

SWIFT. 


PRINTED    Sr   SAMUEL    ETHERIDGE, 

For  JOSEPH  NANCREDE,  NO.  49,  Marlboro' -Street. 

.= 
1799. 


AN 

ESSAY 


ON 


Q  U  I  C  K-L  I  M  E, 

AS    A 

CEMENT 

A  ND   AS  A 

MANURE. 


ADVERTISEMENT. 

HE  nature  of  the  fubjedt  difcufled  in 
the  following  Effay,  neceflarily  required 
that  it  fhould  be  treated  in  a  fcientific  man 
ner.  The  Author  has  endeavoured  to  ren 
der  it  as  perfpicuous  as  poffible  j  but  is 
afraid,  that,  to  thole  who  may  never  have 
been  verfant  in  ftudies  of  this  fort,  it  may 
ftill  in  fome  places  appear  a  little  abftrufe. 
On  this  occafion,  he  hopes  to  meet  with  the 
indulgence  of  thofe  who  think  no  exertion 

of 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


of  mind  improperly  beftowed,  when  it 
is  in  the  purfuit  of  ufeful  knowledge.— ~ 
Others  who  do  not  care  to  engage  in  intri 
cate  difcuffions  of  any  fort,  he  would  ad- 
vife  to  pafs  over  this  Effay  entirely  ;  or  at 
leaft  thejtr/}  part  of  it.  The  reafons  for 
what  is  advanced  in  the  fecond  part,  will 
not  indeed  be  in  that  cafe  fo  clearly  feen  ; 
but  the  practical  farmer,  if  not  thoroughly 
injlrufted\)y  that,  may  at  leaft  be  directed  to 
what  he  ought  to  do. 


AN  ESSAY  ON  QUICK-LIME. 

VJlJICK-LIME  is  a  r#/Ar,  or  a  very  fine  powder, 
obtained  by  burning  marble,  chalk,  or  lime-ftone,  and 
afterwards  throwing  water  upon  it. 

This  powder,  when  newly  burnt,  is  foluble*  in 
water; — is  capable  of  being  formed  into  a  firm  ce 
ment,  if  properly  mixed  up  with  water, — and  is  pof- 
fefled  of  many  other  peculiar  qualities  that  it  is  un- 
neceffary  here  to  enumerate. 

But  if  this  powder  has  been  expofed  to  the  influence 
of  the  air  for  fome  time,  it  is" found  to  be  no  longer 
capable  of  being  diflblved  in  water  ; — it  has  become  in 
capable  of  being  formed  into  a  cement,  and  has  loft 
many  of  the  other  peculiar  qualities  for  which  it  was 
at  firft  remarkable. 

In  common  language,  this  powder  is  ufually  diftin- 
guiflied  by  the  name  of  LIME  (imply.  But,  in  the 
language  of  philofophic  precifion,  it  is  called  QUICK 
LIME,  fo  long  as  it  remains  foluble  in  water,  and  ca 
pable  of  being  ufed  as  a  cement.  After  it  lofes  thefe 
properties,  it  is  diftinguiihed  by  the  name  of  EFFETE- 
LIME. 

In  either  of  thefe  dates,  it  is  employed  by  the  far 
mer  as  a  manure  :  And  as  it  is  a  manure  of  the  moft 
univerfal  utility  that  has  yet  been  dilcovered,  its  nature 
and  qualities  deferve  to  be  very  particularly  invelligated. 

The  defign  of  this  Eflay,  is  to  point  out  fome  of  the 
peculiarities  that  conftitute  the  excellence  o^  this  fub- 
ftance,  as  a  manure,  and  as  a  cement  :  And  as  what 
may  be  fa  id  of  it  as  a  manure,  will  be  better  under- 
ftood  after  its  nature  as  a  cement  has  been  explained,  it 
will  be  neceflary  to  confider  it  firft  in  that  point  ofview. 

PART 

*  Capable  of  being  diffolved. 

To  avoid  difagreeable  circumlocution,  I  fhall  be  obliged,  in 
this  Elfay,  to  employ  fome  technical  terms  not  commonly  un- 
derftoocl  j  but  fhall  explain  their  meaning  as  I  go  along.' 

B 


OF    QUICK-LIME 

PART     FIRST. 

OF  QUICK-LIME  AS  A  CEMENT. 


IF  lime-ftone  or  marble  be  expofed  to  the  a£tion  of  a 
pretty  intenfe  fire  for!  a  fufficient  length  of  time,  its 
colour  is  altered,  and  its  weight  confiderably  diminifh- 
ed  :  but  it  retains  its  former  figure  and  dimenfions. 

In  this  ftate  of  burnt  (tone,  it  is  in  many  places  dif- 
tinguimed  by  the  name  of  lime-Jhells,  or  /hell-time^  or 


If  water  be  thrown  upon  thefe  lime-fhellsy  a  confid- 
erable  heat  is  in  a  fhort  time  generated  ;  the  burnt 
itones  begin  to  crack  and  fall  afunder,  and  the  mafs  in- 
creafes  in  bulk  as  it  gradually  crumbles  down,  or  falls, 
as  it  is  more  commonly  faid,  into  a  fine  powder  ; 
which  is  always  of  a  white  colour,  whatever  was  the 
colour  of  the  (tone  before  calcination.* 

This  powder  is  called  flacked  lime,  or  (imply  lime  ; 
and  the  operation  that  reduces  it  homjhells  to  this  ftate, 
is  called  flacking. 

§3- 

If  this  powder  is  intimately  mixed  with  as  much 
water  as  reduces  it  to  the  confidence  of  a  thin  pafte, 
and  afterwards  dried,  it  concretes  into  one  coherent 

rnafs, 

*  Calcination  is  the  operation  by  which  any  folid  compact 
body  is,  by  means  of  fire,  reduced  from  its  former  coherent 
itate,  to  that  of  a  dry  incoherent  powder,  which  is  called  a  calx. 


AS    A    CEMENT.  7 

mafs,  which  adheres  to  (tones,  or  other  unpolifhed  bod 
ies,  very  firmly  ;  and  thus  it  becomes  a  proper  cement 
for  building  walls  of  any  fort. 

After  this  pafte  has  been  once  fully  dried,  it  becomes 
indiilbluble  in  water,  fo  as  never  to  be  foftened  by  the 
moifture  of  the  air  ;  on  which  account,  it  greatly  ex 
cels  clay,  or  any  other  cement  that  can  be  eafily  ob 
tained. 

This  cement,  when  compofed  for  building  walls,  is 
called  mortar.  When  intended  to  be  applied  only  as 
a  fmooth  coating  upon  the  furface  of  any  place,  with 
out  being  mixed  with  ftones,  it  is  called  in  this  coun 
try  fimply  plafter. 

§4- 

It  has  been  found  by  experience,  that  the  cement 
made  of  lime  that  had  been  obtained  from  a  lime-ftone 
which  confided  of  pure  cakerous*  earth  alone,  without 
any  proportion  of  fand,  never  attained  any  great  de 
gree  of  hardnefs  but  remained  a  foft  crumbly  mafs, 
that  might  be  eafily  broken  down  by  any  fmali  torce 
applied  to  it. 

And,  on  the  contrary,  if  the  original  lime-ftone  con 
tained  a  very  large  proportion  ot  fand,  the  cement 
made  of  it  alone  was  a  much  harder,  firmer,  and  more 
durable  fubftance. 

And  as  it  was  difcovered,  that  the  pureft  lime  might 
be  rendered  a  very  firm  cement  by  the  addition  or  a 
due  proportion  of  clean  hard  fand,  the  practice  of  mix 
ing  fand  with  lime,  when  intended  for  mortar,  came 
to  prevail  very  univerfally. — The  oldeft  lime  built 
walls  that  are  now  to  be  found,  clearly  fhow  that  this 
practice  has  been  adopted  before  thefe  were  built. 

But 

*  Calcerons  is  a  general  term  denoting  all  thofe  fubftances 
that  conliit  of  the  matter  of  which  lime  may  be  made,  in  what 
ever  ftate  it  may  be  found — whether  alone — or  mixed  with 
other  fubftances,  that  prevent  it  from  being  reduced  to  pow 
der  after  calcination. 


8  OF  OUICK-LIME 

But  it  ftill  remains  a  defideratum  to  afcertain  the  dut 
proportion  of  fand  ;  as  authors,  as  well  as  pra&ical 
mafons,  differ  very  much  from  one  another  as  to  this 
particular. 

They  likewife  differ  very  much  in  their  directions 
about  the  mode  of  mixing  the  materials,  and  of  apply-* 
ing  the  cement  ; — fome  modern  authors  efpecially,  at 
tributing  amazing  effects  to  a  fmall  variation  in  thefe 
particulars,  while  others  deny  that  thefe  circumftances 
have  any  fenfible  effedl  on  the  durability  or  firmnefs  of 
the  cement. 

Thefe  different  and  contradictory  opinions  feem  to 
arife  from  an  imperfect  knowledge  of  the  nature  of 
quick- lime,  and  the  variations  it  may  admit  of  :  For, 
thefe  variations  are  fo  very  great,  as  to  render  it  impof- 
fible  to  give  any  general  rules  that  can  poffibly  apply 
in  all  cafes.  It  therefore  behoves  thofe  who  wirfi  to 
attain  any  confiftency  of  knowledge  on  this  fubject, 
to  endeavour,  firft,  to  afcertain  the  circumftances  that 
render  calcareous  fubftances  capable  of  becoming  a 
cement  at  all,  and  then  to  trace  the  feveral  changes 
that  may  be  produced  upon  it  by  other  extraneous 
caufes. 

This  I  (hall  endeavour  briefly  to  do. 

§  5- 

Lime-ftone  and  marble  are  nothing  elfe  than  a  cal 
careous  matter  chryftallized,*  and  alTume  different  ap 
pearances,  according  to  accidental  circumftances  that 
have  occurred  at  the  time  of  their  original  formation. 

V?.  The 

*  Saline  fubftances,  when  diflblved  in  water,  and  put  into 
proper  circumftances  for  that  purpofe,  feparate  from  the 
water,  and  fhoot  into  regular  figures,  which  afflime  different 
forms,  and  are  more  or  lefs  tranfparent  according  to  the  dif 
ferent  nature  of  the  fait,  as  nitre,  alum,  &c.  Thefe  regular 
tranfparent  bodies  are  properly  called  chryftals. — Hence  every 
foody  in  nature  that  affumes  a  form  and  appearance  fimilar  to 
thefe,  and  is  produced  in  the  fame  manner,  is  faid  to  be 


AS    A    CEMENT.  9 

i/f.  The  more  perfect  thefe  chryftals  are,  the  harder, 
and  more  compact,  will  the  (tone  be  that  confifls  of 
them. 

zd.  The  fmaller  the  proportion  of  extraneous  mat 
ter  that  is  entangled  among  thefe  chryftais,  the  purer 
and  finer  will  the  Hme  be  that  is  made  from  the  (tone 
which  confifted  of  tjiem. 

From  a  variation  in  one  or  other  of  thefe  two  par 
ticulars,  aiife  ail  the  varieties  of  calcareous  matter 
that  can  be  converted  into  lime  ;  which  varieties  may 
be  diftinguiflied  from  one  another  by  the  following 
particulars. 

i/?.  When  the  calcareous  matter  is  pure,  and  per 
fectly  chryitallized  ;  when  it  afiumes  a  clear  and  fome- 
what  tranfparent  appearance,  and  is  found  in  regular 
ftrata,  without  many  fi  flu res,  it  is  then  called  marble* 

id.  When  the  calcareous  matter,  is  pure,  but  the 
chryftallization  lefs  perfect,  though  in  regular  ftrata,  it 
ftill  obtains  the  name  of  marble  ;  but  as  it  is  more 
opaque,  and  lefs  compa£l  than  the  former,  it  is  reck 
oned  lefs  valuable,  and  coarfer. 

^d.  When  the  calcareous  matter  is  ftill  pretty  pure,  , 
but  haftily  concreted  into  an  uniform  mafs,  without 
having  been  in  a  ftate  that  permitted  it  to  chryftallize, 
or  to  fubfide  into  regular  (trata,  it  is  called  chalk ;  which, 
when  reduced  to  a  powder  without  calcination,  is  called 
waiting. 

4/£.  When  the  chryftals  are  tolerably  perfect,  but 
have  had  a  confuierable  proportion  of  fand  entangled 
among  them,  it  is  no  longer  called  marble,  but  lime- 
ftone.  And  this  is  more  or  lefs  pure,  or  affords  a  richer 
or  poorer  lime,  as  it  contains  a  greater  or  fmaller  pro 
portion  of  calcareous  matter  ;  and  is  more  or  lefs  hardy 
according  to  the  degree  of  perfection  of  the  chryftals. 

Even  the  pureft  calcareous  matter,  perfectly  chryf- 
talllzed,  is  called  lime-ftone,  and  not  marble,  when  it 
confifls  of  fmall  pieces  that  have  not  been  concreted 
into  regular  flrata. 

B2  5//>.   When. 


IO  OF    QUICK-LIME 

5//>.  When  the  calcareous  matter  is  perfectly  pure, 
and  (hot  into  fmaller  chryltals,  of  atranfparent  white- 
riefs,  it  is  called  fparr — and,  in  other  circumftances, 
ftalaftltes. 

ktk.  When  the  calcareous  matter  has  been  formed 
by  nature  as  a  covering  for  animals,  it  is  called//^//  ; 
in  which  clafs  may  be  included  corals  and  corallines. 

Thefe  are  all  the  fuBftances  that  have  hitherto  been 
employed  for  making  lime.  The  other  varieties  of 
calcareous  matter,  (that  I  may  bring  them  all  under 
one  view,  and  point  out  their  elTential  diilinclions)  are 
as  follow  : 

7//j.  When  the  calcareous  matter,  while  in  its  fluid 
date,  has  been  abforbed  into  a  bed  of  clayey  matter, 
and  with  it  concreted  into  an  uniform,  compact,  un- 
chryftallizeJ  mafs,  it  has  been  denominated  marie  ; 
which  is  more  or  \sf spare,  according  to  the  proportion 
of  calcareous  matter  it  contains  ;  and  more  or  leis  hard, 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  clay,  and  the  proportion 
of  fand  that  may  have  been  mixed  with  it.  And, 

8/£.  Wheny^//j,  by  the  lapfe  of  time,  and  by  long 
macerating  in  water,  have  loft  the  animal  gluten  that 
cemented  them,  and  are  crumbled  down  to  a  fine  whit- 
ilh  powder,  they  are  denominated  J&ett- mar h . 

qtb.  When  {hells  are  broken  into  down  fmall  frag 
ments,  that  are  (till  hard  and  gritty,  it  is  called  Jhcli- 
Jund. 

It  would  be  a  curious  difquifition  to  inquire  how 
thefe  mafles  of  calcareous  matter  were  originally  form 
ed  ? — How  they  were  reduced  to  a  iiate  that  rendered 
them  fjiuble  in  water,  which  mult  have  been  the  cafe 
before  they  could  admit  of  being  chryiluliized  ? — What 
were  the  circumitances  which  contributed  to  render 
fome  of  thefe  chryftals  fo  much  more  perfect  than 
others  ?  &c.  &c. — But  thefe  difquiiitions,  however 
curious  they  might  be,  are  here  omitted,  as  not  abfo- 
lutely  neceilary  tor  the  elucidation  of  our  fubjecl:.  The 
explanation  of  \\±z  nature  of  the  different  calcareous 

matters 


AS    A    CEMENT.  II 

matters  above  given,  was  neceffary  ;  as,  without  a 
knowledge  of  thefe,  it  would  have  been  impoffible  to 
have  explained,  in  a  fatisfa£tory  manner,  the  way  in 
which  thefe  fubftances  are  more  or  lefs  fitted  to  be 
employed  as  a  cement,  or  a  manure. 

To  avoid  unneceiTary  repetitions,  the  Reader  is  de- 
fired  to  obferve,  that  for  the  future,  I  fhall  mention 
all  matters  that  can  be  converted  into  quick-lime,  un 
der  the  name  of  lime-ftone,  whether  they  be  in  the  form 
of  marble,  chalk,  or  common  lime-ilonfr,  diftinguiming 
either  of  thefe  when  it  may  become  neceffary. 

§  6. 

Lime-ftone,  in  the  ftate  we  find  it,  is  always  a  com 
pound  fubitance. — In  its  pureit  (late,  it  confifts  of  a 
calcareous  earth,  united  with  a  coniiderable  proportion 
of  water  ;  for  faline  matters,  when  chryftallized,  al 
ways  contain  water. 

Lime-done  likewife  contains  another  fubftance,  the 
nature  of  which  will  be  afterwards  explained. 

When  lime-itone  has  been  expofed  for  a  fufficient 
length  of  time  to  the  action,  of  a  fufficiently  intenfe 
fire,  the  whole  of  the  water  it  contained  is  evaporated  : 
So  that  lime-ihells  are  always  lighter  than  the  (lone  of 
which  they  are  made,  by  the  whole  weight,  at  leait, 
of  the  water  the  chryltals  contained. 

And  as  perfect  chryftals  always  contain  a  much. 
larger  proportian  of  water  than  thofe  that  are  lefs  per- 
fedr,  it  follows,  that  of  two  kinds  of  lime-itone  of  equal 
purity,  that  which  is  hardeft,  and  mod  tranfparent,  will 
lofs  a,  greater  proportion  of  its  weight  in  calcination, 
than  that  which  is  fofter  and  more  opaque. — Hence 
marble  lofes  more  weight  by  burning  than  chalk.* 

Again,— 

*  Such  renders  as  are  totally  unacquainted  with  the  circum- 
ftances  that  are  neceflary  to  the  formation  of  chryftals  in  gen 
eral,  will  probably  be  at  a  lofs  eaiily  to  comprehend  the  chain 
of  argumentation  followed  here,  and  in  forne  other  parts  of 
this  EfTny.  The  fullowing  explanation  will  make  it  mere  in 
telligible  :  As 


12  OF    QUICK-LIME 

Again, — As  fand  lofes  nothing  of  its  weight  by  cal 
cination,  it  likewife  follows,  that  in  two  kinds  of  lime- 
ftone  equally  firm  and  well  chryftallized,  the  pureftt 
or  that  which  contains  the  greateft  proportion  of  cal 
careous 

As  faline  matters,  properly  fo  called,  are  more  eafily  chryf 
tallized  by  art  than  any  others,  it  will  be  beft  to  take  our  illuf- 
trations  from  that  clafs  of  bodies. 

It  is  a  property  of  faline  bodies,  that  they  may  all  be  diflblved 
in  water. 

They  may  alfo  be  feparated  from  that  water,  and  obtained 
in  a  dry  form  ;  but  they  affume  very  different  appearances, 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  procefs  that  is  followed  for  fep- 
arating  them  from  that  water. 

If  a  watery  folution  of  any  fait  be  fuddenly  evaporated  by 
means  of"  fire,  there  remains  behind  a  white  fubilance,  fome- 
times  flightly  coherent,  as  in  pearl. afhes,  &c.  and  fometimes  it 
falls  into  a  powdery  calx,  as  in  evaporating  a  folution  of  Glau 
ber's  falls,  alum,  &c. 

But  if  the  water  be  gently  evaporated  by  a  moderate  heat — 
before  it  becomes  a  dry  powder,  the  fait  quits  the  water,  and 
fhoots  out  into  regular  figures  of  a  tranfparent  glafTy-like  ap 
pearance,  which  have  obtained  the  name  of  chryftals. 

Thefe  chryftals  vary  in  figure,  hardnefs,  &c.  according  to 
the  nature  of  the  falts  of  which  they  are  compofed. 

But  they  all  agree  in  one  refpeft,  thsto  they  contain  a  con- 
fiderable  proportion  of  water  united  with  the  faline  matter.— 
Some  kinds  of  fait  abforb  a  very  large  proportion  of  water  in 
this  way. — Chryftallized  Glauber's  falts  contain  two  thirds  of 
their  weight  of  water. — Common  fait  does  not  contain  near 
fuch  a  large  proportion. 

Hence  it  happens,  that  no  chryftals  of  any  kind  of  fait  can 
poffibly  be  formed,  unlefs  thefe  falts  have  been  perfectly  dif- 
iblved  in  water. 

And  the  perfection  and  tranfparency  of  thefe  chryftals  de 
pend  entirely  on  their  being  allowed  to  (hoot  leifurely,  in  that 
degree  of  heat  which  is  belt  adapted  to  the  nature  of  each  par 
ticular  kind  of  fait. 

For  it  often  happens,  that  water  can  be  made  to  diflblve  a 
much  larger  proportion  of  fait,  when  it  is  hot,  than  when  it  is 
cold  j  fo  that  if  a  folution  of  thefe  kinds  of  falts  is  continued 
in  a  confiderable  heat,  it  will  {till  remain  fluid,  even  after  it 
has  lefs  water  than  would  be  neceffary  for  forming  the  chryf 
tals. — In  which  cafe,  if  it  is  taken  from  the  fire,  and  allowed 
to  cool,  it  fuddenly  concretes  into  a  folid  opaque  kind  of  mafs 

between 


AS    A    CEMENT.  13 

careoirs  matter,  will  lo-fe  rn  calcination,  the  greateft 
proportion  of  weight. 

From  thefe  fads  it  appears,  that  no  rule  can  be 
given  for  afccrtaining  the  proportion  of  weight  that 
lime-ftone  lofes  by  calcination.  It  mufl  vary  in  all 
poilible  degrees,  according  to  circumftances. 

§  7- 

Lime-ftone,  befides  the  ingredients  abovementioned, 
contai«s  a  considerable  proportion  of  another  fluid,  that 
enters  into  its  compofition,  and  greatly  alters  its  chemi 
cal  qualities,  to  which  philcfophers  have  given  the 
name  of  fixed  air.*  This  is  alfo  difentangled  from  the 
/tone,  and  difperfed,  in  the  a£t  of  calcination  ;  as  has 
been  demonftrated  by  the  very  ingenious  Dr.  Black, 
of  Edinburgh,  to  whofe  mod  faiisiaftory  KiVay  on  this 

fubjeft, 

between  a  chryftal  and  a  calx — as  may  eafily  be  experienced, 
by  melting  chryflallized  Glauber's  fait  in  a  tire-(hoveJ,  and 
allowing  it  to  cool  before  it  is  entirely  evaporated  to  drynefs. 
The  fame  circumftances  contribute  to  the  formation  of  cal 
careous  matters  into  chryrtals,  and  may  be  eafily  applied  by 

the  Reader. Lime  is  the  calx  produced  by  evaporating  the 

chryftals  to  drynefs  j — and  it  only  differs  from  other  faline 
calces  in  this  refpeft,  that  they  always  retain  the  quality  of 
being  foluble  in  water,  and  may  be  converted  into  a  liquid 
mafs,  and  again  chryftallized  whenever  that  is  adminiftered  to 
them  : — whereas  lime  lofes  that  quality  in  a  fhort  time  j  and 
if  it  has  not  been  diflblved,  and  again  chryflallized,  in  that 
fhort  fpace,  it  muft  ever  remain  unalterably  in  the  ftate  it 
chanced  to  be  in  when  it  loft  its  faline  quality. — Hence  it  ap 
pears  in  all  the  different  ftages  of  more  or  lefs  perfeft  chryf- 
tallization,  from  the  molt  tranfparent  fpar,  or  marble,  to  the 
rnoft  opaque  chalk,-*— from  the  hardnefs  nearly  of  a  flint,  to  the 
ioofenefs  of  an  ahnoft  incoherent  powder. 

*  Since  this  Eflay  was  written,  a  total  change  has  taken 
place  in  regard  to  the  names  of  chemical  fubftances — but  I  do 
not  think  it  necefTary  here  to  make  any  change  in  that  refpecr., 
the  terms  being  here  all  explained  as  they  occur,  fo  as  to  pre 
vent  ambiguity. 


14  .      OF    QUICK-LIME 

fubjecT:,  in  the  Phyfical  and  Literary  Effays,  I  refer  the 
curious  Reader. 

When  lime-Hone  is  thus  deprived  of  its  fixed  air,  it 
acquires  many  of  the  properties  of  faline  bodies.  It  is 
in  confequence  of  this  that  it  then  becomes  capable  of 
being  diifolved  in  water, — is  extremely  acrid, — and 
a&s  moft  powerfully  on  many  bodies  upon  which  it 
has  no  fenfible  effect  whije  in' the  ftate  of  lime-ftone. 

On  thefe  accounts,  cljemifts  have  given  it  the  appel 
lation  of  can/lie y  when  in  this  ftate,  in  contradiftin&ion 
to  its  ordinary  ftate  before  calcination,  or  after  it  is 
again  united  with  its  fixed  air,  when  it  is  faid  to  be  in 
its  mild  ftate. 

Hence,  then,  the  phrafe  mild  when  applied  to  cal 
careous  earth,  denotes  that  it  is  then  united  with  its 
fixed  air  ;  which  may  be  faid  equally  of  it  before  cal 
cination,  when  it  is  called  lime-ftone  ;  or  after  calcin 
ation,  when  it  is  denominated  effete  lime  :  And  cauf- 
llc  calcareous  earth  is  a  phrafe  exactly  fynonymous  with 
guick-Ttmt,  in  its  ftrict  and  philofophical  acceptation  ; — 
that  is,  calcareous  earth  perfectly  detached,  in  a  chemi 
cal  fenfe,  from  every  other  fubftance. 

§  8. 

But  although  it  is  pofiible  by  art  to  free  lime-ftone 
from  its  water  and  air,  and  reduce  it  to  the  ftate  of  an 
unmixed  acrid  faline  calx  ; — yet  no  art  can  keep  it 
long  in  that  ftate,  as  it  has  an  irrefiftible  propenfity  to 
unite  itfelf  again  to  thefe  fubftances. 

If  water  is  poured  upon  the  (tone  immediately  after 
calcination,  which  in  that  ftate  is  ufually  called  lime- 
Jhells,  it  has  been  already  faid,  that  it  pervades  every 
part  of -the  (lone  ;  each  particle  of  the  lime  feems  greed 
ily  to>teize  fome  portion  of  the  water,  with  which  it 
inftantly  and  intimately  unites.  In  the  act:  of  union, 
a  coniiderable  heat  is  generated,  and  in  a  fhort  time  its 
whole  particles  are  perfectly  detached  from  one  an 
other, 


AS    A    CEMENT.  15 

other,  fo  as  to  fall  down  in  the  form  of  a  fine,  white, 
and  feemingly  dry  powder,  notwithflanding  the  large 
quantity  of  water  that  is  thus  united  with  it.* 

If  lime-mells  be  expofed  to  the  influence  of  the  air, 
without  throwing  water  upon  them,  they  quickly  at 
tract  moifture  from  thence,  which  (lowly,  and  without 
any  fenfible  heat,  flakes  the  lime-ftiells,  and  reduces 
them  to  powder. 

Still,  however,  the  lime  retains  its  cauftlc  quality, 
even  after  its  partial  union  with  the  water  :  But  it  as 
irrefiftibly,  though  more  flowly,  continues  to  abforb 
the  air,  as  the  water  of  which  it  had  been  deprived  by 
this  calcination,  and  without  intermifiion,  perpetually 
tends  towards  that  mild  itate  which  feems  to  be  natural 
to  it. 

§9- 

If  water  is  poured  upon  flaked  lime  in  large  quan 
tities,  that  water  diflblves  a  certain  portion  of  the  fe 
line  calx,  which  forms  the  folution  called  lime-water, 
that  has  been  much  praifed  as  a  medicine  by  phyficians. 

But  the  lime  has  hardly  had  time  to  be  diflblved  by 
the  water,  before  the  calcareous  earth  abforbs  a  pro 
portion  of  its  fixed  air  from  the  water  itfelf,  and  the 
furrounding  atmofphere ;  with  which  it  forcibly  unites, 
and  immediately  again  becomes  mild  calcareous  earth, 
or,  if  you  will,  lime-ftone.  And  as  it  is  not  in  thisftate 
foluble  in  water,  it  immediately  feparates  from  it,  and 
forms  a  thin  film  of  chryftallized  lime-ftone  on  the 
furface  of  the  water.  In 

*  The  quantity  of  water  contained  in  dry  flaked  lime,  is 
much  greater  than  any  one  could  poffibly  imagine. — By  exper 
iment,  1  find  that  pure  lime  perfectly  calcined,  requires  0?  leaft 
its  own  weight  of  water,  before  it  can  be  reduced  to  a  powder. 
By  the  heat  generated  in  the  operation,  about  one  tenth  of  that 
water  is  evaporated, — fo  that  the  drieft  flaked  lime,  if  pure, 
confiits  of  about  equal  parts  ot  calcareous  earth  and  water. — 
Such  as  is  flaked  to  the  ordinary  degree,  contains  a  great  deal 
more  water  than  is  here  mentioned. 


l6  OF    QUICK-LIME 

In  this  way,  all  the  lime  is  in  a  fhor.t  time  feparated 
from  the  lime  water ;  and  it  quickly  lofes  all  thofe  qual 
ities  for  which  it  was  remarkable,  becoming  pure  and 
Cmple  water  again,  unlefs  fome  caultic  lime  be  allow 
ed  to  remain  at  the  bottom  of  the  veffel,  upon  which 
the  water  may  again  act,  after  what  it  had  formerly 
diflblved  had  left  it. 

§  10. 

It  is  by  a  procefs  fomewhat  fimilar  to  the  former, 
fchat  calcareous  fialaftites  are  formed  in  caverns  under 
the  earth,  depending  from  the  roof  in  the  form  of  very 
large  icicles,  and  other  grotefque  figures,  that  afford 
matter  of  admiration  and  aftonimment  to  the  curious 
who  vifit  thefe  fubterraneous  caverns.  It  is  but  fel- 
dom  that  we  are  able  to  give  fuch  a  diftincl:  account 
of  the  operations  of  nature',  as  in  the  prefent  cafe. 

Thefey?^/^^?//^  are  always  formed  by  water  drop 
ping  from  the  roof.  This  water,  in  thefe  cafes,  is 
always  fiightly  impregnated  with  cauftic  calcareous 
matter,  which  it  meets  with  in  the  bowels  of  the  earth, 
and  dilTolves. — By  what  procefs  that  calcareous  matter 
is  there  rendered  cauftic,  remains  as  yet  to  be  explain 
ed,  and  affords  a  fubjedl  well  worthy  the  inveftigation 
of  the  curious.* 

This  natural  lime-water,  when  it  comes  to  the  roof 
of  the  cavern,  hangs  for  fome  time  in  the  form  of  a 
drop,  till  at  length  fo  much  water  is  accumulated 
there,  as,  by  its  natural  gravity,  overcomes  the  power 
of  cohefion,  and  makes  it  fall  to  the  ground.  But  it 
is  no  fooner  fallen,  than  it  is  again  fucceeded  by  anoth 
er,— -and  another, — and  fo  on  ad  infinitum. 

While 

*  Chemical  philofopbers  have  now  been  enabled  to  account 
for  this  phenomenon  by  the  folvent  power  ot  certain  gajes—^ 
but  it  is  unnecefTary  here  to  enter  more  at  large  into  that  dif- 
£uifion,  as  it  does  not  affecl;  the  explanation  in  the  text. 


AS    A    CEMENT.  1 7 

While  thefe  drops  remain  fufp.er.ded  from  the  roof," 
the  calcareous  matter  contained  in  them  greedily  at 
tracts  the  air  all  around  the  furfaoe  of  the  drop  ;  and 
before  it  falls,  a  fmall  part  of  it  is  reduced  to  a.w/'/V 
ftate,  leaves  the  water  with  which  it  was  formerly 
united,  and  adheres  firmly  to  the  roof.;  which  in  time 
accumulates  fo  much  folid  matter  as  to  form  a  fort  of 
nipple  depending  directly  downwards. 

After  this  nipple  is  formed,  each  drop,  as  it  dcfcends, 
flows  from  its  root  towards  its  point,  fo  as  to  be  dif- 
fufed  in  a  thin  ftream  over  its  whole  furface.  In  this 
fituation,  the  water  is  fo  much  expofcd  to  the  action 
of  the  air  in  its  defcent,  that  a  part  of  the  calcareous 
matter  is  rendered  mild,  and  is  left  adhering  to  the 
former,  fo  as  to  increafe  its  diameter  towards  the  root  ; 
•while  a  part  flows  forward  to  the  point,  and  adds  to 
its  ftrengih,  in  the  fame  manner  as  it  fir  ft  began  to 
be  formed. 

In  this  manner  thefe  tangles*  continue  to  increafe 
in  fize  fo  long  as  they  are  f uttered  to  remain, — and  as 
ought  to  be  expected  from  the  above  induction,  there 
is  always  a  fmall  hole  through  the  heart  of  each  of 
them. 

The  tangles  under  bridges,  and  other  artificial 
arches  through  which  water  is  permitted  to  percolate, 
are  found  exactly  in  the  fame  manner,  though  ufually 
they  are  lefs  perfectly  chryftallized. 

All  forts  of  calcareous y^^rj  owe  their  origin  to.  a 
fimilar  caufe. 

While 

*  It  is  doubtful,  if  tangles,  in  the  fenfe  here  tifed,  is  a 
proper  Englifh  word  ;  but  as  it  is  common  in  Scotland,  and 
ys  1  know  no  fingle  Englifh  word  that  is  equivalent  to  it,  I 
have  ventured  to  adopt  it.  It  denotes  any  kind  of  pendent 
concretion',  refembling  the  (nape  of  an  icicle,  of  whatever 
kind  it  is  formed.  Any-perfon  who  reflects  on  this  fubject4 
will  feel  what  a  want  it  would  be  in  the  language,  if  the  won! 
icicle  were  abolifhed  :  the  want  would  hardly  be  lefs  per 
ceptible,  if  L  were  debarred  the  u(e  of  this  term* 
c 


1 8  OF    (XUICK-I.IME 

While  thefe  n*turz\  folaffjfes  are  of  a  fmall  fize, 
they  will  continue  to  be  regularly  formed,  and  retain 
the  figure  of  icicles  ;  becaufe  the  water,  as  it  oozes 
out,  will  be  fufficient  to  furround  the  whole  of  the  nip 
ple,  and  augment  it  equally  on  every  fide.  But,  in 
time,  thefe  will  become  fo  large,  as  to  caufe  the  water 
to  How  down  only  on  one  fide,  after  which  the  figure 
will  become  diftorted  and  irregular.  Two  or  more 
\vill  fometimes  unite  into  one  ;  and,  in  the  courfe  of 
ages,  an  infinite  diveriity  of  fantailic  forms  will  grad 
ually  be  .produced  which  may  exhibit,  on  many  occa- 
fions,  figures  of  ftupendous  magnificence. 


The  operations  of  nature  are  fo  fimple,  that  when 
we  once  get  a  glimpfe  of  the  manner  in  which  they 
are  effected  in  one  inftance,  it  is  eafy  to  extend  our  ob- 
fervations,  in  a  fatisfaclory  manner,  to  others  of  a 
iimilar  nature.  When  we  once  perceive  the  manner 
in  which  calcareousjlalaflifes  are  formed,  it  is  eafy  to 
comprehend  the  way  in  which  more  regular  ftrata  of 
calcareous  fubftances  have  been  produced.  The  fame 
cavern  that  produces  the  one,  will  always  afford  ex 
amples  of  the  other. 

The  drop  of  lime-water  that  falls  from  the  roof  of 
the  cavern,  although  it  has  loft  fome  of  the  calcareous 
matter  with  which  it  was  impregnated,  ftill  retains  a 
part.  When  it  reaches  the  ground,  it  either  remains 
itagnant,  fo  as  to  form  a  poole,  or  flows  over  a  fmooth 
furface.  *  In  either  of  thefe  cafes,  it  will  be  allowed 
time  to  abforb  fome  more  of  its  air  ;  and  a  part,  or 
the  whole,  of  the  calcareous  earth  will  be  rendered 
mild*  and  remain  in  a  firm  chryftallized  folid  cake  of 
marble. 

If  the  dream  is  confiderable,  the  meet  of  calcareous 
matter  may  be  extended  to  a  great  diftance,  thinly 
fpread  over  a  large  declivity,  as  the  water  flows  in  its 
courfe,  till  at  lait  the  whole  cavity  may  be  filled  with 
a  regular  firoUim  of  lime-done  or  marble.  In 


AS    A    CEMENT.  19 

In  this  manner,  within  the  memory  of  man,  have 
huge  rocks  qi  marble  been  formed  near  Matlock,  in 
Derby  fhire,  which  furnifh  matter  of  ailoniihment  to 
thofe 'numerous  travellers  who  flock  to  fee  this  uncom 
mon  phenomenop .  It  is  feldom  that  nature's  opera 
tions  are  fo  rapid  as  in  this  inftance.  But  there  is 
no  room  to  doubt, -that  all  the  ftrata  of  calcareous  mat 
ter  in  the  world,  have  been  formed  by  a  procefs  exactly 
iimilar  to  this. 

When  the  drops  are  fmaller,  fo  as  not  to  be  fufl?- 
cient  to  fonn  a  large  itream,  but  (till  to  flow  over  a^ 
imall  part  ©f  the  furface,  irregular  fwelling  cakes  or 
lime  {tone  are  produced. — When  fmaller  flill,  they 
rife  up  into  high  prominences,  with  roundifh  heads, — 
fometimes  refembling  collyflower,  and  fometimes  broc 
coli-heads. 

If  a  current  of  air  haftily  promotes  the  evaporation 
of  the  water,  the  chryftallization  will  be  iefs  perfect. 
But  enough  has  aheady  been  faid  to  illuilrate  the  fub- 
je&  1  have  undertaken. 

I  now  return  from  the  operations  of  Nature,  to 
fhofe  of  Art. 

§  12. 

If  flaked  lime  be  expofed  to  the  air  for  any  length 
of  time,  in  the  form  of  a  dry  powder,  it  abforbs  the 
fixed  air  alfo  in  this  (late,  in  a  ihort  time  lofes  all  its 
qualities  as  a  quick-lime,  and,  chemically  cojifideied, 
.differs  in  no  xefpect  from  the  ftone,-of  which  it  was 
compofed. 

If  no  more  water  has  been  added  at  flaking  than  was 
barely  fufficient  to  make  it  fall,  and  if  it  be  kept  dry 
ever  afterwards,  or  mixed  with  any  dry  powder,  it  does 
not  harden  as  it  abforbs  its  air,  but  remains  in  a  pow 
dery  flate,  to  all  appearance  in  no  refpect  differing  from 
quick- lime. 

But  if  a  larger  proportion  of  water  has  been  added 
than  was  neceflary  for  flaking  the  lime, — in  proper- 

tion 


20  OF    QUICK-LIME 

tion  as  it  abforbs  its  air,  and  becomes  fiilldy  it  concretes 
into  a  coherent  mafs  ;  firft,  upon  the  lurface,  which 
quickly  becomes  covered  with  a  hard  cruft,  greatly  re- 
iembling  the  thin  cruft  that  is  formed  on  the  fur  face  of 
moid  earth  by  a  moderate  froft.  Mafons,  ignorant  of 
t'he  real  caufe  of  this  phenomenon,  call  \\froftid  lime  ; 
although,  their  own  experience  ought  to  fatisfy  them, 
that  this  cruft  is  formed  as  readily  in  fummer  as  in 
winter. 

As  lime  that  has  abforbed  its  air  in  anyofthefe  ways, 
is  altogether  unfit  for  becoming  a  cement,  it  is  evident, 
Kiat  a  great  change  may  be  produced  upon  the  qual 
ity  of  any  lime,  by  having  allowed  lefs  or  more  ot  it  to 
b?  in  this  flate,  before  it  is  worked  up  into  mortar. 

§'3- 

If  a  large  quantity  of  water  be  added  to  frefh  flaked 
quick-lime,  *and  beat  up  with  it  into  a  thin  pafte,  the 
•water"  diffblves  a  fmall  proportion  of  the  lime,  which, 
as  it  gradually  abforbs  its  air,  is  converted  into  chryf- 
ia!s  ;*"  between  the  particles  of  which  chryftals,  that 
pjrt  oh  t!ie  lii'ne  which  was  not  dirfolved,  and  th-c  other 
extraneous  matters  that  may  have  been  mixed  with  if, 
are  entangled,  fo  as  to  form  a  firm  coherent  mafs  of  the 
whole. 

The  pafte  formed  in  this  manner,  is  called  mortar  / 
and  this  heterogenous,  imperfectly  fcmi-chrydallized 
mafs,  conititutes  the  common  cement  ufed  for  build 
ing  ocdinaiy  walls. 

Thefe  circumftances  being  premifed,  it  will  not  be 
difficult  to  comprehend  what  are  the  particulars  that 
are  neceiiary  to  form  the  moft  perfedt  cement  of  this 
fort. 

§14- 

Since  lime  becomes  a  cement  only  in  confequence  of 
a  certain  degree  of  chryftallization  taking  place  in  the 
whole  mais,  it  is  fufficieiuly  obvious,  that  the  firmnef* 


AS    A    CEMENT.  21 

and  perfection  of  that  cement,  muftdepend  upon  the 
perfedion  of  the  chryftals,  and  the  hardnefs  of  the 
matters  that  are  entangled  among  them.  For,  if  the 
chryftals  are  ever  fo  perfect  and  hard  of  themfelves, 
if  they  be  feparated  from  one  another  by  any  brittle 
incoherent  medium,  it  is  evident,  that  the  whole  mafs 
mud  remain  in  fotne  degree  brittle  and  incoherent. 

§'5- 

Water  can  only  diffolve  a  very  (mail  proportion  of 
Time,  even  when  in  its  moil  perfect  faline  ftate*  ;  and, 
as  happens  with  all  other  faline  matters,  no  more  of 
the  lime  can  be  reduced  to  a  chryftalline  mafs,  than 
has  been  actually  dillblved  in  the  water. — Hence  it 
happens,  that  if  mortar  be  made  of  pure  linn?  and  wa 
ter  alone,  a  very  final!  proportion  of  the  lime  only  can 
be  diffolved  by  that  fmall  quantity  of  water  that  is  add 
ed  to  it  :  And  as  this  fmall  proportion  alone,  can  be 
afterwards  chryftallized,  ail  the  remaining  undiilblvcd 
particles  of  the  lime  will  be  entangled  among  the  few 
chryftals  that  are  formed. 

And  as  the  undinbived  lime  in  this  mafs  will  in  time 
abforb  its  air,  and  be  converted  into  mild  calcareous 
earth  without  having  had  a  fufficiency  of  water  to  al 
low  it  to  chryftallize,  it  muft  concrete  into  a  friable 
mafs,  exactly  refembling  chalk  :  It  follows,  that  this 
kind  of  mortar,  when  as  dry  as  it  can  be  made,  and  in. 
its  higheft  degree  of  perfection,  will  be  always  foft,  and 
•eafily  crumbled  into  powder. 

§16. 

But  if,  inftead  of  forming  the  mortar  of  pure  lime 
alone,  a  large  proportion  of  fand  be  added  to  it,  the 


*The  reader  will  obferve,  that  I  often  fpesk  of  lime  in  its 
fgline  (tate.  1  prefume,  he  will  eaiily  underit&nd,  that,  by 
that  phrafe,  is  meant  linie  while  it  remains  capable  of'beii)^ 
•diffolved  m  water  :— that  is,  as  long  as  it  remains  deprived  5s* 
us  fixed  air  \ — or,  in  other  \yords,  \\hiJ?  in  its  caujll^  liais.. 


22  OF 

water  will,  in  this  cafe,  diiTolve  as  much  of  the  lime  as 
in  the  former,  and  the  particles  of  hard  land,  like  flicks 
or  threads,  when  making  ftigar-candy  or  other  chryf- 
tals,  while  fur  rounded  by  the  watery  folution,  will  help 
to  forward  the  chryftallizatton,  and  render  it  more 
perfect  than  it  othervvife  would  have  been,  fo  as  firmly 
to  cement  the  particles  of  fand  to  one  another. 

And  as  the  granules  of  fand  are  perfectly  hard  of 
themfelves,  fo  as  not  to  admit  of  being  broken  down 
like  the  particles  ot  cha-'k,  it  neceilarily  follows,  that 
the  cement  made  of  the'fe  materials  mutt  be  much 
more  perfect,  in  every  tefpecl,  than  the  former. 


That  the  reader  may  fee  the  full  force  of  the  above 
reafoning,  it  is  neceilary  he  ihould  be  informed,  that 
when  calcareous  matter  is  reduced  to  a  cauftic  calx,  it 
becomes,  in  every  lenfe  of  the  word,  a  perfect  faline 
fubftance,  and  is  in  this  ftate  as  entirely  foliible  in 
water  as  common  fait  or  fugar  ;  although  with  this 
difference,  that  lime  can  be  fufpended  by  water  only  in 
a  much  finaller  proportion.  Water  can  difYolve  one 
ihird  of  its  weight  of  common  fait,  and  keep  it  fuf 
pended  in  a  fluid  ftate  ;  but  it  can  hardly  diliblve  one 
!houia>Khh  part  of  quick-lime  before  it  is  faturated*. 

But 

he  term  fiiiriratic',:  is  employed  to  denote  that  (late  cf  a 
•  iuul,  when  it  has  dii'iblved.  as  much  ot  a  folid  body  as  it  can 
puiltoly  iufpend  in  it  at  one  time. 

When  any  faline  fubftance  is,  put  into  water,  it  is  difiblved 
by  the  water,  and  fufpended  in  it  tHl  it  attains  what  is  called 
!hr  point  of  fatnration  ;—  after  which,  if  ever  fo  much  fait  be 
added,  not  one  particle  more  v/jl!  be  diflblved,—  ~but  it  will 
remain  at  the  bottom  in  its  original  folid  ilate. 

Water  diiiblves  very  different  proportions  of  different  falts 
before  it  is  fatnrated.  It  will  diilblve  its  own  weight  of  Glau 
ber's  fait,  one-third  of  its  weight  of  common  fait,  and  not 
one-thoufandth  of  its  weight  of  lime. 

Hence  it  may  very  readily  happen,  that  although  any  par- 
'irul-'-  1'^Ir  eomd-fee  '.Yliclly  iliftbh'cd  hi  water,,  a  part  of  tiie 


AS    A    CEMEN'T.  23 

But  although  lime  be  as  entirely  foiuble  in  water 
•ivhen  in  its  caujlicjlate,  as  any  other  purely  faline  Tub- 
fiance,  it  fo  quickly  abforbs  its  air,  as  to  have  forme 
part  of  it  rendered  mild,  before,  it  can  be  wholly  dif- 
iblved  on  any  occafion,  in  which  ftate  water  cannot 
acl  upon  it  ;  fo  that  to  obtain  a  total  folution,  that 
proportion  of  it  that  becomes  mild,  requires  to  be 
again  and  again  calcined,  alter  freih  folutions  have 
foeerv  drawn  from  it, 

As  fuch  a  large  proportion  of  water  is  neceiTary  to 
diffolve  any  quantity  of  lime,  it  feldom  happens,  even 
in  making  lime  water,  but  that  more  lime  is  added 
than  is  fufficient  to  faturate  the  whole  of  the  water  : 
In  which  cafe,  forne  of  it  ftili  remains  at  the  bottom, 
fn  a  condition  capable  of  being  diiiblved,  if  more  wa 
ter  be  added  to  it. 

But  lime,  it  has  been  already  fa  id,  -differs  from  pure 
ly  faline  fubitances.,  in  this  refpe£t  :  that  u  cannot 
j'oiiibly  be  long  fufpended  in  water  ;  for  it  foon  ab- 
lorbs  its  air  even  from  that  element,  and  is  thus  redu 
ced  to  a  mild  Hate,,  when  it  immediately  chryftailizes, 
^tnd  fepar.atfcs  from  the  water.*  in 

fait  may  remain  untouched,  If  too  much  has  been  added. 
Thus,  it"  one  ounce  of  lime  is  put  into  ten  ounces  of  water, 
that  water  will  become  fimirated  before  it  fliall  have  diflblved 
•one-third  of  the  quick-lime,  and  the  remainder  will  remain 
in  a  folid  (late,  untouched. 

*  Although  purely  faline  fiibftances,  in  every  flat  e,  continue 
-to  be^folublr  in  \v;rt-er,  yet  many  of  them  become  more  or  left 
-fo.  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of  air  that  is  united  \\ith 
them  at  the  time  ;  and  in  fo  far  refemble  l>me  in  thi^  particu 
lar,  that  they  are  more  ealily  diflblved  when  deprived  of  their 
air,  than  when  united  wj-th  it. 

sttKfi.liv.e  r  falts,  ftr'cclly  fo  cali-ed,  like  lime,  may  be  either 
in  a  canj-ic  or  r,riid  Itate  ;  which  appellations  they  in  like 
manner  obtain  when  they  ar-e  deprived  of  their  air,  or  united 
with  it.  \Vhen 


t  The  term  ntiali  \*.   employed  to  denote  a  certain  clafs  of  faline 
vliofe  certain  diftirp  i;(h'incr  ch,m<ftcrift:'c  is,  that  they  may  be  united  with  acids, 
*.".d  ,vUii  UISEI  fcraft  ntu'.ra!  falts,  as  nitre,-commo:i  lalt,  &c,- 


24  OF 

In  confequeiice  of  this  peculiarity,  it  neceflTarily 
happens,  that  in  proportion  as  thefe  chryftals  feparate 
from  lime-water,  a  part  of  it  becomes  pure  water 
again,  and  is  initantly  capable  of  diiTolving  as  much 

cauftic 

When  thefe  falts  are  in  a  can/tie  ftate,  they  are  folnble  in 
water  in  any  proportion.  They  have  even  fuch  a  tendency  to 
•unite  with  it  when  in  this  ftate,  that  it  is  extremely  difficult, 
if  not  altogether  impoffible,  to  free  them  from  the  water  till 
they  are  reduced  to  a  mild  ftate.  No  art  has  ever  yet  been 
<lifcovered,  by  which  a  cauftic  volatile  alkali  could  be  exhib 
ited  in  a  folid  form  ;  and  although  dry  concretions  of  the  fix 
ed  alkali  are  fometimes  obtained  while  it  is  pofleifed  of  a  cer 
tain  degree  of  caufliciiy,  yet  thefe  concretions  are  only  ob 
tained  in  confequence  of  fbme  part  of  it  becoming  mild  in  the 
operation  :  nor  can  they  be  kept  in  that  ftate  without  the  ut- 
moft  care. 

Ordinary  pot-afli  is  an  alkaline  fait,  obtained  from  the  afhes 
of  burnt  vegetables.  This  is,  in  fome  measure  deprived  of 
its  air  in  burning  the  plant  ;  but  during  the  procefs,  before 
the  watery  folution  is  thoroughly  evaporated  to  drynefs,  the 
alkali  has  abforbed  fome  part  of  its  air,  and  is  in  fome  meaf- 
ure  rendered  mild,  fo  as  to  admit  of  being  reduced  to  a  dry 
ftate  by  the  force  of  fire.  But  as  the  fait  is  not  in  this  ftate 
perfectly  mild,  the  cauftic  part  of  the  alkali  attracts  the  moiit- 
ure  from  the  air  with  fo  much  power  as  foon  to  obtain  enough 
to  reduce  the  whole  to  a  watery  folution,  if  it  is  not  preferv- 
ed  from  damp  air  with  theutmaft  care. 

This,  and  every  other  faline  fubftance,  which  attracts  moift- 
ure  from  the  air,  and  duTolves  in  it,  is  called  adeliyuejcent 
fait. 

But  if  this  alkali  be  expofed  to  the  air  for  a  fufficient  length 
of  time,  till  it  has  flowly  abforbed  its  whole  proportion  of 
•fixed  air,  and  with  it  has  become  one  chemical  niixt,  forming 
a  perfettly  mild  alkali,  it  is  then  capable  of  being  <UfTblved  in 
water,  only  in  one  certain  proportion,  like  other  falts  ;  and 
may  be  made  to  ftioot  unto  regular  chryftals,  which  may  be 
-kept  in  a  folid  dry  ftate,  when  the  atmofphere  is  in  a  due 
temperature  of  heat,  in  the  fame  manner  as  any  other  fait. 

Jn  this  cafe,  the  alkali,  it  is  plain,  leaves  the  water  as  foon  as 
it  has  united  with  its  air,  in  the  fame  manner  as  lin>e  feparates 
from  water,  and  afTumes  a  dry  chryftalline  form.  The  alkali 
may,  indeed,  be  again  dillblved,  by  adding  a  larger  propor 
tion  of  water,  which  the  other  cannot  j  but,  in  the  firft  par 
ticular,  the  parallel  is  alike* 

Cocauioa 


A3    A    CEMENT.  25 

C£uflic  lime  as  it  had  loft  by  the  former  chryitalliza- 
tion  ;  fo  that  i.t  immediately  acls  upon,  and  diiTolves 
another  portion  of  the  quick-lime  that  remained  be 
low  alter  the  water  was  faturated.  This  portion  of 
lime  isalfo  chryitallized  in  its  turn,  and  a  irefh  folu- 
lion  takes  place  ;  and  fo  on,  it  continues  conftantly 

chryftallizing 

Common  fait  is,  in  like  manner,  In  part  decomposed*  by 
the  violent  heat  that  takes  place  hi  our  ordinary  way  oi  boil 
ing  it.  A  part  ot  its  acid  is  diftipated  ;  the  alkali  that  re 
mains,  is  lei't  in  its  cdiiflic  date.  Hence  it  has  a  .perpetual 
tendency  to  abforb  \\  ater  ;  in  confequence  x)f  which,  the  whole 
becomes  a  deliquefcent  fait.  If  the  evaporation  is  made 
flowly  enough,  tiie  chryfb.ls  are  more  per  left  j  and  it  maybe 
eafily  kept  dry  in  the  ordinary  ftate  of  our  atmofphere. — 
This  is  the  reafon  why  great  fak  may  be  more  eafily  kept  dry 
than  fmall  fair. 

If,  however,  the  alkali  that  is  mixed  with  the  fait  had  not 
been  in  a  cauiHc  flate,  it  is  well  known  It  would  not  have  dc- 
liqiujccd  ;  for  the  natrum  ot  the  Ancients,  or  the  jbjftl  alkali 
of  the  Moderns,  in  its  native  mild  (tate,  is  a  .firm  chryitallin-? 
lalt,  much  reiemblin^  nitre,  from  whence  it  originally  derives 
its  name. 

Exactly  fimilar  to  thefe  are  the  changes  produced  upon 
common  fugar,  by  the  different  proceiTes  it  may  be  made  to 
undergo.  Sugar  is  a  folk!  concrete,  obtained  by  evaporating 
to  drynefs  the  juice  of  the  fugar  cane.  In  the  ordinary  pro- 
cefs  for  obtaining  that  fubitance,  it  is  deprived  of  for^e  part  of 
its  fixed  air, — and  is  hallily  concreted  into  an  imperfect  fort 
<.if  chryllalline  mafs.  In  this  irate,  it  is  poflelled  of  a  certain 
degree  of  acrid  caufticity,  and  can  be  diflolved  in  water  in  any 
proportion  from  the  ilig'hteft  degree  of  impregnation  to  per- 
l£&  drynefs. — But  when  it  is  placed  in  proper  circumUances, 
and  is  allowed  time  to  abforb  its  air, — like  tl;e  other  fubftan- 
ces  above  mentioned,  it  can  only  be  diflolved  in  certain  pro 
portions  ;  and  therefore  quits  the  water  as  it  gradually  .unites 
with  its  air,  and  afliimes  a  regular  chrj  flaliine  form. 

Thefe  chrydalsarediitinguifhecl  by  th.e  name 
and  are  well  known  to  be  more  difficultly  foluble  in  water, — 
to  be  a  milder  and  lefs  acrid  fweet, — and  to  pofTefs  many  other 
qualities  different  frora  the  fugar  of  which  they  were  origin 
ally  formed. 

+  Cemmon  fait  is  a  compound  lubftance,  formed  by  the  union  of  a  particu 
lar  acid  with  ihisfoflil  alkali, 


26  OF    QUICK-LIME 

chryftallizing  and  diflblving   anew,  a«   long    as  any 
cauitic  lime  remains  in  the  water  to  be  difTolved. 

It  is  in  confequence  of  this  conftant  action  of  the 
water  and  air,  that  lime-water  always  continues  oi 
an  equal  degree  of  (irength,  fo  long  as  any  cauitic  lime 
remains  ,in  the  vellel  for  the  water  to  adt  upon,  not- 
withftanding  the  large  proportions  of  calcareous  chryft- 
als  that  are  continually  feparating  from  it. 

§  18. 

From  the  foregoing  induction,  it  appear?,  that  when 
a  large  quantity  of  fand  is  mixed  in  the  mortar,  that 
fand  will  bear  -a  great  proportion  to  the  whole  mafs  ; 
fo  that  th<^ water  that  may  be  mixed  with  the  mortar 
•will  be  much  greater  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of 
lime  contained  in  this  mortar,  than  if  thd  whole  had 
confifted  of  pure  calcareous  matter. — And  as  the  fand 
abforbs  none  of  that  water,  after  a  part  of  the  lime  is 
chryftallized,  and  feparated  from  the  water,  that  wa 
ter,  now  pure,  is  left  at  liberty  to  aft  once  more  upon 
thofe  few  particles  of  cauftic  lime  that  may  ftill  remain 
in  the  mortar,  which  will  be  diilblved  and  converted 
into  chrfltals  in  their  turn, 

In  this  manner,  it  may  happen,  in  fomecircumftan- 
ce.s,  that  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  lime  may  be 
come  chryftallized  ;  fo  that  the  mortar  mall  confift 
almoft  entirely  of  fand  enveloped  in  chryftalline  mat 
ter,  and  become,  in  due  time,  as  hard  as  {tone  itfelf  ; 
whereas  mortar,  con  fi  ft  teg  of  pure  lime,  without  fand, 
can  hardly  ever  be  much  harder  than  chalk. 


It  is  not,  however,  to  be  expefted,  that  in  a/iy  cafe, 
this  dried  mortar  will  aflume.that  tranfparent  chryftal 
line  form,  or  the  compact  firm nefs  of  marble,  or  lime- 
Rone. — In  mortar,  in  fpite  of  the  utmoll  caie  that  can 
ever  be  taken,  a  very  confiderable  quantity  of  the  lime 

my  it 


AS    A    CT.MENT.  £7 

muft  remain  undiiTolved  ;  which  undiiTolved  lime, 
although  it  may  be  fo  much  feparated  by  the  fand  and 
chryftallized  Irme-ftone,  as  not  much  to  affect  the 
hardnefs  of  the  mortar,  yet  it  muft  (till  retain  its  white 
chalky-like  appearance. 

But,  as  marble  and  lirrre-ftone,  are  always  formed  by 
thofe  particles  of  lime  that  have  been  wholly  diflblvecr 
in  water,  and  from  which,  they  have  been  gradually 
feps  rated  by  a  more  flow  and  more  perfect  mode  of 
chryftallization,  they  have  nothing  of  that  opaque^/*- 
like  appearance,  but  affume  other  colours,  and  appear 
more  firm,  uniform,  and  compact  ;  the  fand,  and 
other  matters  that  may  be  enveloped  in  them,  being 
entirely  furrounded  with  a  pure  chryilallized  matter, 

§  20. 

To  obtain  the  moft  perfect  kind  of  mortar,  how 
ever,  it  is  not  enough  that  a  large  proportion  of  fane! 
fhould  be  employed,  and  that  the  fand  mould  be  inti 
mately  mixed  with  the  lime.  It  is  alfo  of  the  utmoft 
importance,  that  a  large  proportion  of  water  be  added  : 
For,  without  this,  it  is  impoflible  that  a  large  propor 
tion  of  the  lime  can  be  chryftallized  ;  and  the  mortar, 
in  that  cafe,  would  confill  only  of  a  mixture  of  chalky 
matter  and  fand,  which  could  hardly  be  made  to  unite 
all — would  be  little  more  coherent  than  fand  by  itfelf, 
and  lefs  fo  than  pure  chalk.  In  that  cafe,  pure  lime 
alone  would  afford  rather  a  firmer  cement  than  lime 
with  fand. 

§  21. 

It  is  alfo  of  very  great  importance,  that  the  water 
be  retained  as  long  in  the  mortar  as  poflible  :  For,  if 
it  be  fuddenly  evaporated,  it  will  not  only  be  prevented 
from  acting  a  fecond  time  upon  the  lime,  after  a  part 
of  what  was  firft  dilTolved  has  been  chryftallized,  but 
even  the  few  chryftals  that  -would  be  formed  when  the 
water  was  fuddenly  evaporating,  would  be  of  them- 

felves, 


28  OF    QjiriCK-LlME 

felv^g,  irnich  more  imperfect  than  they  otherwife  molt 
certainly  would  have  been. 

Common  fait,  which  confifts  of  chryftals  haftily 
formed  by  a  fudden  evaporation  of  fea- water  by  means 
of  fire,  has  the  appearance  oi^a  dry  whitifh  calx,  that 
may  be  eafily  broken  to  pieces  : — The  fame  fait,  when 
flowly  chryftalliz-ed  by  a  gentle  evaporation  in  the 
fhade,  confifts  of  large  cubical  chryftals,  as  tranfparent, 
and  little  fofter,  than  crown-glafs. 

Ordinary  lump  fugar,  it  has  been  faid,  likewife  con- 
fills  of  another  fubftance  haftily  concreted  by  a  fudden 
evaporation  of  the  fluid  in  which  it  was  di Helved  : — 
Sugar-candy,  is  the  fame  fubftance,  flowly  chryftallized 
by  a  more  moderate  evaporation.  Every  one  knows, 
what  a  difference  there  is  between  the  firmnefs  of  thefe 
two  fubftances.  As  great  muft  be  the  difference  be 
tween  the  firmnefs  of  that  cement  which  has  been 
flowly  dried,  and  that  which  has  been  haftily  hardened 
by  the  powerful  action  of  a  warm  air. 

It  is  owing  to  this  circumftance,  that  the  lime  which 
remains  all  winter  in  a  mortar-tub  filled  with  water, 
is  always  found  to  be  much  firmer,  and  more  coherent 
than  the  mortar  that  was  taken  from  the  fame  tub, 
and  ufed  in  any  work  of  mafonry  ;  although,  in  this 
cafe,  the  materials  were  exadly  the  fame.  From  the 
fame  caufe,  any  work  cemented  with  lime  under  wa 
ter,  if  it  has  been  allowed  to  remain  unhurt  till  it  has 
once  become  hard,  is  always  much  firmer  than  that 
which  is  above  the  furface  of  the  water. 

§22. 

To  make  the  reader  comprehend  the  full  force  of 
the  foregoing  reafoning,,  I  would  compare  lime-ce 
ment,  or  mortar,  to,  a  mafs  of  matter  confifting  of  a 
congeries  of  f tones  •  clofely  compared  together,  and 
united  by  a  llrong  cementing  matter,  that  had,  while 
in  a  fluid  ftate,  pervaded  all  the  interftices  between 
the  ftones,  and  had  afterwards  become  a  fblid  indiilbLu- 
ble  fubftance.  1£ 


<\S     A     CEMENT.  2$ 

If  the  cementing  matter  be  exceedingly  hard  and  co 
herent,  and  if  the  {tones  bedded  among  it  are  alfo  very 
hard  and  firm,  the  whole  mafs  will  become  like  a  folid 
rock,  without  fiffures,  that  can  hardly  be  bjoken  to 
pieces  by  the  power  of  man. 

But  although  the  cement  mould  be  equally  firm,  if 
the  (tone  of  which  it  confilts  be  of  a  foft  and  friable 
nature,  fuppofe  chalk  or  fand-ttone,  the  whole  mafs 
will  never  be  capable  of  attaining  fuch  a  degree  of  firm- 
nefs  as  in  the  former  cafe  ;  for,  when  any  force  is  ap 
plied  to  break  it  in  pieces,  although  the  cement  fhould 
keep  its  hold,  the  folid  matter  cemented  by  it  would 
give  way,  and  the  whole  would  be  eafily  broke  to 
pieces. 

Now — in  mortar,  the  fand  that  is  added  to  it  repre- 
fents  the  (tones  of  a  folid  matter  in  the  compofition,  the 
particles  of  which  are  united  together  by  the  lime  that 
had  been  formerly  diflblved,  and  now  chryftallized, 
which  becomes  an  exceedingly  folid  and  indiflblubl^ 
concretion. 

And  as  the  particles  of  fand  are  of  themfelves  ex 
ceedingly  hard,  and  the  cement  by  which  they  are 
united  equally  fo,  it  is  plain,  that  the  whole  concre 
tion  muit  become  extremely  firm,  fo  as  to  require  a 
very  great  force  to  difunite  any  particle  of  it  from  the 
whole  mafs. 

But  if,  inftead  of  employing  fand,  the  only  folid 
body  that  is  entangled  among  the  cementing  matter 
fhould  be  chalk  (which,  as  has  been  faid,  muft  always 
be  the  cafe  when  the  mortar  confifts  of  pure  lime  alone) 
or  any  other  flight ly  coherent  fubftance,  let  the  ce 
menting  particles  of  that  compofition  be  ever  fo  per- 
feel",  it  is  impoffible  that  the  whole  can  ever  attain  a 
great  degree  of  firmnefs  ;  as  thefe  chalky  matters  will 
be  eafily  broken  afunder. 

§  23. 

Many  conjectures  have  been  made  about  the  nature 

of  the  lime-cement  employed  by  the  Ancients.     It  has 

D  been 


30  OF     QUICK-LIME 

been  thought  they  poffeffed  an  art  of  making  mortar, 
that  has  been  long  iince  entirely  loft  ;  as  the  cement  in 
the  walls  that  have  been  built  by  them,  appears  to  be, 
in  many  cafes,  much  firmer  than  that  which  has  been 
made  in  modern  times. — Yet,  when  the  mortar  of 
thefe  old  buildings  is  analized,  it  is  found  to  confift  of 
the  fame  materials,  and  nearly  in  the  fame  propor 
tions,  which  we  now  employ. 

It  is  probable,  however,  that  their  only  fecret  con 
fided  in  mixing  the  materials  more  perfectly  than  the 
rapidity  or  avarice  of  modern  builders  will  permit  ; 
in  employing  their  mortar  in  a  much  more  fluid  (tale 
than  we  do  now  ;  and  in  allowing  it  to  dry  more 
flowly,  which  the  immoderate  thicknefs  of  many 
of  their  walls  would  naturally  produce,  without  any 
preconcerted  defign  on  their  part. 

Tradition  has  even  handed  down  to  our  times  the 
memory  of  the  moft  effentiai  of  thefe  particulars  ;  as 
the  lower  clafs  of  people,  in  every  part  of  the  country, 
at  this  moment,  invariably  believe  that  thefe  old  walls 
were  compofed  of  a  mortar  fo  very  thin,  as  to  admit 
of  its  being  poured,  like  a  fluid,  between  the  ftones, 
after  they  were  laid  in  the  wall.  And  the  appearance 
of  thefe  old  walls,  when  taken  down,  feems  to  favour 
this  popular  tradition. 

Nor  have  I  any  doubt  but  this  may  have  been  actual 
ly  the  cafe.  The  (tones  in  the  outer  part  of  the  wall 
were  probably  bedded  in  mortar,  nearly  as  we  prac- 
tife  atprefent  ;  and  the  heart,  after  being  packed  well 
with  irregular  (tones,  might  have  the  interlaces  be 
tween  them  entirely  filled  up  with  fluid  mortar,  which 
would  infmuate  itfelf  into  every  cranny,  and  in  time 
adhere  as  firmly  as  the  (tones  themfelves,  or  even  more 
fo,  if  the  itones  were  of  a  fandy  friable  nature. 

As  thefe  walls  were  ufually  of  very  great  thicknefs, 
it  might  often  happen  that  the  water  in  this  mortar, 
by  a&ing  fuccellively  upon  different  particles  of  cauftic- 
lime,  would  at  length  be  entirely  abfoibed  by  fuccef- 

llve 


AS     A     CEMENT.  31 

five  chryftallizations,  fo  as  to  become  perfectly  dry, 
without  any  evaporation  at  all  ;  in  which  cafe,  a  very 
Jarge  proportion  of  the  original  lime  muft  have  been 
regularly  chryftallized  in  a  flow  and  tolerably  perfect 
manner,  fo  as  to  attain  a  firmneis  1'tftle  inferior  to 
lime-done  or  marble  itfelf. 

Upon  thefe  principles,  it  is  eafy  to  account  for  the 
fuperior  hardnefs  of  fome  old  cement,  when  compared 
with  that  of  modern  times,  in  which  a  practice  very 
different  is  ufually  followed,  without  having  recouilc 
to  any  wonderful  arcana  whatever. 

§   24. 

A  modern  French  author,  Monfieur  Loriet,  after 
meditating  much  upon  this  fubje£t,  imagines,  he  has 
made  a  perfect  difcovery  oi  the  way  in  which  the  An 
cients  employed  their  quick-lime,  fo  as  to  obtain  fuc.h 
an  extraordinary  firm  cement ;  from  which  difcovery,  he 
thinks  very  important  benefits  may  be  derived  to  focieiy. 

According  to  his  opinion,  the  ancient  cement  con- 
filled  of  lime  and  fand,  nearly  in  the  fame  proportions 
as  are  commonly  employed,  for  that  purpofe  at  prefent. 
But  inftead  of  making  it  of  flaked  lime  entirely,  as  we 
do  now,  he  fays  they  employed  a  certain  proportion 
of  their  lime  unjlaked,  which  they  mixed  with  their 
mortar  immediately  before  it  was  ufed. 

This  compofition,  he  fays,  forms  a  firm  and  dura 
ble  cement,  pofleffing  fo  many  valuable  properties, 
that  I  choofe  to  give  them  in  words  of  his  own  pane- 
gyrift  : 

"  In  the  courfe  of  the  1770,*"  fays  he, |  "Monfleur 

Lor'iQt 

*  It  deferves  to  be  noted,  that  about  the  fame  period,  Mr. 
Dofiie,  fecretary  to  the  Society  of  Agriculture  and  Arts,  m 
the  Strand,  London,  publifbed  a  receipt  for  making  mortar, 
in  imitation  of  that  of  the  Ancients,  which  was  in  every  re- 
Ipecl  the  fame  with  this  of  Monfieur  Loriot. — Which  of  thefe 
was  the  original  difcoverer,  let  the  parties  themfelves  deter 
mine. 

t  Thefe  extracts  are  taken  from  a  Treatife,  eHtitled,  A 

Praftical 


32  OF     (vyiCK-LIME 

Loriot  had  the  happinefs  to  difcover  a  kind  of  myftery 
in  Nature,  which  for  feveral  ages  paft,  had  npt,  it  is 
111  oft  probable,  manifefted  itfelf  to  any  body  but  him- 
felf  ; — a  myltery  on  which  all  the  merit  of  his  difccve- 
ry  is  founded. 

"  Taking  fome  lime  which  had  been  a  long  time 
flaked,  out  of  a  pit  covered  with  boards,  and  a  con- 
iiderable  quantity  of  earth  over  them  again,  by  which 
means  the  lime  had  preferved  all  its  original  frefhnefs, 
he  made  two  parts  of  it,  and  plalhed  and  beat  them 
both  perfectly  well. 

1  lie  then  put  one  of  thefe  parts,  without  any  ad 
dition,  into  a  glazed  earthen  pot,  and  in  that  condi 
tion  fet  it  to  dry  of  itfeif  in  th?  made.  Here,  in  pro 
portion  as  it  loft  its  moUture  by  evaporation,  it  cracked 
and  fplit  in  every  direction  ;  parted  from  the  fides  of 
the  pot,  and  crumbled  into  a  thoufand  pieces,  all  of 
them  equally  friable  with  the  bits  of  Hme  dried  up  with 
the  fun,  which  we  ufually  meet  on  the  banks  of  our 
lime-pits.*  "  With 

Praflical  Etfay  on  Cement  and  Artificial  Stone,  juftly  fuppofed 
to  be  that  of  the  Greeks  and  Remans,  lately  redijcoveied  by 
Monjiaur  Loriot,  Mafier  of  Mechanic,*  to  nit  Moft  Chriflian 
rt/ajefly,  £c.  Translated  from  the  French  Original,  lately  $itb~ 
ii find 'by  the  exprejs  order  of  the  above  Monarch.  London, 
Cade  1^*77  5. — It  appears  ro  have  been  written  not  by  M.  Loriot 
Jiifiifelf,  but  fome  of  his  friends,  as  he  is  always  mentioned  in 
the  third  perfon. 

*  it  is  irnpoffible,  in  reading  this  EfTay,  not  to  remark  tlie 
extreme  ignorance  or  inaccuracy  of  the  compiler  of  it,  on 
many  occalions.  Theprefent  paragrap.h  affords  a  proof  of  it. 
There  can  be  no  doubt,  but  that  linie,  if  it  has  been  very  long 
Jtaked,  will  lofe  all  its  qualities  as  a  quick-lime,  and  become 
perfectly  effette,  let  it  be  ever  fo  carefully  covered. — He  gives 
no  other  teit  of  the  lime  being  Hill  poffefTed  of  its  catiftic  qual 
ity,  but  that  it  was  covered. — For  ought  that  appears,  it 
might  have  been  entirely  ejfette-limc  ;  in  which  cale,  it  is  not 
at  all  furprifing  if  it  fhonld  not  be  capable  of  being  converted 
into  a  cement  of  any  kind. — Indeed  the  effects  he  defcribes, 
could  only  arife  from  iis  having  been  aclually  in  this  ftate: 
For,  there  is  no  man,  who  does  not  know,  that  lime  which 
has  been  fome  time  flaked,  may,  on  many  occafions,  be  em 
ployed, 


AS     A     CEMENT.  33 

"  With  regard  to  the  other  part,  Monfieur  Loriot, 
juft  added  to.it  one-third  of  its  quantity  of  powdered 
quick-lime,  and  then  had  the  whole  well  kneaded,  in 
order  to  make  the  two  kinds  of  lime  perfectly  incor 
porate  with  each  other.  This  done,  he  put  this  mixture 
likewife  into  a  glazed  earthen  pot,  as  he  had  done  the 
fiift  ;  when,  behold,  it  foon  began  to  heat,  and,  in 
the  fpacc  of  a  few  minutes,  acquired  a  degree  of  con- 
fiftence  equal  to  the  beft  plafter,  when  prepared  in  the 
bed  manner.  In  fhort,  it  fet  and  -confoiidated  as 
readily  as  metals  in  fufion  when  taken  fiom  the  fire, 
and  turned  out  a  kind  of  inftantaneous  lapidifkation, 
having  dried  completely  within  a  very  fmali  ipace  ot 
time,  and  that  too  without  the  lealt  crack  or  flaw  ; 
nay,  it  adhered  fo  ftro-ngly  to  the  (ides,  of  the  pot,  as 
not  to  be  parted  from  them  without  breaking  it." 

As  to  this  paflage,  I  fha!l  only  fay,  that  I  re 
peated  the  above  experiment  feveral  times,  with  all 
the  accuracy  I  was  capable  of  ;  with  this  only  dif 
ference,  that  I  employed  lime  that  had  lain  a  confid- 
rable  time  beat  up  with  water,  as  is  ufual,  to  allow 
it  \ofour,  in  ihe  common  language  of  ma  ions,  inftead 
•cflime  that  had  been  long  covered  up  in  a  pit,  like  that 
which  he  employed. 

The  refult  was,- what  any  man  who  bellows  a  mod- 
crate  degree  of  attention  to  the  fubje£t,  and  the  expe 
rience  of  mafons,  might  have  expected, —  but  extreme 
ly  different  from  that  of  Monfieur  Loriot. 

The  pafte  made  of  the  old  flaked  lime  alone,  dried 
ilowly, — became  in  time  a  mafs  flightly  coherent, 
fomewhat  harder  than  chalk,  it  having  been  very  pure 
lime  I  employed,  without  find  or  any  other  addition. 

That  which  was  made  with  the  fame  flaked  lime, 
with  one-third  of  its  quantity  of  unilaked  lime  reduced 
to  powder,  kneaded  through  it,  did  indeed  heat,  as  is 

ufual 

ployed  as  a  cement,  which,  at  leaft,  is  capable  of  adhering 
together,  and  not  falling  down  at  once  into  a  Joofe  powdqr  A*J 
U  tlries,  D  i 


34  OF     QUICK-LIME 

ufuai  in  all  cafes  when  the  lime  is  flaked,— f welled  op, 
as  is  alfo  ufual  ; — but  acquired  no  degree  of  hardnefs 
greater  than  the  other,  nor  differed  in  any  refpedt  from 
it,  excepting  that  it  abforbed  the  water  more  quickly  ; 
and  in  a  day  or  fo  after  it  was  kneaded  up,  when  it  be 
came  pretty  dry,  fome  particles  of  lime- (lone,  which  had 
not  been  burnt  fo  perfectly  as  the  reft,  and  were  there- 
tore  longer  of  flaking,  began  to  heave  up  afrelh,  having 
lain  till  this  time  unflaked. 

On  this  account,  although  it  mud  only  beconfidered 
as  an  accidental  misfortune  that  will  not  always  hap 
pen,  it  was  evidently  a  much  worfe  cement  than  the 
other. 

Such  is  the  fa&.  Nor  is  it  eafy  to  fee  a  reafon  why 
any  beneficial  confequences  fhould  refult  from  the 
practice  recommended. — It  is  well  known,  that  if 
Avater  be  added  to  burnt  lime- ft  one  in  any  way,  the 
firft  effed  is,  that  it  heats,  fwells,  and  falls  down  to  a 
powder. — Even  under  the  water,  the  effecl  is  the  fame. 
After  that  powder  is  formed,  it  may,  by  remaining 
under  water,  concrete  into  a  folid  mafs  ;  but  with 
whatever  fubftances  it  is  mixed,  it  muft  firft  feparate 
before  it  unites.  In  the  name  of  common  fenfe,  then, 
where  can  be  the  difference  in  firft  reducing  it  to  that 
powdery  (late,  and  then  beating  it  up  with  the  water  ; 
or  in  pouring  the  water  that  is  neceffary  to  reduce  it  to 
powder  upon  it,  and  allowing  that  powder  to  remain 
as  it  may  fall,  without  being  beat  up  with  the  mate 
rials  ?_~Some  of  the  watery  particles  will  at  firft  be 
abforbed,  which  is  evidently  a  lofs  to  the  mortar  ;  and 
the  lime  will  be  far  lefs  intimately  mixed  with  the  other 
ingredients,  than  if  it  had  been  properly  blended  and 
beat  up  with  them  after  it  was  in  its  fmalleft  powdery 
ihte  ;  which  muft  tend  to  render  the  mortar  ilill  lefs 
perfect. 

Monfieur  Loriot's  panegyrift,  however,  is  at  no 
lofs  to  produce  reafons  for  thefe  wonderful  effects, 
that  feem  to  him  to  be  entirely  iatisfaaory.  He  thus 
proceeds  :  '  Th-e 


AS    A    CEMENT.  35 

"  The  refult  of  this  addition  of  the  quick-lime,  fur- 
prifingas  at  firit  fight  it  might  feem,  is,  notwithftand- 
ing,  fo  eafily  explained  and  accounted  for,  that  it  feems 
fomevvhat  ftrange  that  Monfieur  Loriot  fhould  be  the 
firft  to  fufpecl:  and  difcover  it.  In  facl,  what  can  be 
plainer  than  that  the  fudden  fetting  and  confolidating 
of  thefe  two  fubftances  muft  neceflarily  arife  from  the 
quick-lime's  being  carried,  by  a  perfecl  amalgamation, 
or  admixture,  into  the  inmoft  recedes  of  the  flaked  lime, 
faturating  itfelf  with  the  moHture  it  there  meets  with, 
and  thereby  effecting  that  inftantaneous  and  abfolute 
deficcation*,  which,  becaufe  we  are  fo  well  accuftom- 
edto  it,  we  fo  little  mind  in  the  ufeof  gypfes  or  plafter  r" 

If  I  underftand  this  paragraph,  it  means  neither 
more  nor  lefs  than  that  thefe  two  fubftances  unite,  be 
caufe  they  neceflarily  do  unite  moft  perfectly.  If  it 
has  any  other  meaning,  I  am  dull  enough  not  to  per 
ceive  it. 

It 

*  Any  one  who  lias  beflowed  a  moderate  degree  of  attention 
to  the  operation  of  flaking  lime,  as  it  is  ufually  performed, 
nm ft  have  obferved  many  initances  of  that  fort  ot  ftidden  defic 
cation, — but  without  perceiving  any  of  the  other  effects  her 
mentioned. 

In  flaking  lime-Rones,  efpecially  when  of  the  pnreft  fort,  fo 
much  water  is  neceffary,  and  it  is  imbibed  fo  flovvly,  that  the 
operators,  knowing  it  will  be  all  drunk  up  in  due  time,  often 
to  throw  fo  much  on  one  place  at  once,as  to  reduce  it  to  almolfc 
a  fluid  (tate. — This  water  foon  finks  through  it  to  the  unllaked 
lime  below. — But  if  the  lime  on  the  top  was  regularly  flaked 
before  the  laft  effufioii  of  water,  il  retains  a  fniqoth  uniform 
fui  face,  like  plafter,  is  dried  almoft  entirely  in  a  few  minutes, 
— and,  if  not  broke  by  the  fuelling  of  the  lime  below,  con- 
iinues  ever  afterwards  to  retain  that  form  without  crumbling 
away  at  all.  If  th  s  is  allowed  to  dry  perfectly,  and  no  more 
water  is  poured  on  it,  till  it  h.is  abforbed  all  its  air,  it  is  per 
fect  chalk.  It  has  the  fame  hardne'fs,  confiftency,  &c.  and 
cannot  be  diftinguiflied  from  it,  either  in  iippearance  or  by 
^ny  other  property. 

This, however,  \\  ill  never  be  the  cafe,tm}efs  the  lime  has  been 
perfe&ly  pure,  fo  as  to  difiblvc  in  acids  as  entirely  as  fugar 
does  f«  water, 


36  OF 

It  would  be  tirefome  to  quote  more  paiTages  from 
this  Treatife.  Let  it  fuffice  to  obferve,  that  the  author 
proceeds  to  tell,  that  this  newly  difcovered  cement 
dries  and  hardens  almoft  under  the  hand  of  the  opera 
tor,  without  cracks  or  flaws  of  any  fort  ;*  that  it  nei 
ther  expands  nor  contracts  with  the  air  ;t — that  it  is 
impervious  to  moifture,J — "and  may  not  only  be  em 
ployed  for  making  roofs  to  houfes  that  are  fubje&ed  to 
the  continual  dropping  of  water, §  bafons,  acquedu&s, 
canals,|j  £c.  that  will  inftantly  contain  water  in  any 
quantities,  but  even  finer  works  of  the  pottery  kind  :f 
that  it  perfectly  refifts  frofts  ;  with  a  long  et  coetera  of 
other  qualities  which  it  would  be  tirefome  to  enume 
rate  ;  for, an,  account  of  which  I  muft  refer  to  the 
pamphlet  itfelf. 

That  Monfieur  Loriot  has  not  difcovered  a  cement 
pofiefling  thefe  peculiar  qualities,  it  would  be  unbe 
coming  in  me  to  fay  ;  feeing  //  is  affirmed,  that  works 
have  been  erected  with  it  that  prove  the  facts  in  the 
cleareft  manner.  But  that  fuch  effects  will  be  inva 
riably  produced,  merely  by  adding  a  certain  proportion 
of  unilaked  lime  in  powder  to  mortar,  as  he  aflerts,  or 
even  by  making  the  mortar  entirely  with  powdered 
quick-lime,  I  may  without  hefitation  venture  to  deny, 
not  only  from  the  reafoning  above  given,  but  from 
-actual  experiment  again  and  again  repeated  by  myfelf  ; 
which  is  likewife  in  fome  meafure  corioborated  by  the 
experience  of  Mr.  Doffie.* 

For 

*P.3i.     fP-32.    1  Ibid.     §  P. 44.     ||  P. 44,45,4$.     IP. 5*. 

*  Although  Mr%  Doffie  recommends  his  new  difcovered 
cement  tor  many  qualities,  yet  he  differs  extremely  from  M. 
Loriot  in  his  account  of  the  manner  in  which  the  union  is 
effected  :  For,  inftead  of  faying  that  '  it  confolidates  as 
readily  as  metals  in  fufion  when  newly  taken  from  the  tire,' 
lie  fays,  8  it  continues  foft  for  fome  time,  and  only  gradually 
liardens  in  the  air.1  SeeDoflie's  Mem,  of  Agriculture,  vol. 

Mr,  Doffie 


AS    A    CEME'NT,  37 

For  thefe  reafons,  I  am  induced  to  think,  that  if 
Monfieur  Loriot  has  really  experienced  thefe  uncom 
mon  effects  from  the  mortar  he  has  tried,  it  muft  have 
been  occafioned  by  fome  other  unobferved  peculiarity, 
and  not  merely  by  ihe  circumttance  to  which  he  feems 
to  afcribe  it.  Poflibly  it  may  have  been  impregnated 
vt\\\\  gypfum,*  a  faiine  fubftance, -naturally  abounding  in 
France  ;  and  as  one  of  its  principal  ingredients  is 
lime-done,  there  is  nothing  extraordinary  in  its  being 
found  in  the  fame  quarry  chryftallized  along  with  the 
lime-done,  nor  any  impoflibility  of  its  efcaping  unde- 
compofed,  on  fome  occafions,  during  the  calcination 
of  the  lime.  Or  it  may  perhaps  have  been  otherwife 
accidentally  mixed  with  the  lime  in  thefe  experiments. 

But  in  whatever  way  the  gypfum  may  come  there, 
if  it  be  prefent,  it  ;is  not  to  be  doubted  but  effects 
fimilar  in  kind  (though  not  in  degree)  to  what  M.  Lo 
riot  defcribes,  would,  in  fome  meafure,  refult  from 
the  practice  he  recommends  :  For,  if  gypfum  be  de 
prived  of  its  moifture  by  calcination,  it  becomes  a  fine 
powder,  greatly  refembling  the  pureft  lime,  which  co 
agulates,  if  1  may  ufe  that  phrafe,  immediately  upon 
the  addition  of  water,  and  acquires  at  once  all  the 
firmnefs  that  it  ever  can  be  made  to  attain. 

Thefe  properties  of  gypfum  have  been  Jong  well 
enough  known  ;  but  it  never  acquires  the  ftony  hard- 
nefs  that  lime-cement  is  fometimes  endowed  with,  al 
though 

Mr.  Doflie  does  indeed  afcribe  to  hiscem«nt  fome  of  the  fame 
qualities  that  M,  Loriot  attributes  to  his. — Some  of  thefe,  how 
ever,  are  common  to  every  fort  of  lime-mortar,  when  care- 
tiilly  made  j  and  were  it  not  a  little  foreign  from  our  fubjedt, 
it  would  be  no  difficult  matter  to  (how  in  what  manner  an 
inexperienced  perfon  might  have  his  judgment  mifled  with  rt- 
gard  to  fome  of  the  other  qualities  that  may  be  called  more 
equivocal. — The  imagination  is  a  more  powerful  magician 
than  all  the  wife  men  of  Egypt  ! 

*  Gypfum  is  an  earthly  fait,  confining  of  the  vitriolic  acid 
and  calcareous  earth. — It  is  bell  known  among  artisans  in  this 
country,  by  the  name  of  Plafler  of  Paris, 


38  OF    QUICK-LIME 

though  it  takes  the  fmootheft  polifh  of  any  cement  we 
know  :  on  which  account,  it  has  long  been  employed 
as  a  plafter  where  fine  ornaments  are  required. 

I  have  beftowed  more  attention  on  this  performance 
of  M.  Loriot  than  my  own  oginion  of  its  importance 
would  have  exacted  from  me  ;  and  it  is  purely  in  def 
erence  to  the  opinion  of  others  that  I  have  endeavour 
ed  to  account  for  fome  of  thofe  pkxn&mena  he  defcribes, 
fuppofmg  they  have  really  happened.  The  inaccurate 
and  unfcientific  manner  in  which  that  pamphlet  is 
written,  makes  it  afford  the  philofophic  reader  but 
very  little  fatisfadtion  ;  and  that  affectation  of  the 
marvellous  which  runs  through  the  whole,  and  the 
many  hyperbolic  compliments  paid  to  M.  Loriot  with 
which  it  abounds,  are  but  ill  calculated  for  giving 
the  reader  a  favourable  opinion  of  the  intention  of  the 
compiler.  Future  experiments  will  bring  to  light 
thofe  circumftances  which  feem  to  be  at  prefent  doubt 
ful  and  myfterious. — I  now  proceed  to  point  out  fome 
other  circumftances,  that  may  influence  the  quality  ot 
lime-mortar. 

§  25. 

If  lime-done  be  fufficiently  calcined,  it  is  deprived 
of  all  its  moifture,  and  of  all  its  fixed  air.  But  experi 
ence  fhows,  that  lime-ftone  will  fall  to  a  powder  on 
the  effufion  of  water  upon  it,  when  it  is  much  lefs  per 
fectly  calcined,  and  while  it  ftill  retains  almoft  the 
•whole  of  its  fixed  air.  And  as  mafons  have  hardly  any 
other  rule  for  judging  whether  lime-flone  be  fufficiently 
calcined,  except  this  Tingle  circumftance  of  its  falling 
to  a  powder  when  water  is  poured  upon  it,  we  may 
thus  eafily  perceive,  that  the  fame  lime  may  be  more 
or  lefs  fitted  for  making  good  mortar,  according  to  a 
circumftance  that,  in  a  great  meafure,  eludes  the  ob- 
/ervation  of  operative  mafons  :  For,  if  it  Ihould  hap 
pen  that  all  the  lime-fhells  drawn  from  a  kiln  at  one 
time,  were  jult  fufficiently  calcined  to  make  it  fall  to 

a  powder 


AS   A    CEMENT.  39 

a  powder  with  water,  and  no  more,  that  powder 
would  be  altogether  unfit  for  making  mortar  of  any 
kind. 

This  is  a  cafe  that  can  feldom  happen. — But  as 
there  are  a  great  many  intermediate  degrees  between 
that  (late  and  perfect  calcination,  it  muft  often  happen 
that  the  ftone  will  approach  nearer  to  one  of  thefe  ex 
tremes  it  one  time,  than  at  another,  fo  that  mortar 
may  be  much  more  perfect  at  one  time  than  at  anoth 
er  ;  owing  to  a  variation  as  to  this  particular. 

§  26. 

Every  author  who  has  written  on  the  fubject  of 
lime  as  a  cement,  has  endeavoured  to  afcertain  what  is 
the  due  proportion  of  fand  for  making  the  moft  perfect 
cement.  But  a  litle  attention  to  the  fubjecl;  will  fhow, 
that  all  rules  that  could  be  prefcrtbed  as  to  this  parti 
cular,  muft  be  fo  vague  and  uncertain,  as  to  be  of 
little  ufe  to  the  practical  mafon.  For, 

Befides  the  variation  that  may  arife  from  a  more  or 
lefs  perfect  degree  of  calcination,  and  which  has  juft 
now  been  taken  notice  of,  it  is  a  certain  fad,  that 
fome  kinds  of  lime-ftone  are  much  more  pure  and  con 
tain  a  much  fmaller  proportion  of  fa.nd,  than  others  do. 

I  have  examined  lime-ftone  that  was  fo  perfectly 
free  from  any  mixture  of  fand  whatever,  as  to  difTolve 
in  acids  as  entirely  as  fugar  does  among  water  :  I  have 
alfo  tried  another  kind  that  contained  eleven-twelfths 
of  its  whole  weight  of  fand,  and  only  one-twelfth  part 
of  lime  ;  and  have  met  with  other  forts  in  all  the  in 
termediate  proportions  between  thefe  two  extremes. 

Now  it  would  furely  be  abfurd  to  fay,  that  the  pure 
lime  would  require  as  fmall  a  proportion  of  fand  when 
made  into  mortar,  as  that  which  originally  contained 
in  itfelf  a  much  larger  proportion  of  fand  than  any 
writer  on  the  fubjedt  has  ever  ventured  to  prefcribe  for 
being  put  into  mortar. 

What 


40  OF    QUICK-LIME 

What  adds  to  this  uncertainty  is,  the  variation  that 
may  arife  from  the  circumftance  laft  mentioned,  viz. 
the'greater  or  lefs  perfect  degree  of  calcination  that  the 
{lone  may  have  undergone.  For  it  ought  to  be  re 
marked,  that  although  lime-ftone,  when  pure,  re 
quires  a  very  intenfe  degree  of  heat  to  convert  it  into  a 
•uitrifed*  mafs  ;  yet  when  fand  is  mixed  with  the  lime- 
ftone  in  certain  proportions,  a  very  moderate  heat  is 
fufficient  to  convert  the  whole  mafs  into  vitrified  fcorioe, 
or  in  the  common  language  of  the  country,  make  it 
run  into  danders. 

From  this  circumftance,  it  happens,  that  thofe  who 
are  pofleiTed  of  a  very  impure  lime-ftone,  are  obliged 
to  be  extremely  cautious  not  to  give  it  an  over  propor 
tion  of  fuel,  left  it  mould  vitrify  the  ftone  ;  and  they 
are  very  happy  if  they  cari  get  their  ftone  calcined  juft 
enough  to  make  it  fall  with  water,  and  no  more  ;  fo 
that,  in  general,  it  may  be  prefumed,  that  a  very  large 
proportion  offuch  lime  is  never  fo  fufficiently  burnt  as 
to  be  reduced  to  a  perfectly  cauftic  ftate,  or  to  be  capa 
ble  of  forming  a  cement. 

But  as  there  is  no  danger  at  any  time  of  giving  pure 
lime-ftone  too  much  fire,  thofe  who  poiTefs  fuch  a  lime- 
ftone  are  not  under  the  neceffity  of  being  afraid  of  er 
ring  on  that  fids  :  And  as  it  is  a  lofs  to  them  if  the 
whole  does  not  fall  after  it  is  drawn  from  the  kiln,  it  is 
natural  to  think  they  will  in  general  give  it  a  full  pro 
portion  of  fuel.  From  hence  it  may  be  reafonably 
concluded,  thatf  in  general,  a  much  larger  proportion 
of  this  kind  of  ftone  will  be  perfectly  calcined,  than  of 
the  other  fort. 

At  a  venture,  we  may  with  fome  (how  of  probabil 
ity,  conclude,  that  about  one-tenth  of  pure  lime-ftone 
is  not  enough  calcined  to  admit  of  being  made  into 
mortar  ;  and  that,  of  the  moft  impure  forts  of  lime- 
ftone, 

*  A  vitrified  fubftance  is  one  that  has  been  melted  by  heat, 
and  ailumes  tomewhat  of  a  glafs-like  appearance. 


AS    A    CEMENT.  4  £ 

itone,  not  above  one-fourth  part  of  the  lime  contained 
in  it  is  fo  much  calcined  as  to  be  in  a  cauftic  (late. 

Let  us  fee  what  variation  this  ought  to  produce  as  to 
the  proportion  of  fand  that  might  be  added  to  the  lime 
in  the  one  or  the  other  cafe  :  and,  that  the  calculation 
may  be  more  eafily  made,  we  (hall  fuppofe  that  the 
pooreft  lime-ftone  that  is  ever  burnt,  contains  one- 
tenth  of  its  whole  weight  of  lime. 

Ten  parts  of  pure  lime,  before  it  could  be  reduced 
to  the  fame  degree  of  fandinefs  with  the  other,  without 
confidering  the  variation  that  arifes  from  the  burning, 
would  require  each  of  them  nine  parts  of  fand  to  be  ad 
ded  :  Therefore,  ninety  parts  of  fand  mould  be  added  to 
the  ten,  to  reduce  them  to  an  equality  with  the  other 
lime  in  its  native  ftate. 

But  if  we  are  likewife  to  take  into  the  account  the 
variation  above  fuppofed,  that  arifes  from  their  differ 
ent  degrees  of  calcination,  the  account  will  ftand  thus  : 

Ok  the  ten  parts  of  pure  lime,  one  is  fuppofed  to  be 
not  enough  burnt  to  be  capable  of  acling  as  a  cement ; 
fo  that  there  remains  nine  only  in  a  perfectly  cauftic 
ftate. 

Of  the  ten  parts  of  impure  lime,  nine  are  fand, 
and  only  one  is  lime  ; — and  from  this  one  is  to  be  de. 
duced  three-fourths  as  not  enough  calcined.  Hence 
there  remains  juft  one-fourth  oi  one  tenth-part  (one- 
fortieth)  of  pure  cauftic  lime. 

But  this  fortieth  part  of  the  whole  is  united  to  thir 
ty-nine  other  equal  parts  of  fand  and  uncakined  lime- 
ftone. 

There  remained  nine  whole  tenth  parts  of  the  pure 
lime  in  a  cauftic  ftate  ;  to  each  of  which  muft  be  ad 
ded  thirty-nine  tenths,  including  the  one-tenth  of  un- 
calcined  lime  ; — fo  that  to  reduce  it  to  the  fame  ftate 
with  the  former,  there  would  need  to  be  three  hundred 
and  fifty  parts  of  fand  added. 

It  feems  to  be  altogether  inconceivable,  that  fuch  a 

fmall  proportion  of  calcareous  matter  could  ever  be- 

E  come 


42  OF   Q^ICK-tlME 

come  fttffTcient  to  cement  firmly  together  fuch  a  pfo- 
digious  mafs  of  other  matters  :  Nor  do  I  pretend  to 
fay,  that  this  could  actually  be  the  cafe,  as  there  may 
be  fome  error  hi  the  data.  The  fol'Fowing,  howev/er, 
1  know  to  be  a  fad  : 

The  belt  modern  mortar  I  ever  faw,  was  made  of 
lime,  that  I  myfelf  had  analyfed,  and  found  it  contain 
ed  eleven  parts  of  fand  to  one  of  lime.  To  this  there 
was  added  between  twice  and  thrice  its  whofe  bulk  of 
fand  by  meafitre  ;  which  may  be  allowed  to  have  been 
at  leaft  three  times  its  quantity  by  weight. 

Now,  fuppofing  that  every  particle  of  that  lime  had 
been  fo  perfectly  calcined  as  to  be  in  a  cauftic  ftate^ 
there  could  not  be  lefs  than  forty-feven  parts  of  fand 
to  one  of  lime.  The  reader  may  allow  what  he 
pleafes  for  the  uncauttic  part  of  the  lime,  and  make 
his  calculation  accordingly.  But  it  is  hardly  poflible 
to  fuppofe,  that  above  one-hundredth  part  of  this  mafs, 
independent  of  the  water,  coniifted  of  pure  cauftic  cal 
careous  earth. 

But,  whatever  was  the  exact  proportion  of  cauftic 
lime,  the  mortar  was  made  of  thefe  materials  in  the 
proportions  exprefled,  and  was  employed  for  pinning 
the  outfid'e  joints  of  the  ftone-walls  of  a  houfe  fituated 
in  a  ternpeftuoirs  climate,  and  expofed  to  every  blaft. 
it  is  now  about  fourteen  years  ftnce  it  was  finifhed  ; 
and  I  do  not  believe  there  has  fallen  to  the  ground,  in 
nil  that  time,  one  pound  weight  of  the  mortar.* 

Had  this  mortar  been  employed  in  building  a  thick 
wall,  where  it  would  have  been  fuffered  to  dry  flow 
enough,  there  feems  to  be  little  reafon  to  doubt  but  it 
would  in  time  have  become  as  firm  as  the  ftones  of 
the  wall  itfelf. 

From  thefe  confiderations  we  may  clearly  fee,  that 
it  is  i-mpoflible  to  prefcribe  any  determinate  proportion 

of 

*  After  feven  years  lofiger  trial,  tfee  mortar  frill  proves 
ami  firm,  and  exhibits  no  appearance  of  ever  tailing. 


AS     A     CEMENT.  43 

of  fanrf  to  lime,  as  that  muft  vary  according  to  the 
nature  of  the  lime,  and  other  incidental  circumftances, 
which  it  would  be  tirefome  to  enumerate,  and  which 
would  form  an  infinity  of  exceptions  to  any  general 
rule. 

But  it  would  Teem  we  might  fafely  infer,  that  the 
moderns  in  general,  rather  err  in  giving  too  little  land, 
than  in  giving  too  much. 

It  deferves,  however,  to  be  remarked,  that  the  fand, 
when  naturally  in  the  lime-done,  is  more  intimately 
blended  with  the  lime,  than  can  poffibly  be  ever  erK-ct- 
ed  by  any  mechanical  operation  ;  —  fo  that  it  would  be 
in  vain  to  hope  to  make  good  mortar  artificially  from 
pure  lime,  with  fuch  a  fmall  proportion  of  cauitic  cal 
careous  matter  as  may  ibmetimes  be  effected  when  the 
lime  naturally  contains  a  very  large  proportion  of  fand. 
But,  there  feems  to  be  no  doubt,  that  if  a  much  larger 
proportion  of  fand  were  employed,  and  if  that  were 
more  carefully  blended  and  expeditiouily  worked  than 
is  common,  the  mortar  would  be  much  moie  perfect 
than  ufual  in  modern  times. 

This  I  have  tried  experimentally,  with  the  defired 
fucctfs. 


Another  circumftance  that  tends  greatly  to  vary  the 
quality  of  the  cement,  and  to  make  a  greater  or  fmall- 
er  proportion  of  fand  neceifary,  is  the  mode  of  prepar 
ing  lime  before  it  is  beaten  up  into  mortar. 

When  lime  is  to  be  employed  for  making  plafter, 
it  is  of  great  importance  that  e-very  particle  of  the 
lime-done  be  flaked  before  it  is  worked  up  :  For,  as 
the  fmoothnefs  of  the  furface  is  the  circumftance  rnoft 
wiftied  for  in  plafter,  if  any  particles  of  lime  ihouifl  be 
beaten  up  in  it,  and  employed  in  work  before  they  had 
had  firfficiem  time  to/«//,  the  water  dill  continuing  to 
acl:  upon  them  after  it  was  worked  up,  would  infallibly 
jlake  thefe  particles,  which  would  then  expand  thern- 

felves 


44  OF     QUICK-LIME 

felves  with  great  force?  and  produce  thofe  excrefcences 
upon  the  furface  of  the  plafter,  that  are  commonly 
known  by  the  name  of  blijiers. 

Hence,  therefore,  if  we  hope  to  obtain  a  perfect 
kind  of  plalter,  that  fhall  remain  fmooth  on  the  fur- 
face,  and  free  of  blifters,  there  is  an  abfolute  neceflity 
to  allow  the  lime  to  lie  for  a  confiderable  time  mace 
rating  in  water  before  it  is  worked  up. 

This  operation  is  cafled  in  this  country,  fourlng. 

If  the  lime-fton  •  be  pure,  and  has  been  very  per 
fectly  calcined,  there  will  be  little  danger  but  that  the 
whole  of  the  lime  will  fall  at  fir  ft  :  But  if  it  has  been 
lefs  perfectly  burnt,  theie  will  be  many  particles  that 
will  require  to  lie  a  long  time  before  they  will  be  re 
duced  to  powder.  This  operation  is  therefore  more 
neceflary  with  impure  than  pure  lime  ;  but  it  ought  on 
no  occalion  to  be  omitted,  as  there  is  not  the  fmallefl 
probability  but  forne  blillers  would  appear  on  plafter 
made  even  of  the  pure/1  lime,  if  worked  up  and  ufed 
immediately  after  it  has  been  flaked. 

It  is  alfo  a  common  practice  \ofour  the  lime  when 
it  is  intended  to  be  ufed  in  mortar.  'And  although  it 
is  not  fo  indifpenfably  necefiary  in  this  cafe  as  when  it 
is  intended  for  plafter,  yet,  if  properly  performed,  it  is 
evident,  that  it  muft,  even  here,  be  of  ufe  ;  as  any  dry 
knots  that  may  fall  after  the  mortar  is  ufed,  muft  tend 
to  difunite  the  parts  of  it  that  had  been  already  united^ 
and  render  the  cement  much  lefs  perfect  than  if  the 
whole  had  been  properly  mixed  up  with  the  materials 
before  ufing. 

But  more  circumfpedtion  is  requifite  in  fouring  lime 
for  mortar,  than  for  platter.  For, 

As  it  is  not  neceiTary  that  plafter  fhotild  be  endowed 
with  a  ftony  degree  of  hardnefs,  there  is  no  lofs  fuftain- 
cci  by  allowing  a  great  proportion  of  the  lime  that  is 
intended  for  that  purpole,  to  abforb  its  air  before  it  be 
tifed  ;  for  a  very  finall  quantity  of  quick-lime  will  be- 
fufficient  to  unite  the  whole  into  one  {lightly  coherent 
mafs.  Therefore, 


AS    A    CEMENT.  45 

Therefore,  the  only  circumftance  neoeflary  to  be  at 
tended  to  In  Touring  lime  for  plafter,  is,  that  it  be  al 
lowed  to  macerate  long  enough,  as  there  is  no  clanger 
of  ever  erring  on  the  oppofite  extreme.  It  is  indeed 
neceflary  that  it  (hould  lie  a  very  long  time  on  fume 
occafions,  before  we  can  be  certain  that  all  the  parti 
cles  are  thoroughly  flaked.  I  have  known  pieces  of 
lime-ihells  lie  upwards  of  fix  months  expofecl  to  all 
the  viciilitudes  of  winter-weather,  2nd  fall  after  that 
time.  Such  (lightly  burnt  (tones  are  indeed  ufually 
feparated  in  fitting  the  lime  for  plafter  ;  but  as  fome 
fmall  chips  may  efcape,  it  is  always  fafeft  to  allow  it 
to  lie  in  the  Jour  a  very  long  time.  . 

This  practice  is  alfo  attended  with  another  advan 
tage  of  fome  confeqtience. —  For,  if  by  this  meatis  a 
great  proportion  of  the  lime  be  allowed  to  abforb  its 
air,  and  become  effette9  when  it  is  beaten  up  for  ufe*, 
the  water  can  have  no  fenfible  effeft  upon  that  effettc- 
lime — it  will  only  feparate  the  particles  of  cauftic  lime 
more  perfectly  from  one  another,  fo  as  to  fuffer  it  to 
dry  without  cracks  of  any  fort,  and  lender  the  Airfare 
of  the  plafter  much  more  fmooth  and  entire  than  it 
could  have  been  if  the  whole  had  been  employed  while 
in  its  perfectly  cauftic  ftate.  By  this  means  alfo,  thofe 
chryftalline  exudations,  fo  common  on  newly  plaftered 
walls,  will  be  rnoft  effectually  obviated.  On  all  which 
accounts,  the  practice  of  allowing  lime  intended  for 
plafter  to  m-acerate  'very  long  with  water,  ought  never 
to  be  omitted  but  in  cafes  of  neceflity. 

But  as  lime  is  no  fooner  flaked  than  it  begins  to  ab 
forb  its  air,  and  as  it  continues  to  abforb  more  and 
more  every  minute  from  that  period,  till  it  becomes 
entirely  effette,  fo  as  to  be  rendered  gradually  lefs  and 
lefs  n't  tor  forming  a  cement  of  any  fort  : — it  follows, 
that  if  lime  intended  for  mortar  is  allowed  to  lie  long 
in  the  four,  much  of  it  will  be  converted  into  chalk,  or 
vmchryftallized  ejfette-lime  ;  in  which  condition  it  will 
neither  admit  of  fo  much  fand  in  ufmg,  nor  ever  ba- 
E  2  corns 


46  OF    QJJICK-LIME 

come  fuch  a  firm  cement,  as  if  a  larger  proportion  of 
fand  had  been  employed  at  firft,  and  worked  up  as 
quickly  as  poiiible  into  mortar,  and  ufed. 

This  malady  will  be  increafed,  if  the  litne-ftone  has 
not  been  very  well  burnt  ;  therefore  care  ought  to  be 
taken  to  choofe  the  very  beft:  burnt  lime  for  mortar  / 
in  which  cafe,  a  very  fhort  time,  if  it  has  been  care 
fully  fifted  after  flaking,  will  be  fufficient  to  make  it 
fall  as  much  as  is  neceiFary.  For  the  objecl:  of  prin 
cipal  importance  here,  is  to  have  the  cement  as  frm 
as  poffible  ;  and  the  hurtling  of  a  very  fmall  particle 
of  unflaked  lime  amongft  it  afterwards,  will  not  pro 
duce  fuch  a  fenfible  inconvenience  as  it  would  have 
done  in  plafter. 

Thofe,  therefore,  who  wifh  to  obtain  the  hardeft 
and  firmed  mortar,  will  be  careful  to  get  well-burnt 
lime,  and  allow  it  to  macerate  with  the  water  only  a 
very  fl)irt  time  before  it  is  tiled.  But  the  beft  burnt 
lime  I  ever  favv,  would  require  to  macerate  forne  days 
in  the  water,  before  there  can  be  a  certainty  that  the 
whole  will  be  fuftkiently  flaked.* 

§  28. 

*  It  is  no  unfatisfaftofy  proof  of  the  jnflnefs  of  the  forego 
ing  reafoning,  to  obferve,  that  the  practice  which  would  ne- 
ceffarily  follow  from  it,  is  exaftly  what  was  followed  by  the 
ancients,  if  we  can  rely  on  the  account  given  of  tliis  matter 
by  Vrtruvhis  and  Pliny, 

Ft'ntv&s,  fo  tar  from  recommending  unilaked  lime  for 
making  plalter,  as  Monfieur  Loriot  would  fugged,  recom 
mends  exprefsly  that  it  (hould  \>e  jottred  or  macerated  in  wa 
ter — for  the  very  famereafons  as  are  given  above  ;  as  it  is  only 
by  that  means,  he  fays,  that  tlie  plafier  can  be  prevented  from 
blifterin-g — His  words  are  (lib.  vii.  ca^,  2)  -  -  -"  Tuiic  de 
albariis  operibus  eft  explicandum.  Id  autem  erit  redte,  fi 
glebae  calcis  optim?,  ante  multo  tempore  -qua in  opus  fuerit, 
macerabunter.  Nanique  cum  non pemtus  rnaceraia.  Jed  recem 
fumitur  -  -  -  habeas  latentes  cntdos  culculos,  pujhilas  emittii 
'  -  •  Qid  CalcHti  diffohmit ,  L't  diffipont'  tettorir  politufits" 

Ph'ny  points  out,  ftill  more" clearly,  the  difference  between 
the  quality  of  the  lime  necefi'ary  for  making  mortar  and  plaf.er 

. — a  certain 


A3    A    CEMENT.  47 


The  reader,  if  he  has  fo)'io\ved  me  thus  far,  will 
Cafily  perceive,  that  although  it  be  in  vain  to  expect 
thofc  wonderful  effe&s  from  the  pr&ice  recommend 
ed  by  Monfieur  Loriot,  that  he  fo  pompoufly  dtfcribes, 
yet  it  may  happen,  that  if  circumftances  accidentally 

concur 

—  a  certain  proof  that  the  ancients  had  been  very  accurate  in 
obferving/flrft,  as  they  could  have  no  idea  of  the  reafoning  by 
which  thefe  fa£ls  might  have  been  explained  or  corroborated* 

'  Ruinarum  urbis,'  fays  he,  '  ea  niaxime  caufa,  quod  furto, 
ca\c\s  fine  ferrumine  Juo  c&menta  componuntur.  Intrita  quo- 
que  quo  vetuftior,  eo  melior.  In  antiquarum  (antiquis)  sedium 
legibus  invenitur,  ne  recentiore  trima  uteretur  redemptor  ; 
idio  nulla  (nullee)  tecloria  evrum  rim<z  f&davefeS  Phn.  Hiih 
lib.  xxxvi.  cap.  23. 

In  this  paflage,  Pliny  ftrongly  contrafb  mortar  (camenta) 
with  plafier  (intria,)  The  firft,  he  (ays  (by  implication) 
ought  always  to  be  compofed  of  lime  cutftferrutninefuo,  that 
is,  lime  that  (till  retains  its  glut  en,  —  lime  that  itill  retains  that 
quality  by  which  it  is  enabled  to  unite  detached  matters  into 
a  folid  body,  and  glue  them  as  it  were  together.  In  other 
places  of  his  work,  he  defcribes  it  as  calcis  qtiam  vehementif- 
fima,  lime  in  its  moft  aciid  ftate,  that  is,  perfectly  caufttc  lime. 

This  quality,  he  plainly  hints,  it  gradually  lofes  by  time,  fo 
as  to  come  at  length  to  be  fine  fcrrumine  fuo  ;  in  which  ftate, 
as  it  is  impoffible  to  become  a  firm  cement  for  building,  he  fe- 
verely  reprehends  thofe  who  life  it  as  fuch, 

But  although  he  condemns  the  praeliceof  ufing  that  old  anct 
inert  lime  for  mortar,  he  immediately  adds,  that  for  plafter  it 
is  better  than  new,  becaufe  it  is  not  fo  fubjecl:  to  crack  in  the 
xvork.  "  Intrita  quoque  quo  vetuftior,  eo  melior  .  .  ,  ..... 
idea  nulla  ttfioria  corum  ritna  fadavere." 

Alonfieur  Loriot  quotes  this  pafTage,and  contends,  that  cal 
cis  Jme  ferriimine  ftto,  means  merely  flaked  lime,  in  rppofition 
to  his  favourite  powderrd  lime-fhells.—  What  reafon  he  has  to 
think  fo,  the  reader  is  left  to  judge.  —  It  is  to  be  obferved, 
however,  that  Monfieur  Loriot  does  not  confine  the  ufe  of  his 
cement  to  making  momr,  —  Like  thofe  medicines  thai  cure  all 
difeafes,  it  is  equally  proper  for  platter,  and  indeed  it  is  as  a 
plafler  he  chiefly  recommends  it.  There  can  be  no  doubt, 
however,  from  the  authorities  above  quoted,  that  the  Ancient* 
as  great  firaligers  to  the  ufe  of  it  jn  thisfenfe,  -as  the 


4  OP     QUICK-LIME 

concur  to  that  end,  a  very  perfect:  mortar  may  be  ob 
tained,  by  following  his  diredions.  For,  if  the  flak 
ed  lime  that  mall  be  employed  has  not  had  time  to 
become,  in  a  great  meaftire,  effette  ; — if  the  unflaked 
fhells  that  are  to  be  pounded  have  been  perfefily  cal 
cined  ; — if  the  lime-Hone  has  been  of  a  fandy  fort  of 
itfelf  ; — if  the  fand  added  to  it  has  been  of  a  proper 
kind,  and  in  due  proportion  ;  and  if  thefe  materials 
be  carefully  mixed  before  they  are  applied,  there  can 
be  no  doubt  but  the  mortar  would  be  very  good  :  So 
that  it  mayfomefimes  happen,  that  thofe  who  follow 
the  practice  recommended  by  him,  in  making  mortar 
for  ordinary  ufes,  may  be  lucky  enough  to  fucceed  to 
their  wifh.  But,  as  thefe  favourable  circumftances 
may  not  chance  to  occur  in  other  cafes,  they  may  be 
a*t  other  times  very  far  from  fucceeding. 

That  gentleman,  with  his  ufual  want  of  accuracy, 
takes  no  notice  of  any  of  thefe  circumftances. — He 
only  recommends  that  powdered  quick-lime,  by  which 
he  means  pounded  lime-mells,  be  mixed  up  with  com 
mon  mortar,  made  of  old  flaked  lime,  in  certain  pro 
portions.  He  does  not  give  the  fmalleft  hint  as  to  the 
itate  of  old  flaked  lime  to  be  ufed  as  common  mortar  ; 
but  feems  to  think  it  a  matter  of  no  moment,  whether 
it  fhall  have  been  fo  long  flaked,  as  to  be  perfectly  ef 
fette,  or  the  reverfe  ; — he  does  not,  indeed,  feem  to 
know  any  thing  about  that  peculiarity  of  lime  diftin- 
guiihed  by  that  term. 

But,  independent  of  that  circutnftance,  the  practice 
he  recommends  is  much  worfe  in  other  refpects  than 
that  ufually  followed  in  modern  times,  either  for  mak 
ing  plafter  or  cement,  efpecially  the  firit.  For,  in  the 
ordinary  operation  of  flaking,  thofe  Hme-lhells  that 
are  not  enough  burnt,  have  fomc  chance  of  being  re 
jected  when  the  lime  is  fifted  ;  \yhereas,  in  this  method 
of  pounding  the  whole  prom ifcuou fly,  thefe  will  be 
mixed  with  the  others  ;  and  therefore  it  may  be  ex 
pected  that  fome  of  the  particles  will  remain  unflaked 

for 


^S    A    CEMENT.  49 

for  a  very  long  time,  which  will  be  in  danger  of  dif- 
tiniting,  and  bliftering  the  work  long  after  it  is  put  up. 

§  29. 

Authors  almoft  univerfally  agree  in  averting,  that 
the  hardeft  lime-ftone  affords  a  lime  that  will  confoli- 
date  into  the  firmed  cement  ;  and  hence  it  has  been,  in 
general  concluded,  that  lime  made  of  chalk,  affords  a 
much  weaker  cement  than  what  is  made  of  marble  or 
lime-ftone. 

It  appears,  however,  from  the  foregoing  obferva- 
tions,  that  it  ever  this  be  the  cafe,  it  is  only  incidentally, 
and  not  neccffarily  fo. 

Lime  made  of  pure  chalk,  differs  not  in  the  leaft 
from  lime  made  ot  the  purell  marble,  Both  con  fid  of 
a  fine  impalpable  powder,  without  any  mixture  of  ex 
traneous  matter  ;  and  if  they  have  been  equally  calcin 
ed,  are  polfefled  of  the  fame  chemical  qualities  in  ev 
ery  refpeft.  Indeed,  nothing  is  more  eafy,  than  to 
form  artificial  chalk  from  pure  lime-ftone,  as  1  have 
more  than  once  experienced,  which  the  reader  may 
alfo  do,  by  following  the  directions  in  the  margin,* 
if  his  curiofjty  prompts  him  to  it. 

And 

*  In  flaking  lime  compofed  of  pure  lime-ftonp,  it  will  be 
obferved,  that  the  pieces  fall  into  powder  much  more  flovvly 
than  when  the  lime- (tone  hss  contained  any  fand  in  it. 

If  a  great  quantity  of  water  be  fucceifively  poured  upon  a 
large  heap  of  thefepure  lime-fhells,  withoutftirring  them,  and 
if  it  be  allowed  to  lie  fome  time  afterwards,  it  will  be  found, 
on  opening  the  heap,  that  fome  pieces  of  lime-fhells  have  only 
expanded  considerably  in  bulk  by  the  operation  of  flaking, 
without  being  crumbled  down  to  a  powder.  Thefe  pieces,  if 
allowed  to  remain  in  a  clofeplace,  where  they  are  not  expofed 
to  the  viriflltudes  of  the  weather,  will  fiill  retain  their  form  ; 
and  as  they  gradually  abforb  their  air,  they  acquire  a  fort  of 
firmnefs  of  conliltence,  and  in  time  become  chalk  in  every  fenfe 
of  the  word, — having  the  fame  degree  of  firmnefs,  of  fotmefs, 
and  every  other  quality  of  chalk. 

This  is  the  molt  perfedl  refembbnce  of  chalk  that  can  be 
Blade;  but,  if  any  quantity  of  that  pure  lime  be  reduced  to  a 

very 


50  OF     QJTICK-L1ME 

And  the  pra&ice  of  the  fouthern  provinces  of  Brit 
ain,  fufficiently  confirms  the  j-uftnefs  of  thefe  obferva- 
tions.  For,  to  the  fouth  of  the  Humber,  on  the  eaft 
coaft,  almoft  all  the  lime  they  ufe  is  made  of  chalk  ; 
yet.,  t'here  are  -many  buildings  in  thefe  counties,  in 
which  the  cement  is  as  firm  as  in  any  part  of  the  ifl- 
and.  Nor  does  the  ordinary  mode  of  building  in  thefe 
places,  indicate  any  deficiency  in  the  quality  of  their 
mortar;  for  many  of  therr  houfes  are  coated  on  the 
outfide  with  a  cruft  of  lime,  ftuck  full  of  fmall  peb 
bles,  which  remain  in  it  very  firmly  for  many  ytnis, 
We  know  well,  that  this  is  the  moft  trying  manner  of 
employing  mortar. 

There  is,  however,  greater  danger  that  lime  made 
of  chalk,  fhould  form,  on  fome  occafioirs,  a  weak  ce 
ment,  than  that  from  lime-ftone. 

For,  as  chalk  never  contains  any  fend,  its  lime  will 
always  form  a  very  foft  cement,  unlefs  care  be  taken 
to  mix  a  large  proportion  of  land  with  it,  in  beating 
up  the  mortar  ;  which  is  not  fo  indifpenfably  neceflary 
jn  forming  mortar  from  lime-ftone,  as  it  fometimes 
contains  fo  much  fand  as  to  form  a  pretty  firm  cement, 
without  any  additional  fand  at  all. 

Even  if  the  lime-done  ihould  be  equally  pure  calca 
reous  matter  as  the  chalk^  the  lime  of  the  firft  has  a 
chance  of  becoming  a  firmer  cement  than  that  of  the 
laft 

For,  as  it  is  impoifible  to  reduce  the  pure  lime-pone 

to 

fiery  thin  pafte,  at  the  time  of  flaking,  and  be  haftily  dried  to 
a  certain  degree,  it  acquires  a  furt  of  confillency  fo  as  to  be 
capable  of  retaining  its  form.  And  if  this  be  kept  in  a  place 
3101  expofed  to  the  viciffitudes  of  the  weather,  till  it  has  at 
tained  its  whole  air,  it  will  refemble  chalk  almolt  as  nvucb  as 
the  former,  and  might  be  employed  for  every  purpofe  that 
the  ckalk  is  ufed  for, 

The  reader  wiil  pleafe  to  obferve,  that  this  can  only  be  done 
with  lime  that  is  perfectly  tree  of  fand  ;  for  if  it  has  the  leaft 
particle  pi'  laacl  among  it,  no  art  can  give  it  the  ibf  tnefc  of 


AS   A    CEMENT.  51 

to  a  powdery  calx*  without  fubjectrng  it  to  the  action 
of  a  very  ftnmg  fire,  which,  while  it  diffipates  the 
water,  and  fully  dries  the  chryftals,  carries  off  the 
whole  of  its  fixed1  air,  fo  that  the  calx  is  altnoft  en 
tirely  cauflic. 

But  chalk  may  be  reduced  to  calx;  by  fuch  a  moder 
ate  heat  as  is  fcarcely  fufHcient  to  diflipate  any  of  its 
srir;- — fo,  that  what  afiumes  the  appearance  of  lime- 
made  from  it,  may  be  nothing  elfe  than  a  powdered 
tffetie  calcareous  earth,  which  never  can  become  a  ce 
ment  of  any  fort.  But  as  there  is  no  danger  of  vitri 
fying  chalk  by  over-burning,  this  inconvenience  may 
be  entirely  obviated  by  a  careful  and  perfect  calcina 
tion. 

In  thofe  countries,  therefore,  where  chalk-lime  is 
common,  care  ought  to  be  taken  to  choofe  only  that 
kind  of  it  for  mortar,  that  has  been  calcined  by  a  very 
prong  fire,  and  to  reject  that  which  has  been  burnt  by 
furze  or  brakes,  as  unfit  for  that  purpofe. 

But  it  is  obvious,  that  as  this  defect  arifes  entirely 
from  the  unfkilfulnefs  of  the  operator,  which  may  be 
eafily  avoided,  it  ought  not  to  be  confidered  as  any  ob- 
jedtion  to  the  quality  of  the  lime,  confidered  in  itfelf. 

§  30- 

It  is  unneceffary  to  extend  6ur  obfervations  to  alt 
the  other  kinds  oi  lime-ftone  that  may  be  met  with  ; 
as  thefe  general  obfervations  on  the  two  extremes, 
marble  and  chalk,  may  be  eafily  applied  to  all  the  in 
termediate  kinds.  It  has  been  already  faid,  that  the 
different  friability  of  different  forts  of  lime-ftone  arif 
es  entirely  trom  a  fmaller  or  greater  degree  of  per 
fection  in  the  chryftallization,,  which  mult  have  been 
occafioned  by  accidental  circutnftanccs  that  have  oc 
curred  at  the  time  the  concretion  was  effected,  and  can 
have  no  influence  on  the  quality  of  the  lime  when  it 
is  once  more  reduced  to  the  ftate  of  a  cauflic  calx. 

And 


54  OF    QUICK-LIME 

And  as  it  does  not  yet  appear  that  there  is  the  fmall- 
efl  difference  between  the  chemical  qualities  of  any 
one  kind  of  fofiile  calcareous  earth  and  another,  when 
perfectly  pure,  there  is  no  reafon  to  fufpedl  ihat  there 
can  be  any  difference  between  one  kind  of  lime  and 
another,  as  a  cement,  unlefs  what  may  arife  from  the 
nature  of  the  extraneous  bodies  that  may  be  accident 
ally  mixed  with  that  calcareous  matter  in  its  native 
ftate,  or  from  its  being  more  or  lefs  perfectly  calcined. 

But  the  only  extraneous  matter  that  is  ever  found 
in  lime-ftone  is  fand,*  in  greater  or  fmaller  propor 
tions.  And  as  no  lime-ftone  that  can  be  calcined,  con 
tains  fuch  a  large  proportion  of  fand  as  is  neceflary  for 
making  a  perfect  cement,  we  may  naturally  conclude, 
that  every  kind  of  lime  is  equally  fit  for  becoming  a 
iirm  cement,  if  it  be  firft  reduced  to  a  proper  degree 
of  caufticity,  and  has  afterwards  a  due  proportion  of 
fand  properly  mixed  with  it,  before  it  be  employed  in 
work. 

Different"  forts  of  lime,  no  doubt,  vary  very  much 
from  one  another  in  the  proportion  of  land  they  natur 
ally  contain,  and  therefore  mult  rtqiiire  vesvy  different 
proportions  of  fand  to  be  added  to  them  before  they 
can  be  made  equally  perfect  as  a  cement.  This  is  an 
economical  confideration,  of  no  fmall  moment  in  fome 
cafes,  as  it  may  make  one  fort  of  lime  vaftly  cheaper 
than  another  on  fome  occafions,  and  therefore  dcferves 
to  be  attended  to  by  every  builder.  Directions  (hall 
be  given  in  the  Second  Part  of  this  EiTay,  by  the  help 
of  which  he  may  be  enabled  to  difcover.  the  exacl  pro 
portion  of  fand  contained  in  any  fort  of  lime  he  may 
with  to  examine. 

§31- 

In  the  preceding  parts  of  this  Eflay,  I  have  fpoken 
of  fand  as  the  only  fubftance  that  is  ever  added  to  lime 

in 

*  This  expreffion  requires  fome  limitatio-n*  See  the  Poft- 
fcript  to  this  EfTay. 


AS    A    CEMENT 


53 


in  forming  cement  ;  but  as  others  have,  on  fome  occa- 
iions,  been  employed  for  this  purpofe,  it  will  be  proper 
here  to  point  out  their  feveral  excellencies  and  defeclr. 

Almoft  the  only  fubllances  that  I  have  known  ufed 
as  an  addition  to  mortar,  befides  fand  of  various  de 
nomination?,  are  powdered  fand-Jlone,  brlck-ditjl^  and 
I'ea-flielh,  that  have  been  broken  into  fmall  fragments. 

And  for  forming  plafter,  where  clofcnefs  rather 
than  hardnefs  is  required,  the  ufeful  additions  are,  lime 
that  has  been  flakedf  and  kept  long  in  a  dry  place,  till 
it  has  become  nearly  effette  ;  powdered  chalk  or  whit 
ing,  and  gypfum  in  various  proportions  ;  befides  hair, 
and  other  Jubilances  of  that  fort. 

Others  that  have  been  lately  recommended  by  Monf. 
Loriot,  are,  balls  of  any  fort  of  earth  (lightly  burnt  and 
pounded  ; — the  rubbifti  of  old  buildings  (by  which  I 
underftand  the  old  mortar  after  it  has  betn  feparsted 
from  the  ftones)  reduced  to  powder,  and  fitted  ;  or  al- 
rnoft  any  other  thing  that  can  be  reduced  to  a  mode 
rately  fine  powder. 

From  what  has  incidentally  occurred  relating  to 
this  head,  the  reader  will  be  able  to  judge,  in  iome 
meafure,  of  the  comparative  value  of  thefe  feveral  ad 
ditions.  Bu%  to  render'the  fubjeift  (till  more  clear,  the 
following  obfervations  may  be  cf  ufe  : 

It  is  fufncienlly  certain,  that  none  of  thefe  additions 
enter  into  the  compofition,  fo  as  to  afFecl  its  qualities 
as  a  chemical  mlxt ;  they  only  operate  in  a  manner 
purely  mechanical :  For,  whatever  the  nature  of  the 
addition  may  be,  it  pcfTefTes  the  fame  qualities,  when 
fo  united,  as  if  by  iifelf,  and  may  be  feparated  by  me 
chanical  means  from  the  compound,  unaltered.  There 
fore^,  we  need  give  ourfelves  no  trouble  about  afcer- 
taining  their  chemical  qualities,  but  confider  them 
merely  as  malTes  of  matter  that  may  be  more  or  lefs 
fitted  for  this  purpofe  by  their  peculiar  form,  degrees 
of  hardnefs,  c\ 

It 


54  OF    QUICK- LI  ME 

It  has  been  already  fhown,  that  fand  Ought  to  be 
preferred  to  chalky  matters,  chiefly  on  account  of  the 
hardnefs  and  firmnefs  of  the  particles  of  which  it  con- 
fifts.  And  as  the  pureft  fand  confifts  of  detached  chryf- 
tals,  which  are  fo  hard  as  fcarcely  to  admit  of  being 
broken  into  fmaller  parts,  this  kind  of  pure  chryftal- 
line  tranfparent  fand  is,  perhaps,  on  this  account,  the 
moft  proper  addition  that  can  poffibly  be  made  to  lime 
in  forming  mortar. 

Sand-ftone  confifts  of  an  almoft  innumerable  conge 
ries  of  fmall  particles  of  fand  united  to  one  another,  in 
a  flight  manner,  by  fome  kind  of  natural  cement.  But 
as  it  is  troublefome  to  reduce  this  kind  of  (lone  to  its 
fmalleft  component  parts,  and  as  the  particles  of  it, when 
not  reduced  to  that  ultimate  degree  of  finenefs,  may  be 
eafily  broken  into  fmaller  parts,  it  can  never  be  looked 
upon  as  fuch  a  proper  addition  for  a  lime-cement  as 
the  pure  ft  fand. 

There  are  alfo  many  fubftances  that  are  calledy^/, 
\vhich  are  nothing  elfe  than  fragments  of  decotnpofed 
granite,  moor-ftone,  fand-ftone,  &c.  all  of  which  may 
be  eafily  reduced  into  fmaller  particles  by  moderate 
triture,  and  are  liable  to  the  fame  objections  as  pound 
ed  fand-ftone. 

But  almoft  any  of  thefe  is  preferable  to  brick-duj?, 
Fine  clay,  when  perfectly  burnt  in  the  fire,  may  be 
made  to  aflame  almoft  a  ftony  hardnefs.  But  com 
mon  brick  is  fo  imperfectly  burnt,  as  to  admit  of  be 
ing  reduced,  without  much  trouble,  to  a  fine  impalpa 
ble  powder  ;  infomuch,  that  it  is  often  ufed,  when  in 
this  ftate,  for  fcourtng  polifhed  iron  or  brafs,  efpecial- 
ly  if  the  brick  has  had  no  fine  iharp  fand  in  its  compo- 
fition. 

As  the  rough  particles  of  brick-duft  may  be  fo  eafily 
reduced  to  a  fine  powder,  the  mortar  formed  with  it 
can  in  no  cafe  be  of  the  moft  perfect  fort. 

But  brick-duft  is  ftill  liable  to  a  greater  objection, 
when  coiiiidered  as  a  component  part  of  mortar. 


AS     A     CEMENT.  55 

Clay  only  loofes  its  quality  of  abforbing  water,  and 
in  fome  meafure  of  diifolving  in  it,  by  a  very  perfect 
degree  of  burning  ;  fo  that  if  any  part  of  it  has  efcap- 
ed  the  violent  action  of  the  fire,  that  part,  when  mixed 
in  mortar,  will  (till  be  apt  to  abforb  water  whenever 
it  may  reach  it,  and  lofe  its  firmnefs,  and  make  the 
mafs  of  which  it  is  a  part,  crumble  to  dud. 

It  is  exactly  in  this  manner  that  all  forts  of  marie 
are  liable  to  fall  into  powder  when  drenched  in  water, 
and  expofed  to  the  air  ;  even  although  they  fometimes 
appear,  when  dry,  to  be  endowed  with  a  ilony  haid- 
nefs. 

On  this  account,  brick-dud,  which  ufually  confids 
of  the  imperfect  burnt  bricks,  ought  to  be  confidered 
as  a  very  dangerous  mixture  for  mortar,  and  ihould- 
never  be  employed  but  in  cafes  of  abfulute  neceduy. 

But  the  balls  of  other  forts  of  earth,  (lightly  burned, 
as  recommended  by  Monfieur  Loriot,  mult  be,  on 
many  accounts,  far  lefs  proper  ;  as  inapy  of  thefe 
forts  of  earth  cannot,  by  the  action  of  fire,  be  de 
prived  of  their  quality  of  aLforbing  water,  and  of  be 
coming  foft  with  it.  So  that  he  who  (liould  be  fooliih 
enough  to  employ  thefe  fubflances,  may  be  certain 
that  his  cement  will  not  only  be  incapable  of  attain 
ing  any  confiderable  degree  of  hardncfs  at  any  time, 
but  will  alfo  be  liable  to  turn  moid  in  a  clamp  air,  nor 
will  be  capable  of  retaining  its  firmnefs  or  coheiive 
quality  in  an  expofed  fit  nation. 

Powdered  lime-rubbijh  is  liable  to  the  fame  objec 
tions  with  the  fofted  fund-done  or  brick-dud  ;  as  the 
particles  of  which  it  confids,  never  can  be  endowed 
with  the  adhefive  firmnefs^that'is  neceiTary  for  forming 
a  perfect  cement. 

Fine  Jhells  are  perhaps  firmer  than  any  other  fub- 
ftance,  next  to  pure  land,  and  may  be  employed  where 
the  other  cannot  be  got,  if  this  abounds.  I  have  feen 
a  cement  that  was  as  little  affected  by  the  weather  as 
any  other,  and  had  flood  firm  in  the  work  a  great  many 

years, 


5  OF    QUICK-LIME 

years,  that  had  been  originally  formed  with  a  fand 
confifting  almoft  entirely  of  the  fragments  of  (hells. 
But  it  had  not  the  rocky  hardnefs  of  forne  old  mortar 
that  we  frequently  meet  with. 

Roughly  powdered  glafs,  if  fuch  a  thing  could  be  got, 
at  a  moderate  expenfe,  would  form  a  moll  perfect  fort 
of  mortar  ;  as  it  would  not  be  liable  to  be  affe&ed 
with  the  weather,  would  be  fufficiently  hard,  and  con- 
fid  of  very  irregular  fragments. 

Thus  it  appears,  that  of  all  the  fubftances  that  can 
be  eafjly  mtt  with,  /and  forms  the  moft  proper  addi 
tion  to  lime  in  making  mortar  ;  on  which  account, 
it  has  been  juflly  preferred  to  all  others  for  that  pur- 
pofe. 

Pure  firm  chryftallized  fand  is  belter  than  any  other 
fort  : — But  all  pure  fands  are  not  equally  proper  for1 
this  ufe. 

§  32. 

It  has  been  already  mown,  that  the  principal  ad 
vantages  which  refulted  from  the  addition  of  fand  in 
making  lime-mortar,  were,  that  it  augmented  the 
quantity  of  hard  indifToluble  matter, — and  put  it  in 
our  power  to  employ  a  larger  quantity  of  water  in  pro 
portion-to  the  litne,  and  tjius  forwarded  the  chryflal- 
lization  of  the  calcareous  matter,  augmented  the  quan 
tity  of  thefe  chryftals,  and  rendered  their  quality  more 
perfect.  Thofe  kinds  of  fand,  therefore,  which  pro 
mote  thefe  purpofes  in  the  higheft  degree,  will  be  bed 
adapted  for  mixing  with  mortar. 

But  if  fand  confiils  of  irregular  angular  particles,  a 
greater  quantity  of  water  will  be  retained  in  the  vacu 
ities  formed  between  thefe  angular  pieces,  than  could 
have  been  if  the  whole  had  confifted  of  round  fmooth 
globules  ;  and  therefore  it  is  natural  to  think,  that 
rough  angular  fand,  will  be  more  proper  for  this  ufe 
than  that  which  is  fmoother. 

Hence,  if  equally  pure,  fea-fand,  which  confifts  of 
round  globules,  that  have  been  worn  perfectly  fmooth 

by 


AS    A    CEMENT.  57 

by  the  continued  attrition  upon  one  another  on  the 
more,  (like"  the  larger  pebbles  in  the  fame  fituation) 
will  be  \vorfe  than  any  other  fort.— River -fand  will  be 
better  than  it  ; — and  pit-fand,  when  quite  tree  of  earth, 
the  belt  of  all. 

§33- 

If  the  fand  be  hard,  and  the  particles  angular,  it  is 
perhaps  of  very  little  importance  whether  thefe  be 
very  fma-ll,  or  of  a  larger  fize. — The  fand  in  the  lime 
that  formed  the  extraordinary  firm  cement  mentioned 
§  26,  was  as  fmall  as  could  well  be  imagined. 

Becaufe  fea-fand  is  ufually  fmaller  than  any  other 
fort,  and  is  acknowledged  to  be  lefs  proper  for  making 
mortar  than  many  other  kinds  of  fand,  a  prejudice  has 
been  in  general  adopted  againft/W  fand  for  this  pur- 
pofe.  But  this,  there  is  reafon  to  imagine,  is  only  a 
vulgar  prejudice,  arifing  from  the  peculiar  figure  of 
that  fort  of  fand. 

§  34- 

There  is  another  and  better  reafon  for  not  employ 
ing  fea-fand  in  mortar,  viz.  that  there  is  always  a 
chance  that  fome  particles  of  fait  may  be  formed 
among  it,  by  the  evaporation  of  the  fea-water  upon  the 
fhore.  And  as  common  fait  continues  always  to  be  a 
deliquefcent  fubftance,  it  will  have  a  perpetual  ten 
dency  to  attradi  moifiure  from  a  humid  air,  and  thus 
render  the  wall  in  which  this  mortar  has  been  em 
ployed  extremely  damp  and  unvvholefome. 

It  is  from  the  fame  caufe  that  any  porous  fort  of 
ftone,  that  has  been  taken  from  the  fea  (hore,  contin 
ues  at  all  times  to  be  wet  in  damp  weather  :  For,  while 
the  (tone  remained  on  the  more,  its  pores  would  be? 
from  time  to  time,  filled  with  fait  water  ;  upon  the 
evaporation  of  which,  the  fait  it  contained  would  re 
main  behind,  within  the  pores  of  the  (tone,  which 
would  thus  become  endowed  with  the  quality  of  at 
tracting  moifture  from  a  damp  air,  fufficient  to  dif- 
F  2  folve 


5*8  OF    QUICK-LIME 

folve  the  fait,  and  make  the  watery  folution  oofce  out 
through  all  its  pores. 

This  is  a  phenomenon  for  which  it  is  more  eafy  to 
account,  than  to  prefcribe  an  effectual  cure. — Perhaps, 
no  art  can  render  the  (tone  fufficiently  dry,  after  it  is 
once  put  into  the  wall. — 'To  let  it  lie  for  aiconfidera- 
ble  time  in  a  ftream  of  running  frefli  water  before  it 
was  employed,  might  mitigate,  at  leaft,  if  not  entirely 
obviate,  the  difeafe. 

§35- 

For  the  fame  reafon,  lime  that  has  been  flaked  with 
fea-water,  is  always  unfit  for  being  ufed  as  a  mortar. 
For,  as  it  is  impofiible  ever  to  extract  that  fait  from 
the  mortar,  it  continually  attracts  moifture  from  the 
air  in  damp  weather,  and  oozes  through  the  pores  of 
the  wall  in  form  of  drops  of  fweat,  which  again  difap- 
pear  when  the  weather  becomes  dry. 

This  is  an  inconvenience  often  felt  : — But  as  the 
real  caufe  of  it  is  feldom  known,  few  perfons  are  a* 
proper  pains  to  guard  againft  it.  Thofe  who  obtain 
their  lime  by  water-carriage,  are  in  a  peculiar  manner 
liable  to  be  hurt  by  this  circuirt (lance,  as  the  lime  is, 
for  the. mod  part,  flaked  at  the  (hip's  fide,  by  the  fea- 
\vater,  which  is  more  eafily  got  than  any  other. 

When  lime  that  has  been  flaked  in  this  manner  is 
employed  as  a  platter,  it  is  rather  worfe  than  when 
ufed  as  a  mortar,  as  it  has  lefs  fand  added  to  it,  and 
has  fewer  pores  i-i  the  infide,  in  which  the  drops  of 
water  might  be  allowed  to  lodge  \  fo  that  the  wall  be 
comes  alternately  covered  with  a  cruft  of  dry  powdery 
fait,  and  with  damp  tears  running  down  its  furface. 

Too  much  care,  therefore,  cannot  be  taken  to  avoid 
ufmg  lime  that  has  been  flaked  with  fea-water, — as  it 
will  be  impollible,  or  extremely  difficult,  ever  to  ren 
der  thefe  walls  perfectly  dry. 

I  have  thus  enumerated  at  much  greater  length  than 
I  originally  intended,  the  fcveral  circumftances  that 

contribute 


AS   A    CEMEKT.  59 

contribute  to.  render  lime-cement  more  or  lefs  perfect. 
In  doing  this,  I  have  had  occafion  to  explain  the  na 
ture  of  many  of  thofe  calcareous  matters  which  have 
been  generally  ufed  as  a  manure,  which  will  confider- 
ably  (horten  our  labour  in  what  remains  of  this  ElTay. 
It  I  have  reprehended,  with  fome  degree  of  afperity, 
thofe  who,  either  through  ignorance,  Or  a  wilful  in 
tention  to  deceive,  have  endeavoured,  by  fpecious  pre 
texts,  to  miflead  the  ignorant,  I  hope  the  candid  will 
be  rather  ready  to  afcribe  this  to  a  defire  of  rectifying 
thofe  abufes  that  might  have  been  introduced  by  their 
means,  than  to  any  other  motive.  I  have  never  found 
fault,  but  where  it  was  neceflary  to  correct.* 

I  now 

*  Before  I  quit  this  branch  of  our  fubjeft,  I  may  be  allow 
ed  to  remark,  that  although  the  difcoveries  of  Modern  Philof- 
ophers  have  enabled  us  to  account  for  fome  of  the  phenomena 
relating  to  quick-lime  as  a  cement,  that  were  altogether  in 
explicable  to  the  Ancients,  yet  here,  as  in  almoft  every  branch 
of  natural  knowledge,  we  are  itill  far  from  having  attained 
that  fummit  of  perfection  which  fome  may,  perhaps  too  haft- 
ily,  be  difpofed  to  imagine. — In  many  refpefts,  we  have  as 
yet  been  juft  able  to  penetrate  the  mylterious  veil  of  nature, 
fo  far,  as  to  let  us  know  that  much  remains  to  be  difcovered, 
of  which  we  have  now  only  a  very  faint  idea. — The  following 
hints  will  illuftrate  my  meaning,  and  deferve  the  confidera- 
tion  of  Chemical  Philofophers  ; 

There  is  little  reafon  to  doubt,  that  flint  is  nothing  elfe  than 
calcareous  matter  combined  with  fome  fubitance  that  has  hi 
therto  eluded  the  knowledge  of  Chymifts. 

It  is  likewife  highly  probable,  that  the  native  chryflalline 
concretion  called  quartz,  by  Naturalifts,  is  only  another  mod 
ification  of  the  fame  calcareous  matter,  combined  with  fome 
other  fubftances  that  prevents  the  action  of  acids  upon  it,  and 
gives  it  other  fenfible  qualities  very  different  from  calcareous 
fubftances  in  their  ordinary  Hate. 

There  is  even  fome  reafon  to  fufpecl,  that  all  the  other 
varieties  of  chryflalline  earths,  including  fand  of  every  de 
nomination,  are  other  modifications  of  the  fame  calcareous 
matter. 

Even  argillaceous  earths  (clays)  however  different  in  appear 
ance  and  natural  qualities,  in  their  ordinary  ftate;  afford  evi 
dent  marks  of  the  fame  original.  But 


60  OF     QUICK-LIME,  &C. 

I  now  go  on  to  confider  calcareous  matters  as  a  ma 
nure. 

But  in  what  manner  it  comes  to  be  fo  differently  difguifed 
in  thefe  feveral  bodies, — what  are  their  feveral  component 
parts, — how  they  may  be  analyfed  and  recompounded,  are  fe- 
crets  of"  Nature,  referved  fur  the  difcovery  of  future  ages  : 
And,  till  thefe  are  difcovered,  it  is  probable,  we  will  never  be 
able  to  account  for  the  manner  in  which  the  moft  perfect  ce- 
znentmay  be  fometimes  produced. 


PART 


PART    SECOND. 

OF  ^UICK-LIME  AND  OTHER  CALCAREOUS 
SUBSTANCES,  AS  A  MANURE. 

IN  the  Firft  Part  of  this  Eflay,  I  have  been  able  to 
give,  as  I  hope,  a  tolerably  fatisfa6lory  account  of 
the  rationale  of  the  operation  of  lime  as  a  cement  ;  and  it 
is  much  to  be  wiihed,  that  I  could  purfue  the  fame 
method  in  the  inveftigation  of  this  fubftance  as  a  ma 
nure.  But  in  this  refpecl,  1  have  as  yet  been  able  to 
difcover  no  clue  that  could,  with  fafety,  be  trufted  for 
leading  through  the  intricate  labyrinth  that  lies  before 
us  ;  on  which  account,  I  willingly  fhun  the  arduous 
undertaking. 

It  would  be  eafy  for  me  here  to  amufe  the  reader 
•with  a  critical  analyfis  of  the  feveral  theories  that  have 
been  invented  by  ingenious  men,  to  account  for  the 
manner  in  which  lime  operates  as  a  manure.  It  would 
be  no  difficult  matter  to  demonftrate  the  defects  of 
their  feveral  fyftems  ;  and  I  might,  with  great  facility, 
make  an  idle  difplay  of  apparent  fuperiority  by  ridicul 
ing  their  feveral  hypothefes.  But  as  1  could  not  fub- 
-Ritute  any  thing  i-n  their  (lead,  that  would  be  more 
faiisfa£tory  to  the  fenfible  Reader,  I  choofe  to  wave 
this  ungracious  difcuffion  ;  and  ihall  content  myfelf 
with  enumerating  a  few  faffs  concerning  the  ufe  of 
calcareous  fubftances  as  a  manure,  that  it  much  im 
ports  the  pra&ical  farmer  fully  to  underftand. 

§«. 

The  firft  idea  that  occurs  in  reflecting  on  this  fub- 
je£,  is,  that  all  fubftances  in  which  calcareous  matter 
is  contained,  have  been  fuccefsfully  employed  as  a  ma 
nure,  at  different  times,  and  in  different  places. 

Thus— limtf — mark  of  all  forts, — chatty — lime-Jlone- 


62  OF    QUICK-LIME 


gravel^-  -flflty  fand,  or  pure  /hells  of  every  denomina 
tion,  have  all  been  employed  as  manures,  with  the 
greateft  fuccefs. 

§   2- 

And  as  all  thefe,  excepting  lime,  always  contain  the 
calcareous  matter  in  its  mild  ftate,  we  are  led  to  con 
clude,  that  they  operate  on  the  foil  merely  as  calcareous, 
and  not  asj  "aline  fubftances. 

Lime,  indeed,  is  fometimes  applied  to  the  foil  in  its 
cauftic  ftate,  as  it  comes  frefh  from  being  flaked,  but 
more  commonly  at  fame  confiderable  diltance  of  time 
after  it  has  been  burnt.  However,  as  burning  is  the 
only  mode  ufually  employed  for  reducing  lime-ftone 
to  powder,  and  thus  preparing  it  for  a  manure,  the 
opinion  in  general  prevails,  that  calcination  is  as  ne- 
ceiTary  for  rendering  lime  capable  of  becoming  a 
manure,  as  for  making  it  tit  to  be  employed  as  a  ce 
ment. 

It  i?.  however,  of  importance  to  the  practical  far 
mer,  to  be  informed  that  this  is  not  the  cafe.  —  Mr. 
Du-Hamel,  was  the  firft,  who,  from  an  accidental 
experiment,  was  led  to  believe  that  powdered  lime-ftane 
was  a  manure  equally  efficacious  with  lime  itfelf.  He 
recorded  the  experiment  as  a  great  difcovery. 

Having  had  occafion  to  drefs  a  marble  chimney- 
piece,  for  repairing  one  of  his  country-houfes,  the  ma- 
fon  chofe  a  lawn  near  the  houfe,  as  the  mod  conve 
nient  place  for  hewing  the  (lone.  After  the  operation 
was  fmifhed,  all  the  large  chips  were  picked  up  and 
carried  away,  that  they  might  not  disfigure  the  lawn  ; 
but  the  fine  powder  that  had  been  grinded  off  by  the 
action  of  the  duffel,  mixed  fo  intimately  with  the 
grafs,  that  it  could  not  be  gathered  up.  —  In  confe- 
quence  of  this  very  full  dreffing  of  powdered  lime- 
ftone,  the  grafs  afterwards  grew  upon  that  fpot  with 
much  greater  luxuriance  than  on  any  other  part  of  the 
lawn,  and  always  continued  to  have  a  much  livelier 
verdure.  From 


A3   A   MANURE,  63 

From  hence,  he,  with  good  reafon,  concluded,  that 
powdered  lime-ftone  might  be  employed  as  a  manure 
•with  fuccefs.  To  try  if  this  would  always  be  the 
cafe,  he  repeated  the  experiment  feveral  times,  by  cauf- 
ing  fome  lime-ftone  to  be  pounded  on  purpofe  ;  and 
found  that  it  never  failed  to  promote  the  fertility  of  the 
fpot  on  which  he  applied  it,  in  a  very  high  degree, 

§  3- 

I  chofe  to  relate  this  experiment  at  large,  for  the 
fatisfaftion  of  thofe  who  may  be  unacquainted  with 
the  phyfical  caufe  of  the  difference  between  lime  and 
Jime-ftone.  To  fuch  as  are  fully  apprifed  of  this,  a 
little  reafoning  might  have  been  fufficient  to  afford  a 
certain  conviction,  that  the  refult  of  the  experiment 
muft  have  been  what  Mr.  Du-Hamel  found  it. 

Lime  is  no  fooner  flaked,  than  it  immediately  be 
gins  to  abforb  its  air,  and  return  to  its  former  mild 
itate  ;  or,  in  other  words,  it  becomes  effctie  ;  in  which 
ftate  it  pofleffes  the  fame  chemical  qualities,  in  every 
refpecl,  as  lime-ftone. 

If  this  be  fpread  out  thinly  upon  the  furface  of  the 
earth,  it  abforbs  its  air  in  a  very  fhort  time. — A  few 
hours,  in  this  fituation,  reftores  a  large  proportion  of 
its  air  ;  and,  in  a  day  or  two,  at  moft,  it  becomes 
perfedly  effette^s  mafons  experience  when  they  fweep 
together  the  fcattered  particles  that  have  lain  round 
their  heaps  of  lime,  and  attempt  to  ufe  it  in  mortar 
by  itfelf,  for  it  is  then  no  more  coherent  than  fand,  or 
moiftened  earth. 

Hence,  then,  it  muft  follow,  that  in  every  cafe,  llmt 
is  converted  into  the  fame  ftate  with  lime-ftone,  in  a 
few  days  after  it  is  mixed  with  the  foil  ;  fo  that  if  it 
produces  any  effecl:  at  all  as  lime,  as  a /#//«£  fubftance, 
— it  muft  only  be  at  the  very  frfl,  when  it  is  appHed  ; 
and  it  muft  a£l  ever  afterwards  merely  as  powdered 
lune-ftone. 

But  it  is  well  known,  that  lime  produces  fcarcely 

any 


64  OF    QUICK-LIME 

any  fenfible  effect  as  a  manure  at  the  beginning. 
Even  the  firft  year  after  it  is  applied  to  the  foil,  its- 
effects  are  inconfiderable,  in  comparifon  of  what  it 
produces  in  the  fecond  and  fucceeding  years.  From 
whence  we  muft  conclude,  that  it  operates  upon  the 
foil,  merely  as  a  mild  calcareous  earth  ;  and  that  its 
calcination  is  of  no  farther  utility  in  preparing  it  for 
manure,  than  as  a  cheap  and  efficacious  method  of  re 
ducing  the  lime-ftone  to  a  fine  powder. 

§4- 

It  is  of  importance,  that  thefe  facts  mould  be  gen 
erally  known  ;  becaufe  it  may  fometimes  happen, 
that  good  lime-ftone  fhall  be  found  in  places  where 
fuel  could  not  be  obtained  for  burning  it  ;  in  which 
cafe,  fuch  lime-ftone  could  be  of  no  ufe  to  the  farmer, 
if  calcination  were  abfolutely  neceffary.  But,  feeing 
this  is  not  the  cafe,  lime-ftone,  even  in  thefe  fituations, 
may  be  converted  into  a  moft  beneficial  manure,  if  a 
ftream  of  water  can  be  commanded,  fufficient  for 
driving  a  mill,  for  reducing  the  ftone  to  powder. 

I  have  feen  the  model  of  a  mill  that  had  been  in 
vented  for  that  purpofe,  which  was  conftructed  on  the 
fame  principles  with  an  ordinary  gun-powder  mill. 
It  had  feveral  large  mafty  (tampers,  compofed  of  huge 
blocks  of  caft-iron,  that  were  fucceffively  lifted  up  and 
let  fall  by  awheel  thatcatched  their  handles,  and,  after 
a  proper  time,  flipped  them  again  as  it  revolved  round 
its  axis.  Thefe  (tampers  fell  with  great  force  upon 
the  lime-ftone,  that  had  been  previoufly  broken  into 
pieces  of  a  moderate  fize,  and  placed  in  a  (trong  trough, 
formed  for  that  purpofe.  Through  this  trough,  a 
fmall  ftream  of  water  was  conveyed,  which  wafhed 
away  with  it,  the  fmall  pieces  of  lime-ftone,  as  they 
•were  fucteflively  reduced lo  powder  by  the  (tampers. 
This  ftream  of  water  was  received  into  a  large  re- 
fervoir,  in  which  it  was  allowed  to  ftagnate,  and  de- 


AS     A     MANURE.  65 

.pofit,  as  a  fediment,  the  lime-flone  powder  it  brought 
along  with  it  ;  the  pure  water  flowing  gently  over  a 
part  of  the  brim,  which  was  made  lower  ior  that  pur- 
pofe. 

When  the  refervoir  was  nearly  full  of  this  fine  pow 
der,  the  work  was  (topped  ;  the  water  was  drawn  off 
from  the  refervoir;  by  taking  out  fome  pings  left  for 
that  purpofe,  at  different  heights,  till  all  that  was  clear 
had  run  off :  the  powdered  ftone  was  afterwards 
thrown  out  to  the  bank,  and  allowed  to  dry  fufficiently 
for  ufe. 

I  have  heard  that  a  mill,  upon  thefe  principles,  was 
erecled  by  the  Honourable  the  Truftees  for  managing 
the  forfeited  eftates  in  Scotland,  and  that  a  good  deal 
of  lime-ftone  was  pounded  with  it.  Rut,  as  it  was 
erecled  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  where  roads 
were  bad,  and  where  there  was  but  little,  fpirit  for  im 
provements  in  agriculture  ;  as  there  was  no  public  de 
mand  for  the  manure,  after  the  experiment  was  fuffi 
ciently  tried  to  fliow  that  it  might  be  pra&ifed  with 
advantage  in  other  places,  the  mill  was  fuffered  to  lie 
unemployed. 

§5- 

But  although  this  may  be  confidered  as  a  mod  val 
uable  difcovery  for  thofe  who  may  have  a  good  lime- 
quarry  fo  fituated  as  not  to  be  within  the  reach  of  any 
kind  of  fuel  for  burning  lime-ftore  ;  yet,  to  fuch  as 
can  obtain  fuel  at  a  moderate  expenfe,  there  can  be  no 
doubt  but  that  burning  is  the  eafieft  and  moft  efficacious 
mode  of  reducing  lirre-ftone  to  powder  that  ever  was 
invented,  and  therefore  ought  always  to  be  adopted 
\vhere  necefilty  does  not  prevent  it. 

Reducing  lime-ftone  to  powder  by  calcination,   is 

attended  with   this  farther  advantage  to  the   farmer, 

that  it  coniiderably  diminifhes  his  expenfe  of  carriage. 

Pure  lime-ftone  lofes  about  two- thirds  of  its  weight  by 

c  being 


66  OF     QUICK-LIME 

being  thoroughly  burned  ;  fo  that  the  man  who  is  ob 
liged  to  drive  this  manure  from  a  great  diftance,  will 
find  a  very  confiderable  faving  by  driving  it  in  the  (late 
ofjkclls.  But  if  it  were  reduced  to  a  powder  by  me 
chanical  triture,  he  could  not  be  benefhted  by  this  cir- 
cumftance. 

Many  perfons  choofe  to  drive  lime-ftone  from  a  con 
fiderable  diftance,  and  burn  it  at  home  :  But  it  is  ob 
vious  they  then  fubje£l  themfelves  to  a  very  heavy 
charge  in  carriage,  which  would  be  avoided  by  an  op- 
pofite  conduct.  This,  therefore,  ought  never  to  be 
praclifed  but  where  other  circumftances  may  counter 
balance  this  unfavourable  one. 

§6. 

But  as  lime-ftone  is  often,  in  its  native  ftate,  mixed 
with  land  in  various  proportions  ;  and  as  fand  lofes 
nothing  of  its  weight  by  calcination,  it  muft  happen, 
that  thofe  kinds  of  lime-flone  which  contain  the  larg- 
eft  proportion  of  fand,  will  lofe  leaft  in  calcination, 
and  of  coiirfe  afford  the  weightieft  lime-fhells. 

Hence  it  is  obvious,  that  thofe  who  are  under  the 
neceffity  of  driving  lime  from  a  great  diftance,  ought 
to  be  particularly  careful  to  make  choice  of  a  kind  of 
lime-ftone  as  free  from  fand  as  poffible,  and  to  drive  it 
in  the  ftate  of  Jhells  ;  as  they  will  thus  obtain  an  equal 
quantity  of  manure,  at  the  leaft  expenfe  of  carriage 
that  is  pollible  ;  and  the  lighted  fhells  ought,  of  courfe, 
to  be  always  preferred. 

§  7- 

When  lime  is  flaked,  that  which  contains  moft  fand 
falls  moft  quickly,  and*abforbs  the  fmalleft  proportion 
of  water.     What  is  pure,  requires  a  very  large  pro 
portion  of  water,  and  is  much  longer  before  it  begins 
to  fall. 

Hence  it  happens,  that  thofe  who  drive  fandy  lime- 
fhells  in  open  carriages,  muft  be  very  careful  to  guard 

againft 


AS    A    MANURE. 

againft  rain  ;  becaufe  a  heavy  mower  would  make  the 
whole  fall,  and  generate  fuch  a  heat  as  to  be  in  danger 
of  fetting  the  carts  on  fire  ;  whereas  pure  lime-ihells 
are  in  no  danger  of  being  damaged  by  that  circum 
fiance.  1  have  feen  a  cart  loaded  with  fuch  mells, 
which  had  been  expofed  to  a  continued  ihower  of  rain, 
as  violent  as  is  ever  known  in  this  country,  for  more 
than  three  hours,  and  feemed  hardly  to  be  affe&ed  by 
it  in  the  fmalleft  degree.  I  ought  to  obferve,  how 
ever,  that  my  experiments  were  confined  to  only  one 
kind  of  pure  lime,  fo  that  it  is  not  from  hence  demon - 
{hated,  that  all  kinds  of  pure  lime  will  be  polMed  ot 
the  fame  qualities. 

§8. 

Lime  iliells  formed  from  the  pureft  lime-ilonc,  re 
quire  more  than  their  own  weight  of  water  to  flake 
them  properly  ;*  whereas  fome  kinds  of  lirne-fheils 
that  contain  much  fand,  do  not  require  above  one- 
fourth  part  of  that  quantity. 

Hence  it  is  much  worfe  economy  in  thofe  who  have 
pure  lime-fhells,  to  flake  and  carry  them  home  in  the 
Itate  of  powdered  lime,  than  it  is  in  thofe  who  have 
only  a  fandy  kind  of  lime-mells. 

§9; 

It  is  even,  on  fome  occalions,  more  advifablc  for 
thofe  who  have  very  fandy  lime,  to  drive  it  in  the  (late 
of  powdered  lime,  than  in  that  of  Jhelh  :  For,  as  it  is 
dangerous  to  give  that  kind  of  lime-flone  too  much 
heat,  left  it  ihould  be  vetrified,  thofe  who  burn  it  can 
never  be  certain  that  the  whole  of  the  (lone  will  fall 
to  powder  when  water  is  added,  till  they  have  actually 

tried 

*  I  have  found,  by  experiment,  that  pure  lime-fhells  cannot 
be  ilaked  with  lefs  than  about  one-fourth  more  than  their 
own  weight  of  water.  When  flaked. in  the  ordinary  way, 
the  fame  Time -(hells  took  more  than  double  their  weight  of 
water. 


68  OF      (iUICK-LlME 

trie]  h  ;  nor  do  they  think  it  a  great  lofs  if  foms  part 
of  it  Ihuuld  be  imperfe&Iy  burned,  as  it  requires  much 
lefs  fuel  on  a  future  occafion  than  frefh  lime-done  ; 
an  j  therefore  they  much  rather  choofe  to  err  on  this, 
than  on  theoppofite  extreme. 

But,  fli  )uld  any  one  attempt  to  drive  this  poor  fort 
of  lime  in  the  (late  of /£*//*,  he  would  be  in  danger  of 
carrying  home  many  {tones  that  would  never  fall, 
which  would  more  than  counterbalance  the  benefit  he 
would  derive  from  the  want  of  the  fmall  quantity  of 
water  that  is  required  to  flake  it. 

On  thefe  accounts,  it  may  be  admitted,  as  a  general 
rule,  that  thofe  who  can  have  accefs  to  lime-ftone 
which  is  free  of  fand,  will  fave  a  great  deal  in  the  car 
riage  of  it,  by  driving  it  in  the  itate  of  Jbells  ; — and 
that,  on  the  contrary,  it  will  be  molt  economical  in 
thofe  who  can  only  get  lime  of  a  very  fandy  quality, 
to  drive  it  in  the  ftate  of  powdered  lime. 

From  hence  it  follows,  that  the  practice  which  now 
prevails,  of  carrying  fhell-lime  by  water  from  one 
part  of  the  country  to  another,  is  only  an  imaginary 
laving,  obtained  at  a  very  high  rifque,  to  thofe  who 
drive  {hells  of  a  fandy  quality  ; — but  a  real  and  une 
quivocal  advantage,  of  very  high  importance  to  the 
community  at  large,  if  thefe  Jhells  are  obtained  from  a 
pure  lime-ftone. 

Thefe  obfervations  relate  only  to  the  faving  of  car 
riage  to  the  farmer  ;  an  article  of  capital  importance 
to  him.  It  is  proper  now  to  take  notice  of  fome 
other  particulars  that  may  equally  affe&  him  in  this 
way,  as  well  as  in  the  application  or  the  lime  to  his 
ground. 

§   10. 

A  vague  opinion,  in  general,  prevails  in  every  part 
of  the  country,  that  one  fort  of  lime  may  be  more 
valuable  than  another  :  but  it  does  not  appear  that 
farmers  have  hitherto  had  alraofl  any  lule  to  direct 

them 


AS    A    MANURE.  9' 

them  in  the  choice  of  different  forts  of  lime  ;  fome 
efteeming  one  hrtjlvongeft,.  as  they  term  it,  and  fome 
valuing  another  fort  more  highly,  without  being  able 
to  afiign  any  fatisfaclory  reafon  for  the  preference  they 
give,  in  either  cafe. 

It  is  of  importance,  that  this  matter  fhould  be  elu 
cidated. 

Although  it  does  not  always  happen,  yet,  in  many 
parts  of  the  country,  the  real  nature  of  lime  is  fo  little 
underftood,  that  the  weightieft  lime  is  preferred,  as  a 
manure,  to  that  which  is  lighter  ;  becaufe  it  is  imag 
ined  the  h'rft  has  more  fubflance,  and  will  therefore 
produce  a  more  powerful  effedt  upon  ground,  than  the 
fined  and  lighted  lime. 

But,  there  feems  to  be  no  reafon  to  think,  there  is 
any  difference  in  the  fpecific  gravity  of  different  parcels 
of  pure  calcareous  matter,  when  fully  calcined  ;  there 
fore,  if  there  is  any  difference  in  the  weight  of  various 
forts  of  lime,  it  muft  a?i(e  entirely  from  a  variation  in 
the  quantity  or  gravity  of  fome  extraneous  matter  that 
is  mixed  with  the  lime. 

And  zsfand  is  almoft  the  only  extraneous  body  that 
is  ever  found  in  lime-ftone,  and  is  always  of  much 
greater  fpecific  gravity  than  pure  quick-lime, — it  fol 
lows,  that  the  weighty  liir.e  only  owes  itsfuperior  grav 
ity  to  a  larger  proportion  of  fard  that  is  mixed  wiih  it. 

But  f and  is  of  no  value  as  a  manure  ;  fo  that  he  %\  ho 
voluntarily  purchafes  this  kind  of  lime,  in  preference 
to  the  other,  is  guilty  of  a  great  degree  of  folly  ;  which 
will  be  the  greater,  if  he  has  1  ike-wife  to  drive  it  from  a 
confiderable  diftance.  It  would  be  better  for  him,  if  he 
is  determined  to  ufe  nothing  but  weighty  lime,  to  buy 
fuch  as  is  pure,  if  it  can  be  obtained,  and  mix  it  with 
fand  after  he  has  got  it  home,  fo  as  to  give  it  the  grav 
ity  required.  Some  might  laugh  at  this,  as  a  proof  of 
his  folly,  and  juftly  :  but,. it  is,  iurely,  lefs  fooliih  in 
him  to  do  this,  than  to  pay  money  for  the  fand  which 
he  would  thus  obtain  for  nothing,  and  drive  it  from  a, 
G  2 


7°  OF  OTJICK-LIMS. 

didance,  when  he  might  have  it  at  his  door.  This 
pra&ice  would  aifo  be  attended  with  the  farther  ad 
vantage  of  enabling  him  to  know  exaftly,  what  quan 
tity  of  real  lime  he  applied  to  his  ground,  as  he  would 
not  be  in  danger  of  coniidering  the  land  as  a  part  of  it. 

§n. 

Thofe  who  have  accefs  to  only  one  fort  of  lime- 
flone,  mud  be  contented  with  it,  whatever  may  be  its 
quality.  But  fuch  as  have  an  opportunity  of  choolrng, 
may  b^  beneh'tted  by  the  following  obfervations  : 

Pure  lime-done,  when  fully  calcined  and  flaked,  is 
reduced  to  a  fine  impalpable  powder,  that  feels  loft 
between  the  fingers,  without  the  {mailed  tendency  to 
grittinefs  Such  lime  as  contains  fand,  is  never  fo  fine 
nor  fo  foft,  but  feels  gritty  between  the  ringers,  and  is 
more  or  lei's  fo  as  the  fund  is  coarfer  or  liner,  or  in 
greater  or  ftnaller  proportions. 

The  lime  from  pure  lime-done,  is  always  of  a  bright 
white,  when  perfectly  calcined,  without  a  tendency  to 
any  colour.  When  it  has  any  colour,  it  proceeds  from 
the"Tand,  or  other  uncalcareous  matters  in  its  compo 
sition.  There  are,  however,  fome  forts  of  fand,  that 
are  of  fuch  a  pure  whitenefs,  as  not  to  ciebafe  the  colour 
of  the  lime  in  the  fmallsd  degree  ;  but  thefc  are  rare  : 
—  And  there  are  fome  masters  that  alter  the  colour  &i 
the  lime  a  good  deal,  without  debating  its  quality  in 
any  confiderable  degree  ;  but  thefe  are  flill  more  rare 
than  the  former. 

Hence  it  follows,  that  the  bed  lime  for  the  purpofe 
of  the  farmer,  is  that  which  is  lighted,  foiled  to  the 
touch,*  and  whitefl.  The  more  ihey  deviate  from 
either  of  thefe  teds  of  purity,  the  worfb  they  are  ior 

' 


*  Softnefs  to  the  touch  is  not  an  unequivocal  proof  of  the 
purity  or  lime.  1  have  feen  one  kind  of  lime,  that  contained 
a  large  proportion  of  an  uncalcareous  impalpable  powder, 
that  was  as  foft  to  the  touch  as  the  pi:relt  lime  ;  but  this  svas 
a  liugular  exception  to  a  rule  ihat  is  very  g 


AS    A    MANURE.  *]l 

§  12. 

That  the  farmer  may  have  under  his  eye,  at  one 
time,  the  feveral  criteria  of  the  purity  of  lime,  that 
have  been  enumerated  in  different  places  of  this  Eflay, 
I  choofe  to  mention  them  here  all  at  once.  If  he  is 
attentive  to  mark  thefe  peculiarities,  he  needs  be  very 
little  felicitous  about  examining  the  qualities  of  his 
lime,  by  any  more  minute  or  troublefome  trials.  They 
are  as  under  : 

If  the  lime-done  lofes  much  of  its  weight  in  calcin 
ation,  arid  the  lime-fhells  are  extremely  light  ;  if  the 
fhells  require  a  very  large  proportion  of  water  to  Hake 
them  fully  ;  if  it  is  long  before  they  begin  to  fall  ;  if 
the  lime-ftone  is  not  apt  to  run  (or  be  vitrified]  in  the 
operation  of  burning  ;  if  it  falls  entirely  when  it  gets 
a  fufficient  quantity  of  water,  alter  it  has  been  pro 
perly  calcined  ;  if  it  fvvells  very  much  in  flaking,  and 
if  the  lime  is  light,  fine  to  the  touch,  and  of  a  pure 
white  ;  he  may  be  fatisfied,  that  it  is  extremely  good, 
and  may  ufe  it  in  preference  to  any  other  lime  that  is 
inferior  to  it  in  any  of  thefe  refpecls, 

Thefe  rules  are  perfectly  fufficient  to  decide  as  to 
the  comparative  value  of  any  two  kinds  ot  lime  that 
may  be  oppofed  to  one  another  and  may  be  relied  upon 
as  fuflkienily  accurate  for  the  ordinary  purpofss  ot  the 
farmers. 

§'3- 

But  fuch  as  may  difcover  a  new  quarry  of  lime 
Itone,  and  who  vvifh  to  afcertain  with  certainty  its 
real  value,  before  they  put  ihemfeives  to  any  expenfe 
about  it,  will  do  well  to  employ  the  following  more 
accurate,  and  in  that  cafe,  more  eafy  analyfis. 

As  all  calcareous  matters  are  capable  of  being  dif- 
folved  in  acids — and  as  no  other  earthy  matter  can  be 
diilblved  in  them — it  follows,  that  if  a  fufficient  quan 
tity  of  acid  is  poured  upon  any  body  that  contains  caU 

carecus 


?2  OF    QUICK-LIME 

careous  matter,  this  matter  will  be  quickly  diflolved, 
•while  the  others  are  left  behind  ;  and  the  proportions 
of  each  may  be  accurately  afcertained. 

To  try  the  exact  value. of  any  kind  oflime-ftone,  or 
other  calcareous  matter, — take  a  quantity  of  aquafor 
tis,*  or  fpirit  of  fait  ;t  and  having  prepared  them  as 
in  the  margin,^  put  them  into  a  glafs  or  earthen  veflel ; 
— add  to  that,  by  little  and  little,  a  known  quantity  of. 
the  matter  you  mean  to  examine,  which  had  been  pre- 
vioufly  dried,  and  reduced  to  powder.  After  each  ad 
dition,  fuffer  the  violent  effervefcence  or  ebullition  that 
will  enfue  to  abate  before  more  is  added.  When  the 
whole  of  the  powder  is  put  to  the  acid,  and  the  effer 
vefcence 

*  Nitrous  acid.  t  Muriatic  acid. 

$  All  the  mineral  acids effervefce  and  unite  with  calcareous 
earths.  But  as  the  vitriolic  acid  (fpirit  or  oil  of  vitriol) 
does  not  dijfolve  the  calcareous  matter,  but  forms  a  new  con 
crete,  that  ftill  retains  its  folid  date,  it  is  not  fit  for  this  exper 
iment. 

And  as  it  fometimes  happens,  that  a  little  vitriolic  acid  is 
mixed  with  either  the  nitrous  or  muriatic  acids,  it  becomes 
necefiary  to  be  certain  that  this  is  not  the  cafe,  before  they  are 
employed"  in  this  experiment. 

The  eafieft  way  of  trying  if  thefe  acids  are  free  from  the 
vitriolic,  is  to  put  a  little  chalk  into  them  before  you  employ 
them.  If  the  acid  is  pure,  the  chalk  will  difTolvevery  read 
ily  j  but  if  not,  tome  part  of  the  chalk  will  fall  to  the  hot* 
torn,  in  the  form  of  a  pure  white  fediment.  When  this  is  the 
cafe,  add  fmall  bits  of  chalk,  by  little  and  little,  till  no  more 
of  that  white  fediment  appears  ;  after  which,  the  acid  may  be 
kept  for  ufe,  as  fufficiently  pure. 

If  the  nitrous  acid  is  fo  ftrong  as  to  have  a  flight  brown,  or 
reddifli  appearance,  it  ought  to  be  diluted  with  water,  till  it 
afTumes  a  greenifn  look.  As  it  is  bought  in  the  fhops,  tor  the 
ufe  of  dyers,  &c.  it  is  uftially  weak  enough. 

If  the  muriatic  acid  is  fo  flrong  as  to  have  a  bright  yellow 
colour,  or  emits  fumes  when  the  bottle  is  opened,  it  ought  to 
be  diluted, by  adding  water,  till  it  afTumes  almoit  a  colourlefs 
tranfparency,  with  a  very  faint  tinge  of  yellow. 

When  they  are  thus  prepared,  either  of  thefe  acids  may  be 
nfed  indifcrinrinately  for  this  experiment,  a§  they  are  equally 
proper. 


AS    A    MANURE.  73 

vefcence  entirely  fubficled,  ftir  it  about  feveral  times 
•with  a  piece. of  tobacco-pipe,  and  allow  it  to  remain 
for  fome  time,  that  the  acid  may  adl  upon  every  par 
ticle  of  the  matter,  and  thoroughly  ditto]  ve  it.  And  to 
be  certain  that  there  has  not  been  too  little  acid,  put  a 
few  drops  of  frefh  acid  to  the  folutiori,  which  will  ex 
cite  a'freih  eftervefcence  if  the  whole  is  not  fully  dif- 
Iblved.  When  no  change  is  produced  by  this  addition, 
it  is  a  certain  proof  that  the  whole  of  the  calcareous 
matter  is  already  diflblved. 

Take  then  a  piece  of  filtering  paper,  thoroughly 
dry,  the  weight  of  which  is  alfo  known,  fold  it  prop 
erly,  and  put  it  in  a  glafs  funnel  ;  pour  the  whole  of 
the  Iblution,  witrrthe  matter  that  may  have  fubfided, 
into  the  funnel,  and  allow  it  to  filtre  through  the  pa 
per  ilowly.  When  the  fluid  part  has  thus  drained  off, 
fill  up  the  filtre  again  with  pure  water,  to  walh  off 
the  whole  of  the  faline  parts  from  the  refiduum.*  Add 
water,  in  this  manner,  till  it  comes  off  without  any 
faline  tafte  ;  fuffer  it  then  to  drop  off  entirely,  dry  it 
thoroughly,  and  weigh  the  paper,  with  its  contents. 
The  difference  between  which,  and  what  the  powder 
and  paper  were  at  the  beginning,  is  the  whole  weight 
of  the  calcareous  matter  ;  fo  that  its  proportion  to  the 
whole  mafs  is  perfectly  afcertained. 

In  this  manner  1  have  examined  a  great  many  dif 
ferent  kinds  of  lime-done,  and  have  found  them  vary 
in  all  degrees  of  purity,  from  fuch  as  were  entirely  fol- 
uble  in  acids,  as  fugar  or  fait  is  in  water,  to  others  that 
contained  only  one-twelfth  of  their  weight  of  faluble 
matter,  and  eleven-twelfths  of  fand.  The  ordinary 
kinds  of  Hme-ltone  contain  from  one-third  to  two- 
thirds  of  their  weight  of  iand.  Hard  chalk  is  ufually 
a  pure  calcareous  earth,  foluble  in  acids  ;  and  fome 
forts  of  lime-ftone  may  be  met  with  that  are  equally 
pure,  but  thefe  are  rare.  The  only  extenfive  lime 

quarries,1 

*  The  matter  that  remains  imdLTolved, 


74  OF  QUICK-LIMS 

quarries  of  fuch  pure  lime-ftone,  that  I  have  met  with, 
are  at  Sunderland,  in  the  county  of  Durham,  where 
there  are  feveral  quarries  of  exceedingly  fine  lime- 
ftone,  the  beft  of  which  belonged,  in  the  year  1777,  to 
Mr.  James  Galley  of  that  place.  There  are  fome 
•quarries  farther  up  the  river  WEAR,,  the  ftone  of 
which  is  of  a  much  inferior  quality. 

Were  all  the  ftones  in  the  fame  quarry  equally  pure, 
the  above  would  be  a  perfect  and  unexceptionable 
method  of  afcertaining  the  purity  of  any  lime-ftone  : 
But  it  often  happens,  that  in  a  quarry  of  the  very  worft 
quality,  there  are  fome  pieces  found  that  confift  of  pure 
fpar,  that  are  entirely  free  of  any  mixture  of  fand  ; 
and  in  other  quarries  of  a  better  fort,  there  are  often 
fmall  veins  of  an  impure  fort  of  ftone,  mixed  through: 
the  rock  ;  fo  that  if  either  of  thefe  (hould  chance  to 
be  picked  out  as  a  fpecimen  for  trial,  the  r.efidt  would 
ijot  be  juft. 

To  avokl  falling  into  this  miftake,  any  one  who> 
\vimes  to  make  an  accurate  analyfis  of  any  newly  dif- 
covered  lime-ftone,  will  do  well  to  take  eight  or  ten 
ftones  from  different  parts  of  the  quarry,  that  are  fome- 
what  different  in  appearance  from  one  another  ;  and, 
having  taken  a  chip  from  each,  pound  the  whole  to 
gether,  to  afford  a  proper  fubjecl:  for  the  experiment. 

The  fame  experiment  might  be  tried  with  lime  ; 
but  it  is  evident  the  proportions  would  be  different  in 
the  fame  ftone,  from  what  they  would  be  if  tried  be 
fore  calcination—  as  lime  wants  its  fixed  air,  &c. 
which  it  had  when  in  the  ftate  of  lime-ftone.  But  as 
the  lime  is  more  liable  to  be  varied  by  accidental  ci.r- 
cumftances,  it  is  beft  to  try  the  experiment  with  lime- 
ftone. 


It  is  in  general  believed,  that  the  lime  made  of  the 
hardeft  lime-ftone  \sjlronger,  as  it  is  called,  by  which 
is  meant  more  powerfully  efficacious  as  a  manure,  than 

that 


AS  A  ^MANURE*  75 

that  which  is  made  from  materials  of  a  fofter  nature. 
Hence  it  is  in  general  aflerted,  that  lime  made  from 
chalk,  is  much  weaker,  as  a  manure,  than  that  which 
is  made  from  harder  lime-ftone,, 

Nothing,  however,  can  be  more  erroneous  than  this 
hypothecs.  In  the  former  part  of  this  Eflay,  I  have  had 
occafion  to  explain  pretty  fully  what  is  the  real  differ 
ence  between  chalk  and  lime-ftone  ;  and  nothing  can 
be  more  certain,  than  that  the  lime  made  of  chalk  is 
purer  than  that  made  from  almoft  any  lime-ftone,  and 
contains  a  much  larger  proportion  of  calcareous  mat 
ter  ;  on  which  account,  it  muft  be  more  efficacious  as 
a  manure,  than  any  of  thefe  more  impure  kinds  of 
lime. 

The  hardeft  lime-ftone  that  I  know,  is  that  belong 
ing  to  Mr.  Galley,  at  Sunderland.  Its  external  ap 
pearance  rather  refembles  flint  than  lime-ftone  ;  yet 
the  lime  made  of  this  exceedingly  hard  ftone,  is  as 
light,  as  white,  and  as  foft  to  the  touch,  as  the  pureft 
chalk-lime.  It  differs  not  from  that  in  any  refpedl:, 
infomuch  that  I  defy  the  greateft  connoifleur  in  thefe 
matters  to  diftinguim  between  it  and  the  pureft  chalk- 
lime,  when  perfectly  calcined,  by  any  other  means 
than  by  the  pieces  of  flint  that  are  fo  often  met  with 
among  chalk-lime. 

And  from  this  lime,  obtained  from  thefe  very  hard 
ftones,  as  perfect  chalk  may  be  artificially  made  by 
the  fimple  procefs  defcribed  §  24,  as  was  ever  obtained 
from  any  quarry  in  England. 

From  thefe  confiderations,  .therefore,  I  am  obliged 
to  conclude,  contrary  to  the  common  opinion,  that 
chalk-lime  is,  almoft  in  all  cafes,  more  efficacious  as  a 
manure,  than  any  lime  obtained  from  lime-ftone,  in 
equal  quantities  ;  as  it  is  extremely  rare  to  meet  with 
a  lime-ftone  that  contains  near  fuch  a  large  proportion 
of  calcareous  matter  ;  on  which  account  it  ought  al 
ways  to  be  preferred  by  the  farmer,  where  both  can 
be  had  at  the  fame  price. 


76  OF    QUICK-LIME 

§  15- 

We  know  little  certain  about  the  mode  in  which 
lime  operates,  excepting  that  it  ad~ls  merely  in  confe- 
quence  of  its  being  mixed  with  ihe  foil  in  fubftance. 
If  a  heap  of  lime,  of  a  confiderable  thicknefs,  fhall 
have  lain  ever  fo  long  upon  one  fpot,  and  be  after 
wards  carried  clean  away  from  it,  fo  that  none  of  the 
particles  of  the  lime  remain  to  be  mixed  with  the^foil, 
— that  fpot  will  not  be  richer,  or  carry  more  luxuriant 
crops,  than  the  places  around  it  ;  which,  every  one 
knows,  is  not  the  cafe  with  regard  to  dung. 

Again — If  lime  be  fpread  upon  the  furface  of  the 
foil,  and  allowed  to  remain  there,  without  being  plough 
ed  in,  its  effects  will  fcarcely  be  perceived  for  feveral 
years,  till  it  has  had  time  gradually  to  fmk  through  the 
fward,  and  mix  with  the  foil  ;  after  which,  its  effects 
begin  to  be  perceived,  although  much  lefs  fenfibly  than 
if  the  fame  quantity  of  lime  had  been  intimately  mixed 
with  the  foil  by  means  of  the  plough  and  harrow. 

I  am  not  a  Granger  to  the  improvements  that  have 
been  made  in  Derbyshire,  by  means  cf  lime,  without 
the  plough  ;  but  this  is  no  exception  to  what  I  have 
faid.  The  effects  are  flow  though  certain.  Thofe  who 
inhabit  countries  that  admit  of  the  plough,  are  often 
advifed  to  lay  lime  upon  the  grafs,  and  are  made  to  be 
lieve  that  their  paflure  will  be  inflantly  mended  by  it, 
nearly  in  the  fame  perceptible  manner  as  if  it  had  been 
dunged.  This,  I  myfelf  have  tried,  and  have  feen  it 
tried  by  others,  but  always  found  that  the  grafs  for  the 
firft  year  was  rather  hurt  than  bcnefuted  by  it  ;  nor 
was  it  fo  much  improved  in  fucceeding  years,  as  if  the 
fame  quantity  of  lime  had  been  applied,  and  intimate 
ly  mixed  with  the  foil.  In  this  mode  of  applying 
lime,  therefore,  it  is  long  before  it  yields  a  proper  re 
turn  ;  and  is  not  to  be  recommended  to  a  poor  man, 
unlefs  where  neceflity  obliges  him  to  praclife  it. 

§  16. 


A3    A    MANURE.  77 


If,  then,  Ikne  afts  upon  the  foil  more  efficacioufly 
in  confequence  of  being  intimately  mixed  with  it,  we 
may  naturally  conclude,  that  it  will  produce  a  more 
fenfible  effect,  when  it  is  reduced  to  exceedingly  fmaU 
particles,  than  when  it  is  applied  to  the  foil  in  larger 
lumps  ;  as  thefe  do  not  admit  of  being  fo  intimately 
mixed  with  the  particles  of  the  foil. 

But  no  method  has  ever  yet  been  difcovered  for  re 
ducing  calcareous  matter  to  fuch  (mall  component 
parts,  or  of  fpreading  it  fo  evenly  over  a  field,  or  of 
mixing  it  fo  intimately  with  the  foil,  as  by  calcination. 
Accordingly,  it  is  found,  that  lime  will  produce  a  very 
fenfible  effect  upon  the  foil,  when  applied  in  much 
fmaller  quantities,  than  any  other  calcareous  matter 
whatever. 

Confidered  in  this  view,  it  can  never  be  expected 
that  lime-done,  reduced  to  powder  by  any  kind  ot  me 
chanical  triture,  will  produce,  fuch  a  fenfible  effect  up 
on  the  foil,  as  the  fame  quantity  of  calcareous  matter  in 
the  (late  of  time,  if  properly  applied  ;  becaufe  it  is  im- 
poffible,  by  mechanical  means,  ever  to  reduce  it  to  fuch 
a  fine  powder  as  it  naturally  falls  into  after  calcination. 

§  17- 

Much,  however,  depends  upon  the  mode  of  applying 
the  lime  to  the  foil,  after  calcination.  If  it  is  fpread 
as  foon  as  it  is  flaked,  while  yet  in  a  powdery  (late,  a 
very  fmall  quantity  may  be  made  to  cover  the  whole 
furiace  of  the  ground,  and  to  touch  an  exceedingly 
great  number  of  particles  of  earth.  But  if  it  is  fuf- 
iered  to  lie  for  fome  time  after  flaking,  and  to  get  fo 
much  moifture  as  to  make  it  run  into  clod?,  or  cake 
into  large  lumps,  it  can  never  be  again  divided  into 
fuch  fmall  parts  ;  and,  therefore,  a  much  greater  quan 
tity  is  neceffary  to  produce  the  fame  effect,  than  if  it 
had  been  applied  in  its  powdery  ftate. 

H  But 


7  OF     QUICK-LIME 

But  if  the  foil  is  afterwards  to  be  continued  long  in 
tillage — as  thefe  clods  are  annually  broken  fmaller  by 
the  action  of  the  plough  and  harrows,  the  lime  mult 
continue  to  exert  its  influence  anew  upon  the  foil  for 
a  great  courfe  of  years  : — it  will  produce  an  effect 
nearly  fimilar  to  that  which  would  be  experienced  by 
annually  ftrewinga  fmall  quantity  of  powdered  lime 
over  the  furface  of  the  foil.  But  as  the  price  of  the 
lime  muft,  in  the  fir  ft  cafe,  be  paid  by  the  farmer  alto 
gether,  at  the  beginning,  which  only  comes  to  be  fuc- 
celTively  demanded  in  the  other  cafe,  this  deferves  to 
be  attended  to,  as  it  may  become  a  confideration  of 
fome  importance  where  lime  is  dear,  and  money  not 
very  plentiful. 

§  18. 

In  few  particulars  are  practical  farmers  more  divid 
ed  in  opinion,  than  about  the  quantity  of  Ijme  that  may 
be  laid  upon  an  acre  of  ground  with  profit,  or  even 
with  fafety.  Some  require  that  it  fhould  be  applied 
in  fuch  fmall  quantities,  as  thirty  or  forty  bufhels  to 
the  acre  ;  and  aver,  that  if  more  is  ufed,  the  ground 
will  be  abfolutely  ruined  :  while  others  maintain,  that 
ten  times  that  quantity  may  be  applied  with  fafety. 

A  great  variation  may,  no  doubt,  be  produced  in 
this  refpefl,  by  a  difference  in  the  nature  of  the  foil, — 
in  the  (late  of  culture  it  is  under  at  the  time, — in  the 
quantity  of  calcareous  matter  with  which  it  may  have 
been  formerly  impregnated  ; — and  perhaps  a  variation 
may  fometimes  arife  from  other  circumftances  that 
have  never  yet  been  attended  to. 

A  difference  will  likewife  arife  from  the  quality  of 
the  lime  that  is  applied,  and  from  the  manner  in  which 
it  is  employed.  Some  kinds  of  lime  contain,  perhaps, 
ten  times  more  calcareous  matter  than  other  kinds  :-— • 
And  it  has  been  mown  above,  that  a  very  great  differ 
ence  may  arife  fiom-the  mode  of  applying  the  lime. 

Confideiing 


AS     A     MANURE.  79 

Confidering  all  thefe  circumftances,  it  would  appear 
a  little  prefumptuous  in  any  one  to  prefcribe  pofitive 
rules  that  fhbuld  be  generally  adopted  in  this  refpeft, 
This  I  (hall  not  attempt — but  {hall  relate,  with  can 
dour,  fuch  obfervations  as  have  occurred  to  myfelf,  in 
the  courfe  of  a  pretty  extenfive  experience  of  this  ma 
nure. 

§  19. 

It  is  common  to  hear  thofe,  who  have  had  little  ex 
perience  of  lime  as  a  manure,  recommend  very  great 
caution,  left  too  great  a  quantity  be  employed,  for  tear 
of  burning  the  foil,  as  they  exprefs  it.  This  idea  of 
burning  has  been  evidently  adopted,  from  what  is  ex 
perienced  by  applying  caufticlime  to  animals  or  vege 
tables,  in  large  quantities,  as  it  often  corrodes  and 
fhrivels  them  up,  and  produces  other  effects  \vhich 
greatly  referable  thofe  of  fire  :  But  it  cannot  produce 
any  fuch  effeds,  unlefs  there  are  vegetables  growing 
upon  the  foil  at  the  time.  In  that  cafe,  the  vegetables 
might,  indeed,  be  corroded  by  the  lime,  if  rain  fljoukl 
fall  immediately  after  it  was  fpread,  when  newly  llak- 
ed  ; — but  as  it  lofes  this  fiery  corrofive  power  Jn  a  few 
days  after  it  is  fpread,  nothing  of  that  kind  can  be  ex- 
pe£Hd  to  happen  to  the  foil.  Accordingly,  we  never 
hear  of  crops  being  burnt  up  with  too  great  a  quantity 
of  lime,  in  thofe  countries  where  it  has  long  been  ufed 
as  a  common  manure — although  it  is  there  often  em 
ployed  in  much  larger  quantities  than  in  any  other 
places  where  it  is  more  rare. 

I  myfelf  have  had  the  experience  of  lime  in  all  pro 
portions,  from  one  hundred  to  above  feven  hundred 
bufhels  to  the  acre,  upon  a  great  variety  of  foils  ;  and 
have  always  found,  that  its  effecl  in  promoting  the 
fertility  of  the  foil,  has  been  in  proportion  to  the  quan 
tity  employed,  other  circumftances  being  alike. 

The  expenfe  in  moft  cafes  prevents  farmers  from 
employing  this  manure  in  greater  quantities  than  thofe 

above 


o  OF    QUICK- LIME 

above  mentioned  ;  but  accidental  circumftances  clear 
ly  (how,  that  if  it  were  applied  in  much  larger  quan 
tities,  the  effect  would  only  be  to  promote  the  luxu 
riance  of  the  crop  in  a  higher  degree. 

§  20. 

A  gentleman  qjf  my  acquaintance,  in  whofe  verac 
ity  I  perfectly  confide,  happening  to  be  from  home 
when  a  large  field  was  limed  ;  and  having  no  occafion 
for  the  whole  quantity  of  lime  that  had  been  brought 
for  that  purpofe,  and  laid  down  in  one  corner  of  the 
field,  his  fervants,  without  driving  it  away,  mixed 
what  remained  with  the  foil,  although  the  lime  lay 
there  about  four  inches  thick  over  the  whole  furface. 
The  effect  was,  that  for  many  years  afterwards,  the 
grain  in  that  place  was  fo  immoderately  luxuriant, 
that  it  fell  over,  and  rotted  before  it  came  to  the  ear. 
After  many  years,  this  luxuriance  abated  a  little,  fo  as 
to  allow  the  grain  to  ripen  ; — but  it  was  there  always 
much  more  luxuriant  than  in  any  other  part  of  the 
field. 

An  accidental  experiment,  nearly  fnnilar  to  this,  fell 
under  my  own  observation.  It  happened  that  the 
iervants  of  another  farmer  laid,  by  miftake,  a  few 
heaps  of  lime  upon  a  grafs  field  that  he  did  not  intend 
fliotild  be  broken  up  at  the  time.  The  miftake  was 
foon  difccvered,  and  no  more  lime  was  laid  down  at 
that  place,  and  the  few  heaps  (about  a  bufhel  in  each) 
were  allowed  to  lie,  neglected,  without  being  fpread. 
The  field  was  paftured  upon  for  feven  or  eight  years 
after  that,  before  it  was  converted  into  tillage  ;  and 
the  heaps  were  by  that  time  become  fo  fiat,  and  fo  far 
funk  into  the  ground,  that  they  could  hardly  be  clif- 
covered. 

Before  it  was  ploughed  up,  the  whole  of  the  field 
was  limed,  and  this  part  of  it  equally  fo  with  the  reft ; 
nor  were  the  old  heaps  touched  till  the  plough  went 
through  them  in  tilling  the  field,  when  the  lime  was 

there 


AS    A    MANURE.  Si 

there  turned  up,  with  only  a  very  fmall  mixture  of  foil, 
The  confequence  was,  that  at  every  one  of  thtfe  heaps, 
a  tuft  of  corn  fprung  up  with  fuch  luxuriance  as  to  be 
entirely  rotted  before  harveit  ; — and  for  many  years 
afterwards,  thefe  tufts  could  be  diftinguifhed  from  the 
other  parts  of  the  field,  at  a  very  great  diftance,  like  fo 
many  buttons  on  a  coat  ; — and,  perhaps,  continue  fo 
to  this  day. 

From  thefe  experiments,  as  well  as  other  confider- 
ations  that  will  afterwards  occur, — there  feems  to  be 
reafon  to  conclude,  that  on  foils  which  do  not  naturally 
abound  with  chalk,  or  other  calcareous  matter,  there 
is  lefs  danger  in  giving  too  much  lime,  than  in  apply 
ing  too  little  ;  except  in  thofe  cafes  where  an  over- 
luxuriance  is  dreaded. 

§  21, 

I  have  often  heard  it  urged,  as  an  objection  to  the 
ufe  of  lime  as  a  manure,  that  although  it  does  indeed 
promote  the  fertility  of  a  foil,  in  a  higher  degree  at 
lirft,  yet,  in  the  end,  it  renders  it  much  more  fterii 
than  formerly  ;  on  which  account,  they  fay,  it  ought  not 
to  be  at  all  employed. 

This,  like  many  other  objections  to  ufeful  practices,, 
takes  its  rife  entirely  from  the  avarice  and  unfkilful- 
nefs  of  thofe  who  complain.  It  is  chiefly  heard  of  in 
thofe  parts  of  the  country  where  it  is  not  uncommon 
for  a  farmer,,  after  once  limwig  a  poor  foil,  to  take 
fifteen  or  fixteen  crops  of  oats  fucceillvely,  without 
any  other  drefling  or  alternation  of  crops.  It  muit  be 
a  good  manure  that  enables  thefe  foils  to  produce  fuch 
a  number  of  fuccelTive  fcourging  crops  of  any  fort  : 
But  it  would  be  a  marvellous  one,  indeed,  if  it  fhould 
prevent  thofe  fields  trom  being  exhaufted  by  them. 

But,  is  it  not  well  known,  that  in  all  the  richeft  and 

beft  improved  parts  of  the  country,  lime  has  been  long 

employed   as  a   manure  ?     Yet,   fo  far  are  thefe  foils 

from  being  rendered  (leril  by  it,  that  it  is  doubtful  if 

H  2, . 


82  OK     QUlCK-LIMk 

any  art,  without  the  afliftance  of  lime,  or  fome  calca* 
reous  matter,  could  ever  have  brought  thefe  fields  to 
their  prefent  degree  of  fertility.  Thofe,  therefore, 
who  complain  of  the  hurtful  effects  of  lime  as  a  ma 
nure,  proclaim  what  they  ought  to  conceal, — that  they 
have  had  in  their  poffeffion  a  treafure,  which  might  have 
enriched  their  pofterity,  but  which  they  have  idly 
fquandered  away  in  their  own  life-time. 

§    22. 

We  are  not  only  unacquainted  with  the  mode  in 
which  lime  operates  upon  the  foil,  but  we  are  even, 
in  a  great  meafure,  ignorant  of  the  actual  changes  that 
are  produced  upon  the  earth,  after  this  manure  is  ap 
plied.  So  much  time  is  necefTary  to  difcover  thefe, 
— and  fuch  accuracy  of  obfervation  is  required,  that  it 
will,  perhaps,  be  long  before  the  whole  (hall  be  fully 
afcertained.  I  ihall  mention  a  few  that  have  occur 
red  to  myfelf.  % 

It  is  often  afked,  how  long  the  effects  of  lime  may 
be  perceived  on  the  foil*?  and,  if  by  this  queftion  it  be 
meant  to  afcertaih  the  length  of  time  that  the  effects  of 
lime  will  be  perceptible  in  promoting  the  luxuriance  of 
the  crop  after  one  manuring,  it  is  no  wonder  that  very 
different  anfwers  Ihould  be  given,  as  the  effects  muft 
vary  with  the  quantity  or  quality  of  the  lime  employed  ; 
the  nature  of  the  crops  that  follow,  and  many  other 
circumftances,  that  it  would  be  impofliblehere  to  enu 
merate. 

But  if  it  be  viewed  in  another  light  ;  if  lime  be  fup* 
pofed  to  alter  the  foil,  fo  as  to  render  it  fufceptible  ot 
being  affected  by  other  manures  in  a  more  fenfible  de 
gree,  foas  to  make  it  capable  of  producing  crops,  that 
no  art  could  otherwife  have  effected,  and  to  admit  of 
being  improved  by  modes  of  culture  that  would  not 
otherwife  have  produced  any  fenfible  benefit  ;  the 
anfwer  to  the  queftion  would  be  more  eafy,  as,  in  this 
light,  it  is  pretty  plain,  that  its  effects  will  be  felt, 
perhaps,  as  long  as  the  foil  exifts.  t  I  believe> 


AS    A    MANURE.  83, 

I  believe,  farmers  are  feldom  accuftomed  to  confider 
lime,  or  other  calcareous  manures,  in  this  laft  point  of 
view  ;  although,  when  it  comes  to  be  inquired  into, 
I  doubt  not  but  this  will  be  found  to  be  by  far  the 
molt  valuable  efFe&  of  thefe  manures.  A  lew  facts 
will  bed  ill uft rate  my  meaning  : 

In  Derbyfhire,  the  farmers  have  found,  that  by 
fpreading  lime  in  confiderable  quantities  upon  the  fur- 
face  of  their  heathy  moors,  after  a  few  years,  the  heath 
difappears,  and  the  whole  furfacc  becomes  covered 
with  a  fine  pile  of  grafs,  confuting  of  white  clover, 
and  the  other  valuable  forts  of  pafture-gvaffes.  This 
ihows^  that  lime  renders  the  foil  unfriendly  to  the 
growth  of  heath,  and  friendly  to  that  of  clover. 

It  is  found  by  experience,  that  in  all  porous  foils, 
which  are  not  expofed  to  too  much  dampnefs,  in  every 
part  of  Scotland,  where  lime  has  not  been  employed, 
heath  has  a  natural,  and  almoft  irrefiftible  piopenfity 
to  eftablifh  itfelf.  In  thofe  parts  of  the  country 
where  lime  has  been  much  ufed  as  a  manure,  we  find, 
that  the  fields  may  be  allowed  to  remain  long  in  grafs, 
without  being  covered  with  that  noxious  plant. 

Again  : — It  is  well  known  by  thofe  who  have  been 
attentive,  and  have  had  opportunities  of  obferving  the 
facl,  that  peas,  of  any  fort,  can  never  be  fuccefsfully 
cultivated  in  any  part  of  the  country,  where  the  foil 
is  not  of  a  very  (trong  clayey  nature,  or  where  lime 
or  other  calcareous  manures  have  never  been  employ 
ed.  If  the  ground  be  made  as  rich  as  poffible  with 
common  dung,  although  the  peas,  in  that  cafe,  will 
vegetate,  and  grow  for  fome  time  with  vigour  ;  yet, 
before  they  begin  to  ripen,  they  become  blighted  ; 
ufnally  die  away  entirely  before  the  pod  is  formed, 
and  but  rarely  produce  a  few  half-formed  peas. 

But  h  the  ground  has  ever  been  limed,  although, 
perhaps,  at  the  diftance  of  thoufands  of  years  before 
that  period,  it  never  lofes  its  power  of  producing  good 
crops  of  peas,  if  it  is  put  in  a  proper  tihh  for  carrying 
them  at  that  time.  Again  ; — - 


84  OF    QUICK-LIME 

Again  : — In  countries  that  have  never  been  limed, 
the  kinds  of  grafs  that  fpontaneoufly  appear,  if  leir  to* 
themfelves,  are  the  fmall  bent-grafs  and  feather-grafs. 
In  places  where  lime  has  ever  been  ufed,  the  ground, 
if  exhaufted,  produces  fewer  plants  of  thefe  grafles  ; 
but  in  their  {lead,  white  clover,  the  poa  and  fefcue 
grafles,  chiefly  abound. 

The  foil,  in  either  of  thefe  cafes,  may  become 
equally  poor  ; — that  is,  may  produce  equally  fcanty 
crops  :  But,  the  means  of  recovering  them  will  be 
fbmewhat  different.  In  the  lafl  cafe,  a  fallow  feldom 
fails  to  prove  beneficial.  In  the  firft,  it  is  often 
of  no  effect,  fometi tries,  even  hurtful.  In  the  laft,  a 
moderate  drefling  of  dung,  produces  a  much  more  fen- 
Hble  and  lafting  effect,  than  in  the  other.  In  the  lafl, 
the  quality  of  the  grafs,  as  well  as  its  quantity,  rather 
improves  by  age.  In  the  firft,  thefe  circumftances  are 
reverfed. 

I  might  mention  feveral  other  obfervations,  tending 
to  fhow  that  ground,  which  has  been  once  impregnated 
with  calcareous  matter,  acquires  qualities  from  that 
moment  which  it  did  not  pofl'efs  before,  which  it  ever 
afterwards  retains,  and  never  returns  exa&ly  to  its 
former  ftate.  But,  I  have  faid  enough  to  fugged  this 
idea: — future  obfervations  will  {how  how  jultly  it  is 
founded. 

§23- 

Although  lime  has  fuch  powerful  effects  on  the 
foil,  it  does  not  feem  ever  to  incorporate  with  the 
mould,  fo  as  to  form  one  homegeneous  mafs  ;  but  the 
lime  remains  always  in  detached  particles,  which  are 
larger  or  fmaller,  in  proportion  as  it  has  been  more  or 
lefs  perfectly  divided  when  it  was  fpread,  or  broken 
down  by  the  fubfequent  mechanical  operations  the  foil 
may  have  been  made  to  undergo. 

Hence  it  happens,  that  in  ploughing,  if  there  chance 
to  be  any  lumps  of  calcareous  matter  in  a  dry  ftate, 

upon 


AS     A     MANURE.  85 

upon  the  furface,  they  naturally  tumble  into  the  bot 
tom  of  the  open  furrow,  as  foon  as  the  earth  is  edged 
up  upon  the  mould-board,  fo  as  to  fall  into  the  lowed 
place  that  has  been  made  by  the  plough  before  the 
furrow  is  fairly  turned  over. 

In  confequence  of  this  circumftance,  it  muft  hap 
pen,  that,  in  the  courfe  of  many  repeated  ploughings, 
more  of  the  time  will  be  accumulated  at  the  bottom  of 
the  foil,  than  in  any  other  part  of  it.  And  as  the 
plough  fometimes  goes  a  little  deeper  than  ordinary, 
the  lime,  that  on  thefe  occafions  chances  to  be  depofit- 
ed  in  the  bottom  of  thefe  furrows  will  be  below  the  ordi 
nary  (tuple  of  the  foil,  it  will  be  ufelefs  for  the  purpofes 
of  the  farmer.  It  is  commonly  thought,  that  the  lime 
hus  Junk  through  the  foil  by  its  own  gravity  ; — although 
it  is  certain,  that  lime  is  fpecifically  lighter  than  any 
foil,  and  can  only  be  accumulated  at  the  bottom  of  the 
mould  by  the  means  above  defcribed  ;  others  think, 
that  the  lime  is  chemically  diflblved,  and  afterwards 
ilepofited  there  ;  but  this  idea  is  not  corroborated  by 
the  facts  that  have  fallen  under  my  obfervation.  The 
directions  that  follow  are  equally  applicable  in  either 
cafe. 

To  obviate  this  inconvenience,  it  behoves  the  far 
mer,  in  the  fir  ft  .place,  to  be  extremely  attentive  to 
have  his  lime  divided  into  as  frnall  particles  as  poffible 
at  the  time  of  fpreading  :  For,  if  thefe  are  fufficiently 
•fmall,  they  incorporate  fo  intimately  with  the  mould, 
as  to  be  incapable  ofm  being  eafily  detached  from  it. 
On  this  account,  as  well  as'others,  it  is  always  moft 
advifable  to  fpread  the  lime  when  in  its  dry  powdery 
ftate,  immediately  after  flaking,  before  it  has  had  time 
to  run  into  lumps. 

It  is  alfo  of  importance  to  plough  the  foil  with  a 
more  fhallow  furrow  than  ufual,  when  lime  is  put 
upon  it  ;  efpecially  the  firfl  time  it  is  ploughed  after 
the  lime  has  been  fpread  upon  its  furface  :  Becaufe, 
at  that  ploughing,  the  lime  being  all  on  the  furface,  a 

larger 


86  OF    QUICK-LIME 

larger  proportion  of  it  is  turned  into  the  bottom  of  the 
lad-made  furrow,  than  at  any  fucceeding  ploughing  ; 
and  therefore  more  of  it  will  be  buried  beneath  the 
ftaple  than  at  any  other  time,  if  the  furrow  fhall  have 
been  very  deep. 

This  circumftance  becomes  more  eflentially  necef- 
fary  in  ploughing  grafs-ground  that  has  been  newly 
limed  ;  becaufe,  in  this  cafe,  the  lime  is  lefs  capable 
of  being  mixed  with  any  pait  of  the  foil  than  in  any 
other. 

It  alfo  becomes  extremely  neceflary,  in  all  fuc 
ceeding  times,  to  guard  as  much  as  poflible  againft 
ploughing  to  unequal  depths. 

I  have  hitherto  fpoken  only  of  lime  as  a  manure  ; 
but  moft  of  thefe  observations,  it  will  appear,  may  be 
equally  applied  to  other  calcareous  matters.  That 
the  comparative  value  of  thefe,  and  the  real  difference 
between  them,  when  compared  feparately  with  lime, 
as  well  as  with  one  another,  may  be  fully  underftood, 
it  will  be  naceflary  to  confider  each  clafs  of  thefe  fub- 
ftances  feparately,  and  point  out  with  precifion  its  pe 
culiar  diftin&ive  qualities. 

§   24. 

OF   CHALK. 

All  the  writers  on  agriculture  whom  I  have  ever 
yet  met  with,  have  confidered  the  feveral  clalTes  of  cal 
careous  fubftances  as  dillincl:  kinds  of  manures,  and  is 
poflefiing  qualities  extremely  different  from  one  anoth 
er  on  many  occafions.  And  hence  it  happens,  that 
fometimes  one  of  thefe,  which  chances  to  have  be 
come  the  favourite  of  the  author,  and  fometimes  an 
other,  is  highly  recommended,  while  the  others  are  def- 
pifed  as  ufelefs,  or  reprobated  as  pernicious. 

In  this  manner,  a  very  late  Writer,*  with  whom 
chalk  is  a  peculiar  favourite,  fays,  '  I  will  lay  it 

down 
*  The  Author  of  the  Complete  Englifli  Farmer. 


AS   A   MANURE.  87 

down  as  a  certain  and  incontrovertible  maxim,  that 
chalk  frefh  from  the  pit,  laid  on  and  managed  as  before 
directed,  in  the  proper  feafon,  will  enrich  every  fort 
of  earth  it  is  laid  upon  ;  and  that  time,  on  the  con 
trary,  fakl  on  at  whatever  time,  or  managed  in  what 
ever  manner,  will,  after  the  firft  or  fecond  year,  im- 
poverifh  every  foil  it  mixes  with. 

It  would  be  no  difficult  matter  to  produce  other 
authors,  who,  in  a  like  decifive  manner,  reprobate  the 
ufe  of  chalky  while  they  enlarge,  without  bounds,  en 
the  qualities  of  lime  ;  and  others  who  prefer  marie  of 
different  forts,  or  fome  of  the  other  clafles  of  calcareous 
earths,  as  the  moft  valuable  of  all  manures,  while  they 
condemn  the  others  beyond  all  bounds  of  moderation. 

The  truth,  however,  is,  that  although  thefe  authors 
may  be  right  in  recommending  their  own  favourite 
manures,  the  beneficial  effects  of  which  they  may  have 
often  experienced  ;  as  they  ufually  condemn  the  others 
merely  from  early  prejudices,  or  imperfect  trials  of 
them,  which  have  not  fucceeded,  their  decifions  ought 
only  to  be  confidered  as  a  proof  of  their  being  unac 
quainted  with  the  real  qualities  of  the  matters  they 
condemn,  and  of  that  prefumptuous  weaknefs  which  is 
ever  the  attendant  of  ignorance. 

Nothing  can  afford  a  flronger  proof,  that  the  author 
above  mentioned  was  totally  unacquainted,  either  in 
theory  or  practice,  with  the  real  difference  between 
chalk  and  lime,  than  the  pofitive  diftinction  he  has 
made  between  thefe  two  fubflances  as  a  manure.* 

§  25. 

It  has  been  demonftrated  in  the  preceding  part  of 
this  EfTay,  that  lime  differs  not  in  any  of  its  qualities 
from  chalk,  except  that  it  is  deprived  of  its  fixed  air  ; 
which  can  have  no  effect  on  it  as  a  manure,  becaufe  it 
again  abforbs  that  fixed  air  before  it  has  been  a  few 

days 

*  The  Reader  ought  to  be  informed,  that  the  lime  he  con* 
demns,  is  lime  made  from  the  very  chalk  hefo  much  approve* 
oft 


Sc5  OF    QUICK-LIME 

days  applied  to  the  foil.  After  this  period,  therefore, 
what  was  originally  Ume,  is  now  chalk,  and  mud  have 
the  fame  effects  upon  the  foil  in  every  refpcft,  as  an. 
equal  quantity  of  chalk,  equally  fpread  upon  if,  would 
have  had. 

It  is  eafy,  however,  for  thofe  who  attend  to  th& 
practice  of  this  Gentleman,  to  account  for  his  partial 
ity  to  chalk.  The  quantity  of  chalk  he  recommends, 
is  twenty-five  loads  per  acre  ;  which,  I  fuppofe,  may 
be  about  twelve  hundred  bufhels.*  Headvifes  only  ten. 
or  fifteen  bufhels  of  lime.  Is  it  furprifing  that  the 
efFedU  of  thefe  two  drefllngs  fhould  be  extremely  dif 
ferent  ? 

He  ventured  once  to  give  a  field  of  clay  a  drefling 
.of  fixty  bufhels  of  lime  ;  after  which  he  took, 

1.  wheat,  produce       16  bufhels, 

2.  oats,  ...          4  quarters, 

3.  bailey,  .  ,  5  bufhels, 

4.  clover,  .  .  .  worth  nothing* 

Hence,  fays  he,  the  lime  has  ruined  my  foil. 

The  foil  was  acknowledged  to  be  poor — Inftead  of 
fixty,  it  is  doubtful  if  fix  hundred  bufhels  would  have 
been  fufficient  to  make  it  produce  good  crops,  under  a 
management  fo  execrable  in  other  refpeds. 

But — to  leave  off  thefe  ungracious  ftndures,  I  now 
proceed — 

§26. 

CHALK,  as  has  been  often  faid  in  the  courfe  of 
this  Eflay,  is  a  pure  calcareous  earth,  haftily  concreted. 
Sometimes  it  is  mixed  with  a  fmall  proportion  of  ar 
gillaceous*  matter,  in  which  (late  it  approaches  to  the 

nature 

>** 

*  A  load,  I  nndedrand,  to  be  a  waggon-load— which,  I 
fuppofe,  may  contain  between  five  and  fix  quarters. 

*  *  Clayey, 


AS    A    MANURE.  89 

nature  of  marl  ft  In  either  the  one  or  the  other  of 
thefe  ftates,  it  is  employed  as  a  manure  in  the  coun 
tries  where  ft  abounds. 

Chalk  differs  not  from  lime  in  any  particular  that 
can  affect  the  farmer,  unlefs  it  be  that  lime,  by  being 
in  the  (rate  of  a  fine  powder,  admits  of  being  more 
equally  fpread  upon  the  ground,  and  more  intimately 
mixed  with  the  foil,  than  chalk  ; — from  whence  it  fol 
lows,  that  a  much  fmaller  quantity  of  lime  may  be 
employed  fuccefsfully  ns  a  dreffing  for  ground,  than 
could  poflibly  be  the  cafe  with  chalk. 

In  order,  therefore,  to  make  chalk  produce  the 
greateft  poflible  effect  upon  the  foil,  it  becomes  necef- 
fary  to  reduce  it  into  as  fmall  pieces  as  can  be  done  ; 
fo  that  it  ought  to  be  an  object  of  great  importance  to 
thofe  farmers  who  have  an  opportunity  of  employing 
this  fubliance,  to  difcover  what  is  the  eafieft  and  leaft 
expenfive  method  of  reducing  it,  as  foon  as  poflible  af 
ter  it  is  fpread  upon  the  foil,  into  very  fmall  portions. 

Chalk  is  fuch  a  porous  fubflance,  that  when  in  its 
native  bed,  after  long  and  continued  rains,  it  is  found 
to  have  imbibed  a  great  deal  of  moifture,  by  which  it 
afliimes  a  foftifh  feel  to  the  touch. 

But  if  chalk  be  dug  out  of  the  pit  and  dried  flowly 
and  perfectly  by  the  heat  of  a  fummer's  fun,  its  pores 
become  in  fome  degree  contracted  ; — it  refifts,  in  a 
great  meafure,  the  frefh  admifTion  of  water,  and  ac 
quires  a  much  greater  degree  of  hardnefs,  than  when 
it  was  originally  dug  from  the  quarry. 

On  the  contrary,  if  it  be  taken  from  the  pit  during 
the  wet  weather  in  winter,  and  expefed  to  the  rains 
that  ufually  fall  at  that  feafon,  it  has  never  time  to 
dry — its  pores  remain  quite  full  of  water  ;  and  when 
the  froft  comes  on,  that  water  in  the  act  of  freezing, 
being  greatly  expanded,  burfts  it  forcibly  afimder,  and 
makes  it  crumble -down  into  a  ilimy  kind  of  powder. 
A:,  '  as  the  pieces  that  may  remain  undeeompofed, 
continue  to  abforb.  more  as  the  rains  fall  from  the 
1  heavens. 


90  OF      Q.UICK-LIM£ 

heavens,  the  frofls  that  may  fucceed  ofcafion  a  nev* 
diflblution  ;  —  fo  that  by  thefe  alternate  rains  and  frofts, 
the  whole  is  in  time  totally  divided,  fo  as  to  admit  of 
being  pretty  evenly  fpread,  and  mixed  with  the  foil. 

For  thefe  reafons,  it  is  always  expedient  to  dig  the 
chalk  in  the  beginning  of  winter,  and  to  fpread  it  im 
mediately  upon  the  field  as  well  as  can  be  done,  fo  as 
to  expofe  it  to  the  viciflitudes  of  the  winter  weather, 
before  it  has  had  time  to  harden  after  being  taken  from 
the  pit. 


As  the  chalk  ought  always  to  be  carried  to  the  field 
while  yet  wet,  it,  in  a  great  meafure,  prevents  thofe 
who  may  be  at  a  diftance  from  the  place  where  it  is 
found,  from  being  benefited  by  this  manure  ;  becaufe 
the  carriage  ot  it  would  in  thefe  circumftances  be  ex 
tremely  burdenfome. 

To  obviate  this  inconvenience,  it  becomes  a  very 
economical  practice,  to  reduce  it  to  the  ftate  of  lime 
before  it  is  carried  home  :  For,  in  this  way,  the  weight 
is  not  only  much  diminimed  by  the  diflipation  of  all 
the  moifture  from  the  chalk,  but  it  can  alfo  be  carried 
home  in  fummer,  when  the  weather  and  roads  are  at 
the  bell  ;  and  a  much  fmaller  quantity  will  produce 
an  equal  effecT:,  than  when  it  is  in  the  ftate  of  chalk. 

Thofe,  therefore,  who  have  no  other  calcareous  ma 
nure  within  reach  of  them  but  chalk,  when  that  is  at 
a  confiderable  diftance,  ought  always  to  drive  it  in  the 
ftate  of  lime.  But  thofe  who  are  clofe  by  the  pit,  will, 
in  general,  find  it,  more  economical  to  employ  it  in  the 
ftate  of  chalk. 

§28. 

Chalk  fo  much  abounds  in  the  fouthern  parts  of 
Britain,  that  Ihips  fometimes  bring  it  as  a  ballaft  to 
the  north  ;  on  which  occafions,  it  may  be  purchafed 
at  a  moderate  price  by  the  farmer.  But  although  it 

contains 


AS    A    MANURE.  9! 

contains  perhaps  nearly  an  equal  quantity  of  calcare 
ous  matter  -as  the  fame  bulk  of  fome  very  pure  kinds 
of  lime,  yet  it  will  not  be  good  economy  in  him  to  pur- 
chafe  it  at  the  fame  price  with  the  lime,  as  at  lead  three 
or  four  times  more  chalk  than  lime  will  need  to  be  ap 
plied  to  his  foil,  before  it  produces  an  equal  effed  : 
For,  as  it  is  impoffible  to  get  that  hard  dry  chalk  re^ 
duced  to  fmall  enough  parts,  a  great  quantity  muft  be 
applied  before  it  can  produce  any  fenfible  eiFt-£t  ;  and 
although  the  effects  of  this  manure  may  be  laiting,  yet 
it  is  never  any  thing  near  equal  to  lime,  if  applied  in 
equal  quantities. 

Another  calcareous  matter,  of  great  utility  as  a  ma 
nure,  is  mark — The  dillindlive  properties  of  which 
fall  now  to  be  considered. 

§29. 

OF   MA  RLE. 

Fetv  fubftances  appear  under  a  greater  diverfity  of 
forms,  than  marie.  Hence  it  is  ufual  for  writers  on 
agriculture,  to  enumerate,  as  didinct  manures,  the 
feveral  varieties  of  this  general  clafs  of  bodies.  But  as 
all  the  different  kinds  of  marie  that  have  hitherto  been 
difcovered,  may  be  reduced  to  two  general  clafTes,  viz. 
earthy  marles,  which  are  always  found  in  foflii  Itrata 
under  the  earth,  and  Jhell  marie,  which  always  retains 
evident  marks  of  its  animal  origin.  1  ihall  confider 
each  of  thefe  feparately,  as  diiHncl.  fubdances. 

§  3°- 

Of  Earthy  or  Foffil  Marie. 

The  varieties  of  this  clafs  of  bodies  are  difUnguiihed 
by  names  fuggetled  by  the  appearance  they  aflume  when 
freih  dug  from  their  native  beds.  When  they  are 
foft,  and  of  an  uniform  texture,  they  are  called  clay 

arles  ;  when  firm  and  hard,  (tone  marles  \  when 

thefe 


* 


92  OF    Q^JICK-LIME 

thefe  aflbme'a  thin  fallacious  appearance,  they  are  de 
nominated  ilate  marles,  and  fo  on. 

But  whatever  appearance  they  affume  when  freili 
dug,  or  by  whatever  name  they  are  known,  they  all 
agree  in  this,  that  if  they  be  expofed  for  a  fufficient 
time  to  the  action  of  the  air,  they  crumble  into  frnaller 
parts,  and  fertilize  the  earth  to  which  they  have  been 
properly  applied. 

The  ingenious  Dr.  Ainflie  has  demonftrated,  by  an 
accurate  fet  of  experiments  recorded  in  the  Phyiical 
and  Literary  EfTays,  in  the  third  vol.  of  my  Agricul 
tural  E  (Fays',  That  all  the  varieties  of  this  clafs  of 
bodies  contain  a  considerable  proportion  of  clay,  unit 
ed  with  calcareous  matter  ;  whereas  lime- (lone,  if  it 
does  not  confift  of  pure  calcareous  matter,  is  ufuaily 
united  with  fand  in  various  proportions. 

The  calcareous  matter  in  marie,  does  not  differ  in 
any  refpect  from  that  in  lime-ftone,  and  its  proportions 
in  many  cafes  is  the  fame  in  marie  as  in  lime-ftone  ; — 
fothat  the  difference  between  the  appearance  and  qual 
ities  of  thefe  two  fubftances,  arifes  entirely  from  the 
nature  of  the  heterogeneous  bodies  mixed  with  the  cal 
careous  matters. 

When  marie  is  expofed  to  the  .air,  the  clay,  in  its 
compofmon,  abforbs  the  moifture  that  falls  from  the 
clouds — fwelis  with  it — becomes  foft — and,  gradually 
lofing  its  cohelion,  crumbles  to  pieces.  If  lime-ftone 
is  expofed  to  the  air,  the  land  in  its  compofition  is  no-t 
in  the  leaft  affedled  by  moifture,  and  it  retains  its 
original  figure  and  dimenfions  for  a  great  length  of 
time. 

When  fand  is  mixed  with  the  clay  that  enters  into 
the  compofition  of  marie,  it  a  (fumes  a  ftony-like  ap 
pearance,  and  is  more  or  lefs  firm,  according  to  the 
quantity  of  fand,  or  other  circumftances.  But  where 
there  is  clay  at  all  in  the  compofition,  it  will  be  gradu 
ally  foftened  by  water  acYmg  upon  it  ;  and  it  is  owing 
to  this  circiimltance  alone,  that  ftone-marles  fall  in 
time  to  pieces  when  expofed  to  the  air.  But 


AS    A    MANURE.  93 

But  if  marie  be  expofed  to  the  a&ion  of  a  moderate 
fire,  the  clay  in  its  compofition  becomes  hard  —  it  is  no 
longer  capable  of  abforbing  water,  or  of  being  affeded 
by  it  in  any  degree  ;  fo  that  the  marie,  if  not  of  a  very 
pure  fort,  or  fuch  as  contains  only  a  very  fmall  pro 
portion  of  clay  mixed  with  the  fand  in  its  coEnpofition, 
will  become  firmer  after  burning  than  it  was  before, 
and  be  in  this  ftate  with  more  difficulty  reduced  to  pow 
der,  which  is  the  reverfe  of  what  happens  with  lime- 
flone. 

Marie,  therefore,  is  fit  to  a&  as  a  manure,  without 
any  other  preparation  than  digging  it  from  the  pit,  and 
fpreading  it  upon  the  ground  ;  whereas  lime-lione  al 
ways  requires  to  be  reduced  to  a  powder,  either  by 
burning  or  otherwife,  before  it  can  be  of  any  ufe  hi 
that  way. 

But  as  lime-flone  is  at  once  reduced  into  much  fmal- 
ler  parts  by  calcination  than  marie  ever  can  be  brought 
to  at  firft,  a  much  fmaller  proportion  ot  lime  may  be 
equally  fpread  over  an  acre  of  ground,  than  of  marie  ; 
and  therefore  it  will  produce,  in  equal  quantities,  a 
much  more  fen  fiblo  effect. 


The  difcerntng  reader,  who  attends  to  thefe  circum- 
ftances,  will  eafily  perceive  the  reafons  for  all  the  pe 
culiarities  of  practice  that  prevail  with  regard  to  the 
application  of  lime  and  marie,  and  be  able,  without 
embarraffment,  to  judge  in  what  cafes  it  may  be  moft 
for  his  profit  to  employ  the  one  or  the  other  of  thefe 
manures,  when  they  are  both  within  his  power. 

He  may  afcertain  the  proportion  of  calcareous  mat 
ter  contained  in  the  marie,  by  the  fame  procefs  al 
ready  defcribed  for  trying  lime-ftone,  page  72,  and 
thus  compare  the  intrinfic  value  of  the  Hine  and  marie 
in  any  cafe.  For  this  is  always  in  pioponion  to  the 
calcareous  matter  contained  in  either. 

He  will  eafily  perceive,  however,  that  the  fame 
i  Z  quantity 


94  OF     QUICK-LIME 

quantity  of  calcareous  matter  in  the  ftate  of  lime,  will 
produce  a  much  greater  effect  than  when  it  is  in  the 
ftate  of  marie  ;  becaufe  it  is  divided  into  infinitely 
fmalier  particles,  can  be  more  equally  fpread  upon  the 
ground,  and  more  intimately  mixed  with  the  foil. 

Hence  it  univerfally  happens,  that  a  much  larger 
quantity  of  marie  is  applied  at  one  drefling,  than  of 
lime.  From  one  to  two  hundred  cart-loads  of  marie  isa 
common  drefling  to  an  acre,  that  is,  from  three  thou- 
fand  to  fix:  thoufand  bufhels  ;  whereas,  from  thirty  to 
three  hundred  bufhels  of  lime  is  a  common  drefling 
for  an  acre  of  ground. 

In  thefe  proportions,  it  is  reafonable  to  think  that 
the  effects  of  the  marie  will  continue  to  be  longer  felt 
than  thofe  of  the  lime  :  For,  as  the  marie  is  gradually 
broken  into  fmalier  pieces  every  year,  thefe  will  fuc- 
cefh'vely  mix  wiih  the  foil,  and  produce  an  effedt  nearly 
iimilar  to  what  might  be  expedled  from  an  annual 
drefling  of  lime. 

It  may  likewife  be  expe&ed,  that  a  full  drefling  of 
marie,  in  the  proportions  above  named,  will  produce 
a  morecapital  improvement  upon  light  fpungy  grounds, 
than  an  ordinary  duelling  of  lime  ; — becaufe,  indepen 
dent  of  the  calcareous  matter,  the  large  proportion  of 
clay  applied  in  this  manner,  may  produce  fome  altera 
tion  on  the  quality  of  the  foil.  This  alteration,  how 
ever,  will  be  different,  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
extraneous  matter  contained  in  the  marie. 

But  as  all  rnarles  contain  clay,  it  is  natural  to  think 
that  clay  iands  will  not  be  benefited  at  ail  by  this  cir- 
cumltance,  as  in  thefe  cafes  the  calcareous  matter 
alone  in  the  marie  will  be  to  fuch  foils  an  ufeful  addi 
tion.  Hence  light  land  will  be  in  general  more  highly 
benefitted  by  this  manure  than  clay  land,  which  has 
given  rife  to  the  following  vulgar  rhyme  : 

He  that  marles  fancl, 

Will  foon  buy  land  ; 

Bnt  he  that  msrles  clay, 

Throws  ail  away.  The 


AS    A    MANURE.  95 

The  truth,  however,  is,  that  clay  is  as  highly  bene- 
fitted  by  the- calcareous  matter  in  marie,  as  fand  is  ;  fo 
that  a  rich  marie  will  be  nearly  equally  beneficial  in 
both  cafes.  But  there  are  fome  kinds  or  clays  that  are 
very  free  from  any  mixture  of  fand,  and  aiTume  the  ap 
pearance  of  marie  ;  and  are  fo  called,  although  they 
hardly  contain  almoft  any  calcareous  matter  at  all. 
Thefe  may  perhaps,  on  fame  occaiions,  be  an  ufeful 
addition  to  light  foils,  and  worth  the  expenfe  of  carry 
ing  to  them  when  near,  but  could  fcarceiy  be  of  any 
ufe  at  all  upon  clayey  foils.  It  has  probably  been 
fome  poor  kind  of  marie  of  this  fort  that  has  given 
rife  to  the  proverb  above  quoted* 

§  32- 

I  (hall  not  pretend  to  prefcribe  pofitive  rules  for 
determining  when  the  one  or  the  other  of  thefe  fub- 
ftances,  lime  or  marie,  ought  to  be  preferred  as  a  ma 
nure  ;  as  a  decifion  in  favour  of  the  one  or  the  other 
muft,  in  a  great  meafure,  depend  upon  the  fituation  of 
the  place  where  they  can  be  both  obtained  ;  the  purity 
of  either  of  them  refpe&ively  ;  the  price  at  which 
they  may  be  purchafed,  and  the  expenfe  of  carriage  : 
all  thefe  circumftances  may  be  bed  afcertained  by  every 
individual  for  himfelf. 

But  I  may  be  allowed  to  obferve,  that  it  argues  a 
great  want  of  knowledge  of  the  real  qualities  of  thefe 
fubftances,  when  a  man  prefers  the  one  of  thefe,  and 
condemns  the  other,  in  all  cafes.  For  it  is  mere 
ly  a  matter  of  calculation,  whtn  the  one,  or  when  the 
other,  may  be  mod  valuable  to  any  particular  perfon. 

If  the  marie  be  tolerably  rich,  and  can  be  obtained 
at  little  expenfe  near  the  field  in  the  proportions  ufual- 
ly  employed,  it  will  be,  in  general,  more  advantageou-s 
to  the  poffeflbr,  who  has  a  profpecl  of  enjoying  his 
farm  for  a  long  time,  to  ufe  marie  in  preference  to 
lime.  • 

But  when  it  rnuft  be  brought  from  a  diftance,  U?nc9 

in. 


$6  OF   QUICK-LIME 

in  all  cafes,  will  be  cheaper,  and  on  that  account  better 
than  marie. 

If  marie  contains  a  great  proportion  of  clay,  it  may 
be  worth  the  expenfe  or  driving  t^  a  light  foil  on  fome 
occafions,<even  where  time  could  be  procured  as-cheap  : 
But,  on  all  occafions.  if  the  fame  quantity  of  calcare 
ous  matter  in  the  ftate  of  lime  can  be  obtained  at  the 
fame  price,  that  will  be  a  much  more  beneficial  ma 
nure  for  clayey  foils  than  marie.  Impure  marie  is  in 
deed  feldom  worth  the  expenfe  of  carting  on  a  clayey 
foil. 

Some  readers  will  be  much  diflatisfied  at  reading 
this  fhort  account  of  the  nature  of  marie,  and  its  oper 
ation  as  a  manure.  For  as  they  have  been  accuftomed 
to  look  upon  this  manure  as  poffefling  fome  very  fin- 
gular  qualities  peculiar  to  itfelf,  and  to  think  that  it 
differed  from  lime  in  fome  very  eflential  refpeds,  and 
would  produce  effects  upon  the  foil  nowife  fimilar  to 
that  which  would  be  produced  by  lime  in  any  cafe  ; 
they  will  feel  a  kind  of  uneafinefs  at  being  obliged  to 
ftrike  this  one  off  their  lift  of  diftin£l  and  feparate  ma 
nures.  But  it  is  the  bufinefs  of  true  philofophy  to 
eradicate  that  fpirit  for  myfterious  credulity,  which  is 
fo  apt  to  lull  the  reafoning  faculty  afleep,  and  make 
the  mind  reft  fatisfied  with  the  contemplation  of  ideal 
iphantoms  created  by  the  fancy,  inftead  of  real  objects 
of  ufeful  knowledge. 

§33- 

Of  Shell  Marie. 

Shell  rnarle  is  always  found  in  low  places,  that 
either  are,  or  have  been  covered  with  water.  It  is  a 
whitim  powder,  that  has  been  formed  by  the  gradual 
decompofition  of  ihells,  in  the  courfe  of  many  ages. 
It  is,  therefore,  a  pure  calcareous  matter,  without  any 
other  mixture  than  the  mud  and  other  fedimenis,  that 
may,  have  funk  to  the  bottom  of  the  water,  in  ponds 
where  it  has  been  formed.  As 


AS     A     MANURE.  97 

As  the  proportion  of  fediment  that  may  have  mixed 
with  the  fhells,  may  be  very  different  in  different  fitua- 
tions  ;  this  kind  of  marie,  like  all  others,  may  be  more 
or  lefs  pure,  and,  of  confequence,  of  greater  or  fmaller 
value  to  the  farmer.  Its  purity  may  be  determined  by 
the  mode  prefcribed,  page  72,  and  its  value  thus  afcer- 
tained  with  precilion. 

Itjs  ufually  a  light,  fpungy  fubdance,  very  flightly 
coherent  ;  and  contains  more  calcareous  matter  in 
.proportion  to  its  weight,  than  the  common  forts  of 
lime.  And  as  it  admits  of  being  fpread  as  equally  as 
lime,  it  may  in  general  be  carried  with  profit  as  far  as 
lime. 

But  as  it  is  more  fpungy  than  lime,  perhaps  a  fmaller 
quantity  will  fill  the  meafure  ;  on  which  account,  the 
prime  cod  of  the  fame  quantity  of  marie  ought  to  be  a 
little  below  that  of  lime,  to  be  equally  pr0fkable  to  the 
farmer- 
Shell  marie,  however,  cannot  be  carried  fo  far  with 
profit  as  (hell  lime  of  the  bed  fort  ;  as  thislaft,  in  that 
Itate,  wants  a  great  proportion  of  its  moifture,  air,  &e. 
which  greatly  diminishes  its  weight. 

It  is,  neverthelefs,  a  very  great  treafure  to  thofe 
who  can  difcover  it,  as  it  is  almoft  in  all  cafes  of  equal 
value  with  lime,  produces  the  fame  effect  upon  the 
foil,  admits  of  being  equally  eafily  fpread,  and  can  for 
the -mod  part  be  obtained,  upon  the  fpot,  at  a  much 
fmaller  expenfe. 

But,  in  fituations  where  fuel  is  fcarce  and  dear,  it  is 
of  much  greater  value  than  the  bed  lime-done,  and 
ought  to  be  prized  accordingly  by  every  poflefTor  of 
ground  :  nor  ought  any  one,  in  fuch  a  fituation,  to 
omit  fearching  diligently  every  place  where  there  is 
.the  finalied  probability  of  finding  it. 

*  34* 


9§  OF     QtTICK-LtME 

§  34. 

Of  Shelly  Sand. 

On  many  parts  of  the  fea-coaft,  great  beds  of  fhells 
are  to  be  found,  which  have  been  broken  into  fuch 
fmall  parts  as  to  afTume  the  appearance  of  fand.  This 
is  a  rich  and  valuable  manure,  that  deferves  to  be  high 
ly  prized  by  thofe  who  are  within  reach  of  it  ;  but,  it 
is  too  often  neglected  and  unobferved,  as  this  kind  o£ 
fand  has,  on  many  occafions,  very  much  the  appear 
ance  of  ordinary  fand. 

This  may  readily  be  difcovered,  by  pouring  a  little 
aqua-fortis,  or  any  other  mineral  acid,*  upon  the  fand 
you  wifh  to  examine.  If  it  contains  ihells,  an  effer- 
vefcence  will  enfue  ;  and  the  proportion  of  calcareous 
matter  contained  in  any  fort  of  fand,  may  be  afcer- 
tained  by  the  fame  procefs  already  fo  often  referred  to, 
p.  72.  Nor  ought  this  trial  ever  to  be  omitted  before 
the  fand  is  employed  as  a  manure  ;  becaufe,  a  very 
fmall  proportion  of  (hells  will  make  it  erTervefce  vio 
lently,  fo  that  the  degree  of  effervefcence  is  no  proof 
of  its  purity,  and  becaufe  the  proportion  of  ftiells  va 
ries  in  all  poflible  degrees. 

If  the  fhells  are  broken  into  very  fmall  fragments, 
and  if  the  proportion  of  fand  be  inconiiderable,  it  will 
be  nearly  as  valuable  as  lime,  and  may  be  driven  to  a 
great  diftance  with  profit.  If  the  proportion  of  ordi 
nary 

*  Many  perfons  make  this  trial  with  vinegar,  inftead  of  the 
mineral  acids  ;  but  this  ought  never  to  be  done,  as  it  often 
happens,  that  vinegar  makes  no  fenfible  effervefcence  with 
calcareous  fubftances.  I  would,  therefore,  advife  every  coun 
try  gentleman,  to  keep  a  phial  of  aqua-fortis,  or  muriatic 
acid,  always  by  him,  for  making  trials  of  calcareous  fubflances: 
the  expenfe  is  next  to  nothing  ;  and  I  am  purfuaded,  from 
the  want  of  it  alone,  many  perTons  have  failed  to  make  dif- 
coveries  of  calcareous  matters  that  might  have  been  of  high 
importance  to  themjelves  and  families, 


AS   A   MANURE.  99 

nary  fancl  be  very  great,  theexpenfe  in  ufing  it  will  be 
greater,  as  the  quantity  muft  be  confiderably  increafed. 
But  as  it  may,  for  the  moft  part,  be  procured  at  little 
expenfe,  thofe  who  are  pofleiTed  of  it,  are  ufually  able 
to  employ  it  in  great  quantities  ;  in  which  cafe,  it 
will  produce  amazing  effects,  efpecially  upon  ftrong 
clay-land. 

A  much  fmaller  quantity  of  calcareous  matter  in 
this  ftate,  will  produce  a  more  fenfible  effect,  than 
when  it  is  in  any  fort  of  earthy  marie  ;  becaufe  it  ad 
mits  of  being  more  equally  fpread  upon  the  ground, 
and  more  intimately  mixed  with  the  foil.  Thofe, 
therefore,  who  are  upon  the  fea-coaft,  ought  to  fearch 
for  it  with  care,  as  they  will  ufually  obtain  an  invalua 
ble  treafure  when  they  difcover  it. 

This  fort  of  fand  is  much  more  common  on  the  eaft 
coaft  of  Scotland,  than  is  ufually  imagined.  All  along 
the  coaft  of  Fife,  efpecially  about  St.  Andrew's,  the* 
fand  upon  the  more  is  richly  impregnated  with  ihells  j 
— but,  it  has  never  there  been  employed  as  a  manure. 
On  the  north  coaft  of  Aberdeenfhire,  fhelly  fand  a- 
bounds,  and  has  been  of  late  employed  as  a  manure, 
with  the  greateft  fuccefs,  by  a  gentleman  diftinguifhed 
for  his  knowledge  and  public  fpirit  in  that  corner.  It 
is  likewife  found  in  Banff-mire,  where  it  has  been  ap 
plied  with  the  higheft  fuccefs.  And  all  along  the  coait 
of  Southerland  and  Caithnefs,  the  fands  upon  the  Ihore 
confift  almoft  entirely  of  fhells. 

Thefe  are  treafures  which  will  enrich  pofterity,  al 
though  they  are  at  prefent,  in  a  great  meafure  neglect 
ed.  I  mention  them  here,  to  induce  my  countrymen 
not  to  neglect  a  treafure  of  fuch  ineftimable  value. 
But  on  the  weft  coafts  of  Scotland,  and  among  the  ifl- 
ands,  ihelly-fand  much  more  abounds,  and  its  effects 
as  a  manure,  are  much  more  generally  known  than  on 
the  eaft  coaft,  fo  that  it  is  there  univerfally  employed 
as  the  mod  efficacious  manure  with  which  they  are 
acquainted.  Its  effects  upon  fome  of  their  heathy 

molly 


TOO  OF    OyiCK-LIM'E 

moflfy  foils,  appears  to  be,  in  fome  cafes,  little  fliort  of 
enchantment. 

The  ingenious  Mr.  Craik,  in  Dumfriesmire,  fo  well 
known  for  his  jvidicious  improvements  in  the  drill 
husbandry,  has,  I  am  told,  employed  this  manure  for 
a  longer  time,  and  in  greater  quantities,  than  any 
other  perfon  in  Scotland,  and  has  been  highly  benefitted 
by  it.  I  wiihto  produce  fuch  a  refpe&able  authority, 
with  a  view  to  induce  others  to  follow  his  example. 

§35- 

Mr.  Arthur  Young,  in  one  of  his  Tours,  mentions 
a  bed  of  fhells  near  Colchefter,  in  EtTex,  which  the 
inhabitants  diftinguifh  by  the  name  of  Cragg,  and  em 
ploy  as  a  manure,  with  great  fuccefs.  From  his  ac 
count  of  this  fubftance,  it  would  feem  doubtful,  whe 
ther  it  was  a  real  calcareous  matter  or  not.  But  he 
only  tried  it  with  vinegar,  an  acid  too  weak  to  produce 
any  fenfible  effe&  on  many  forts  of  calcareous  matters, 
in  certain  circumftances.  There  is  little  room  to 
doubt,  but  that,  with  a  mineral  acid,  the  effervefcence 
would  have  been  fufficiently  violent. 

§36- 

In  fome  places,  there  are  found  large  beds  of  oyfter- 
Ihells,  almoit  entire.  Thefe  are  fo  large  .as  to  re 
quire  to  be  broken  into  f mailer  fragments,  before  they 
can  be  profitably  employed  as  a  manure. — And  as 
thefe  may  be  eafily  calcined,  they  ought  always  to  be 
reduced  to  the  Hate  of  lime  before  they  are  ufed.  Who 
ever  finds  a  bed  of  thefe  fhells,  finds  a  lime-quarry  of 
the  moft  valuable  fort,  and  ought  to  value  it  accord 
ingly. 

It  may  be  fometirnes  neceffary  to  burn  fhelly  fand 
into  lime  ;  and  this  may,  on  extraordinary  emergen 
cies,  be  praclifed,  although  it  is  rather  a  troublefome 
operation  :  For,  as  the  incoherent  fand  always  mixes 
with  the  fuel,  and  extinguishes  the  fire  when  in  its  na 
tive 


AS     A     MANURE.  IOI 

tive  ftate,  it  becomes  neceflary  to  reduce  it  firft  to  fome 
degree  of  con-fiitency. — 'This  may  be  effected  by  knead- 
ing  the  fand  with  a  little  clay,  and  moulding  it  into  the 
form  of  bricks  ;  which,  when  dried,  will  retain  their 
form  fo  long  as  to  permit  the  fire  to  acl  upon  the  (hells, 
and  burn  them  to  lime,  which  maybe  afterwards  flaked 
and  ufed.  A  manufacture  of  this  kind  was  for  fome 
time  carried  on  at  the  Duke  of  Bridgewater's  great 
works,  near  Warrington,  in  Lancafhire,  as  I  am  told, 
under  the  direction  of  the  ingenious  Mr.  Brindley. 

In  fituations  where  lime-ftone  cannot  poflibly  be 
had,  and  where  the  carriage  of  lime  would  be  extremely 
expeniive,  it  may  fometimes  be  advifable  to  burn 
fome  of  this  fhelly  fand  into  lime,  for  the  purpofe  of 
building  ;* — but  if  the  lime  is  to  be  employed  as  a 
manure,  it  is  a  very  idle  and  a  ufelefs  procefs  :  For, 
the  burning,  in  this  cafe,  can  only  be  of  ufe  in  divid 
ing  the  calcareous  matter  into  fmall  parts,  which  has 
already  been  performed  by  Nature,  when  the  fhelis 
were  reduced  to  the  itate  of  fine  fand, 

§  37- 
Of  Lime-  Stone-  Gravel. 

This  is  a  manure  little  known  in  Britain,  although 
it  is  common  in  many  parts  of  Ireland.  Ii  is  a  hard 
fort  of  marie,  that  aifiimes  the  appearance  of  fmall 
ftones,  or  gravel,  which,  when  fpread  upon  the  ground, 
and  mixed  with  it,  gradually  falls  into  fmaller  pieces, 
and  fertilizes  the  foil  in  proportion  as  it  breaks  down 
and  mixes  with  it. 

After  what  has  already  occurred,  little  needs  be  faid 

as  to  the  qualities  or  mode  of  applying  this  manure. 

K  The 

*  The  fmall  quantity  of  clay  that  is  introduced  in  this 
way,  will  not  fenfibly  injure  the  power  of  the  lime  as  a 
cement  ;  for, before  the  fhells  can  be  fufficiently  calcined,  the 
clay  will  be  burnt  to  fuch  a  degree,  as  to  render  it  impervious 
to  moifture,  like  fand, 


102  OF    QJUICK-LIME 

The  reader  will  eafily  be  able  to  perceive,  that  if  the 
pieces  of  which  this  gravel  confids  are  large,  and  dif- 
folve  but  flowly,  the  quantity  applied  at  one  drefling 
ought  to  be  great,  and  the  effects  will  be  flow  and 
lading  ; — and,  if  the  gravel  is  fmall,  it  will  require  a 
fmaller  quantity,  will  operate  'more  quickly,  and  laft 
for  a  fhorter  time,  like  all  other  calcareous  fubftances 
in  the  fame  circumftances. 

Thefe  are  all  the  varieties  of  calcareous  matter  that 
I  have  ever  known  to  be  ufed  as  a  manure.  They  are 
all  extremely  ufeful  in  proper  circumftances — perhaps 
equally  fo,  if  thefe  circumdances  are  duly  attended  to. 
To  afljft  the  farmer  dill  farther,  the  following  general 
Aphorifms  relating  to  the  application  of  calcareous 
matters,  as  a  manure,  may  be  of  ufe  : 

§  38- 

APHORISM    I. 

There  feems  to  be  only  one  kind  of  calcareous  matter;  "and 
all  the  varieties  of  calcareous  fubitances  that  we  meet  with, 
are  entirely  occafioned  by  a  diverfity  in  the  nature  of  the  ex 
traneous  bodies  with  which  the  calcareous  matter  is  united, 
or  a  difference  in  the  form  it  may  appear  in  at  the  time. 


Confidered  as  a  manure,  thefe  extraneous  matters 
may  be  more  or  lefs  beneficial,  according  to  particular 
circumdances  relating  to  the  foil,  &c.  In  all  the 
foflil  calcareous  concretions,  clay  or  fand  feem  to  be 
the  only  extraneous  matters  worth  attending  to,  neither 
of  which  can  ever  be  of  great  confequence  as  a  ma 
nure,  although  they  may  be  more  or  lefs  proper  for 
different  foils.  In  thofe  calcareous  fubdances  that  be 
long  to  the  animal  kingdom,  the  flefhy  parts  of  the 
animals  may  be  fometimes  united  with  the  calcareous, 
which  will  greatly  promote  their  effects  as  a  manure 
on  every  fort  of  foil  whatever.  This  does  not,  how 
ever,  .frern  to  be  the  cafe,  either  with  fliell-marle,  or 

fine 


AS    A    MANURE.  103 

nne  fhelly  fand  ;  as,  in  both  thefe  cafes,  the  animals 
which  once  inhabited  thefe  (hells,  have  been  fo  lung 
dead  that  no' part  of  the  fleihy  fubftance  can  remain. 
But  the  recent  fhells  obtained  from  fifhing  towns, 
operate  much  more  powerfully  as  an  animal  manure, 
than  as  a  calcareous  matter,  when  firft  applied. 

It  is  not  impoflible  but  that  man  may  in  time  fall 
upon  fome  contrivance  for  obtaining  this  animal  cal 
careous  manure  in  much  greater  abundance  and  per 
fection  than  it  has  hitherto  been  obtained.  There  is 
a  fmall  fpecies  of  frelh  water  wilky — which  increafcs' 
fo  faft,  as,  in  a  furprifingly  fhort  time,  to  till  a  con- 
fiderable  fpace  with  folid  wilks,  if  a  few  of  them  have 
been  placed  in  a  proper  receptacle  for  that  purpolc, 
and  water  duly  adminiltered  to  them.  If  then  pond.-. 
were  prepared  for  this  purpofe,  and  properly  {locked 
with  this  animal,  and  if  they  were  allowed  to  increale- 
till  a  bed  of  them,  of  confidcrable  ihicknefs,  was  ac  - 
cumulated,  might  they  not  then  be  taken  out  in  abun 
dance  to  be  employed  as  a  manure  r  Thefe,  if  bruifed 
under  a  (tone  like  a  tanner's  wheel,  to  reduce  the 
{hells  to  fmall  fragment?,  would  certainly  form  as 
rich  and  efficacious  a  manure  as  could  poflibly  be  de- 
vifed  :  nor  could  there  be  any  difficulty  in  dilp.ofmg  the 
ponds  in  fuch  a  manner  as  to  afFord  a  conflant  annnal 
fupply. 

It  has  probably  been  by  a  natural  proccfs  fimilar 
to  this,  that  all  thofe  beds  of  (hell-marie  we  now  meet 
with,  have  been  originally  produced.  This  fpecies  of 
marie  is  generally  found  to  confiit  of  the  fhells  of  this 
fort  of  fmall  wilk,  more  or  lefs  decompofed.  The 
animals  which  inhabited  thefe  (hells  have  been  once 
nouriflied  by  the  water  contained  in  thofe  hollow 
places  where  this  fort  of  marie  is  always  found,  and 
have  probably  been  entirely  deftroyed  by  fome  ac 
cidental  drought,  which  deprived  them  of  the  water 
necelTary  for  their  exiftence,  or  to  fome  other  dif- 
aftrous  circumllance  that  it  is  impoflible  for  us  now  10 

point 


OP    QUICK-LIME 

point  cut  ;  and  the  fhells  remaining  behind,  gradually 
mouldered  down  to  the   flate  in  which   we  now  find 


§39- 
APHORISM    II. 

The  fame  quantity  of  calcareous  matter,  will,  in  all  cafes, 
operate  equally  powerful  on  foils  of  a  fimilar  quality,  when 
in  a  fimilar  flate.  But  thefe  effects  may  be  accelerated  or  re 
tarded,—  -be  more  uniform  or  unequal,  according  &s  the  cal 
careous  matter  is  more  or  lefs  perfectly  divided  when  it  is 
firft  applied  to  the  foil. 


#     #    # 


If  the  calcareous  matter  be  divided  into  very  fmall 
Particle?,  fo  as  to  admit  of  being  equally  fpread  over 
a  very  large  furface,  a  fmall  quantity  of  it  will  pro 
duce  a  much  more  fenfible  effect,  than  if  the  fame 
quantity  of  calcareous  matter  had  been  applied  in  large 
lumps,  which  could,  in  that  cafe,  have  operated  only 
upon  a  very  few  particles  of  the  foil  :  —  Therefore, 


jinejhelly  fandy  or  Jhell  mark,  if  equally  pure,  may  be 
applied,  with  profit,  in  much  fmaller  quantities  than 
any  other  clafs  of  calcareous  manures. 

Hence  alfo  it  follows,  that  if  equal  quantities  of 
calcareous  matter  are  employed  as  a  manure,  that 
kind  which  admits  of  being  moft  minutely  divided, 
will  produce  the  greateft  effecl  at  the  beginning  ;  be- 
caufe  the  feparate  particles  will  be  at  liberty  to  act  on 
a  much  greater  number  of  patticles  of  the  foil  at 
once,  than  when  it  is  lefs  perfectly  divided. 

But  if  a  fufficient  quantity  of  calcareous  matter  has 
been  applied,  when  in  pretty  large  mafles,  fo  as  to 
cover  the  ground  pretty  equally  ;  and  if  thefe  lumps 
continue  to  diflblve  in  the  foil  in  all  after-periods,  the 
effect  of  this  drefling  will  be  much  longer  perceived, 
than  that  of  a  drefling  of  calcareous  matter  in  fine 
powder,  that  ihould  produce  at  firft  an  effecl:  equal  to 
this.  —  Perhaps,  in  this  ca.fe,  the  virtue  of  every  par 

ticle 


.  AS   A"  MANURE,  .  1©5 

ticle  of  the  calcareous  matter  will  come,  in  time,  to 
produce  a  full  effect  upon  the  foil,  and  benefit  it  r.earty 
as  much  as  an  equal  quantity  of  very  finely  powdered 
calcareous  matter  would  have  done,  applied  at  dif 
ferent  times.  Stone  and  clay  marles,  therefore,  are 
equally  efficacious  manures  as  powdered  lime,  although 
more  flow  in  their  operation. 

But  as  lime  that  has  been  fuffered  to  run  into  folid 
cakes  before  it  is  applied  to  the  foil,  .can  neither  be 
properly  fpread  upon  it,  nor  has  any  chance  of  being 
difiblved  by  the  aclion  of  the  air  afterwards,  it  never 
can  be  made  to  produce  its  full  influence  on  the  foil  ; 
and  therefore  this  mode  of  applying  calcareous  matter 
is  the  moft  uneconomical  that  could  ever  be  practifed. 

§40. 
APHORISM    III. 

Calcareous  matter,  alone,  is  not  capable  of  rearing  plants -to 
perfection  :  mould  is  neceflary  to  be  mixed  with  it,  in  certain 
proportions  before  it  can  form  a  proper  foil.  It  remain0, 
however,  to  be  determined,  what  is  the  due  proportion  oi 
thefe  ingredients  for  forming  a  proper  foil. 


We  know,  that  neither  chalk,  nor  marie,  nor  lime,, 
can  be  made  to  nourish  plants  alone  ;  and  foils  are 
fometimes  found,  that  naturaHy  abound  with  the  two 
firft  of  thefe  to  a  faulty  degree.  But  the  proportion  of 
calcareous  matter  in  thefe  is  fo  much  larger  than  could 
ever  be  produced  by  art,  where  the  foil  was  naturally 
destitute  of  thefe  fubftances,  that  there  feems  to  be  no 
danger  of  erring  on  that  fide.  Probably,  it  would  be 
much  eafier  to  correct  the  defects  of  thofe  foils  in  which, 
calcareous  matters  fuperabound,  by  driving  earth  upon 
them  as  a  manure,  than  is  generally  imagined,  as  a 
very  fmall  proportion  of  it  fometimes  affords  a  very, 
perfect  foil.  I  ftiall  illuftrate  my  meaning  by  a  few^ 
examples. 

K<2-  Near- 


106  OF     QUICK-LIME 

Near  Sandfide,  in  the  county  of  Caithnefs,  there  is 
a  pretty  extenfive  plain  on  the  fea-coaft,  endowed  with 
a  moll  fingular  degree  of  fertility,  In  all  feafons,  it 
produces  a  moft  luxuriant  herbage,  although  it  never 
got  any  manure  fince  the  creation,  and  has  been  for 
time  immemorial  fubjedted  to  the  following  courfe  of 
crops  : 

i/?,  Bear,  after  once  ploughing  from  grafs,  ufually  a 
good  crop. 

2^,  Bear  after  once  ploughing,  a  better  crop  than 
the  firft. 

3</,  Bear  after  once  ploughing,  a  crop  equal  to  the 
firit. 

4/£,  5/&,  and  6/#,  Natural  grafs,  as  clofe  and  rich 
as  could  be  imagined,— might  be  cut  if  the  poiTeiTor 
fo  inclined,  and  would  yield  an  extraordinary  crop  of 
Iiay  each  year. 

After  this,  the  fame  courfe  of  cropping  is  renewed. 
The  foil  that  admits  of  this  (ingular  mode  of  farming, 
appears  to  be  a  pure  incoherent  fand,  deflitute  of  the 
fmalleft  particle  of  vegetable  mould  ; — but,  upon  ex 
amination;  it  is  found  to  confift  almofl  entirely  of  brok 
en  fhells  :  the  fine  mould  here,  bears  fnch  a  Imall  pro 
portion  to  the  calcareous  matter,  as  to  be  fcarcely  per-' 
ceptible,  and  yet  it  forms  the  mod  fertile  foil  that  ever 
J  yet  met  with. 

I  have  feen  many  other  links  (downs)  upon  the  fea 
fhore,  which  produced  the  moft  luxuriant  herbage,  and 
the  clofeft  and  fweeteft  pile  of  grafs,  where  they  con- 
fifted  of  fhslly  fand,  which,  without  doubt,  derive  their 
extraordinary  fertility  from  that  caufe. 

A  very  remarkable  plain  is  found  in  the  Ifland  of 
Tir-eye  or  Tyre~ty,  one  of  the  Hebrides. — It  has  long 
been  employed  as  a  common,  fo  that  it  has  never 
been  difturbed  by  the  plough.;  and  affords  annually 
the  mo!t  luxuriant  crop  of  herbage,  confiding  of  white 
clover,  and  other  valuable  pafture-graffes,  that  can  be 
met  with  any  where. — The  foil  coniifts  of  a  very  pure 

'     flielly 


AS     A     MANURE.  107 

ihelly  fancl.  And  the  fined  crop  of  bear,  without  ex 
ception,  I  ever  faw  grow  out  or  the  earth,  I  found  in 
the  ifland  of  Barra,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  growing 
upon  a  bed  of  fheU-fand,  in  which,  I  could  not  per 
ceive  the  fmalleft  panicle  of  earth.  1  do  fuppofe, 
that  the  produce  would  have  exceeded  that  of  the  beft 
crop  of  barley  I  ever  faw,  by  two  quarters,  at  leaft, 
per  acre. — It  had  been  manured  with  fea  ware. 

From  thefe  examples,  I  think  it  is  evident,  that  a 
very  fmall  proportion  of  vegetable  mould,  is  fufficient 
to  render  calcareous  matter  a  very  rich  foil.  Perhaps, 
however,  a  larger  proportion  may  be  neceffary  when 
it  is  mixed  with  clay,  than  with  fand  ;  as  poor  chalky 
foils  feem  to  be  of  the  nature  of  that  compofition. 

At  any  rate,  however,  from  thefe  examples,  as  well 
as  from  thofe  that  have  occurred  in  the  preceding  parts 
of  this  Eflay,  I  think  we  may  be  fufficiently  author! fed 
to  conclude,  that  there  is  no  danger  of  ever  applying 
calcareous  fubftances  to  any  foil  in  an  over-propor- 
lion,  if  that  foil  was  not  originally  impregnated  with 
fome  kind  of  calcareous  matters,  and  if  it  ihall  be  af 
terwards  cropped  in  a  judicious  manner. 

§  41- 
APHORISM    IV. 

Calcareous  matters  aft  as  powerfully  upon  land  that  is  nat 
urally  poor,  as  upon  land  that  is  more  richly  impregnated 
with  thofe  fubftances  which  tend  to  produce  a  luxuriant  veg 
etation. 


Writers  on  agriculture  have  been  long  in  the  cuftcm 
of  dividing  manures  into  t  w.o  clalTes,  viz.  enriching  ma 
nures,  or  thofe  that  tended  direclly  to  render  the  foil 
more  prolific,  however  fterile  it  may  be, — among  the 
foremoft  of  which  was  reckoned  dung+ — and  exciting 
manures,  or  thofe  that  were  fuppofed  to  have  a  ten 
dency  to  render  the  foil  moie  prolific,  merely  by  acl- 

ing 


OF 

ing  upon  thofe  enriching  manures  that  'had  been  for 
merly  in  the  foil,  and  giving  them  anew  ftimulus,  foas 
to  enable  them  to  operate  anew  upon  that  foil  which 
they  had  formerly  fertilized.  In  which  clafs  of 
ftknulating  manures,  time  was  always  allowed  to  hold 
the  foremoft  rank. 

In  confequence  of  this  theory,  it  would  follow,  that 
lime  could  only  be  of  ufe  as  a  manure  when  applied  to 
rich  foils,  and,  when  applied  to  poor  foils,  would  pro 
duce  hardly  any, — or  even  perhaps  hurtful  effects. 

I  will  frankly  acknowledge,  that  I  myfelf,  was  fo 
far  impofed  upon  by  the  beauty  of  this  theory,  as  to  be 
hurried  along  with  the  general  current  of  mankind, 
in  the  firm  perfuafion  of  the  truth  of  this  obfervation, 
and  for  many  years  did  not  fufficiently  advert  to  thofe 
fads  that  were  daily  occurring  to  contradict  this  theory. 
I  am  now,  however,  firmly  convinced,  from  repeated 
obfervations,  that  lime  and  other  calcareous  manures, 
produce  a  much  greater  proportional  improvement  upon 
poor  foils,  than  on  fuch  as  are  richer  :  And  that  lime 
alone,  upon  a  poor  foil,  will,  in  many  cafes,  produce  a 
much  greater  and  more  lafting  degree  of  fertility,  than 
dung  alone. 

In  direcl:  contradiction  to  the  theory,  I  muft  add, 
that  I  never  yet  met  with  a  poor  foil  in  its  natural 
ftate,  which  was  not  benefitted  in  a  very  great  degree 
by  calcareous  matters,  when  adminiftered  in  proper 
quantities.  But  I  have  met  with  feveral  rich  foils, 
that  were  fully  impregnated  with  dung,  and  therefore 
exactly  in  that  (late  in  which  the  theory  fuppofes  that 
lime  would  produce  the  greateft  eftec~l  ;  but,  upon 
•which,  lime,  applied  in  any  quantities,  produced  not 
the  fmall&ft  fenfible  effea. 

As  I  concern  myfelf  little  about  theories,  this  dif- 
covery  gave  me  much  lefs  uneafmefs  than  it  will  give  to 
Come  of  my  readers  ;  on  which  account,  Ifhall  not  be 
much  furprifed,  if  they  withhold  their  aflent  to  this 
.proportion  for  a  very  lung  time.  I  do  not  defire  any 

one 


AS    A    MANURE.  IO<J 

one  to  agree  to  it,  till  their  own  obfervations  extort  af- 
fent, — which,  I  have  no  hefitation  in  faying,  will 
iboner  or  later  happen  to  every  unprejudiced  and  at 
tentive  obferver. 

§42. 

I  fhall  conclude  this  very  long  Efifay  with  a  caution 
ary  advice^  that  might,  perhaps,  have  been  more  prop 
erly  introduced  before,  if  it  had  occurred  at  the  time  ; 
but  it  is  of  too  much  importance  to  be  omitted  entirely. 
It  is  this  : 

When  farmers  employ  a  great  deal  of  lime,  it  fome- 
times  happens  that  their  horfes'  feet  are  burnt  by  it, 
which  is  extremely  troublefome,  and  fometimes  proves 
even  fatal  to  the  poor  animals*  ;  a  method  of  prevent 
ing  or  remedying  that  inconvenience  will  therefore  be 
of  ufc. 

The  bed  method  of  preventing  any  inconvenience  of 
this  fort,  is  to  fpread  the  lime,  when  in  its  powdery 
ftate,  upon  the  field,  as  evenly  as  poflible,  and  allow  it 
to  lie  in  that  ftate  for  fame  time,  before  you  begin  to 
plough  it.  If  the  lime  has  been  in  fine  powder,  it  will 
have  become  perfectly  effette  in  a  week  or  fo  ;  after 
which  time  it  will  be  as  little  corrofive  35  any  kind  of 
common  earth>  fo  that  the  horfes  may  work  among  it 
with  perfect  fafety.  But  if  it  has  been  fufTered  to  run 
into  clods  before  it  was  fpread,  thefe,  if  nat  broken 
fmall,  will  be  longer  in  abforbing  their  air,  and,  of 
confequence,  will  remain  longer  in  an  acrid  ftate,  fo 
that  the  ploughing  may,  in  that  cafe,  be  deferred  for 
a  week  or  fo  longer  ;  nor  will  it  be  even  then  fo  per 
fectly  fafe  as  the  other. 

But  if  it  becomes  necelTary  at  any  time  to  plough  in 
the  lime  immediately  after  it  is  fpread, — take  care  to 
do  it  only  when  the  foil  is  perfectly  dry  ;  and  in  lead 
ing 

*  I  have  known  feveral  horfes  actually  killed  by  this  means, 
and  others  fo  difabled  as  never  to  be  perfectly  well  after 
wards. 


110  OF    QUICK-LIME 

ing  your  horfes  to  the  plough,  take  care  to  prevent 
them  from  going  through  any  wet  place,  fo  as  to  wet 
their  hoofs  or  ankles  ;  for  lime  a£ls  not  at  all  upon 
any  dry  fubflance, — but  when  it  is  in  its  acrid  cauitic 
ftate,  it  would  corrode  the  hair  and  flefh  in  a  moment, 
if  it  has  accefs  to  water.  As  foon  as  the  horfes  are 
unyoked,  keep  their  feet  dry  till  you  have  got  them 
carefully  bruftied,  fo  as  to  wipe  away  all  the  dry  pow 
dery  lime  that  may  adhere  to  them  ;  and  if  the  lead 
fhower  mould  fall,  unyoke  your  horfes  immediately 
and  carry  them  off  the  h'eld. 

With  thefe  precautions,  they  may  work  among 
cauftic  lime  for  any  length  of  time,  without  receiving 
any  damage. 

But  in  cafe  of  any  accident,  by  which  a  horfe  or 
man  that  is  working  among  lime  ihould  be  fcalded  by 
it,  it  is  always  advilable  for  every  farmer  who  has 
work  of  that  kind  going  forward,  to  keep  a  tub  of 
very  four  milk  or  whey  in  fome  place  ready  to  walh 
the  part  affected  well  with  it,  which  will  quickly  def- 
troy  the  poignancy  of  the  lime,  and  prevent  the  mif- 
chief  that  would  otherwife  arife  from  it.  The  fourer 
the  milk  or  whey  is,  the  better  it  will  be  for  this  pur- 
pofe  ;  it  ought  therefore  to  be  long  kept.  For  want 
of  this,  vinegar  will  produce  the  fame  effect,  or  very 
ftale  urine  will  be  of  ufe  :  but,  the  milk  or  whey  is 
the  cheapeft  and  beft  remedy,  and  ought  to  be  always 
in  readinefs. 


POSTSCRIPT. 


AS   A   MANURE.  til 


POSTSCRIPT. 

Diretlions  for  af  cert  aining  the  purity  of  Lime  ,  and  difcov~ 
ering  the  Nature  of  the  Bodies  that  may  be  mixed 
with  it. 


In  the  preceding  Eflay,  I  have  fuppofed  that  no 
other  abforbent*  earth  is  ever  mixed  with  the  calcareous 
in  any  fort  of  lime-ftone  ;  becaufe,  in  faft,  if  ever  any 
of  thefe  are  mixed  with  the  calcareous  in  thefe  fubftan- 
ces,  they  are  in  fuch  fmall  proportion  as  not  to  be 
worth  regarding.  Thofc,  however,  who  want  to  be 
critically  exaft  in  their  analyfis  of  lime-ftone,  may  dif- 
cover  if  there  is  any  other  fort  of  abforbent  earth  con 
tained  in  it,  by  dropping  into  the  filtred  folution  ob 
tained  by  the  procefs  §  13,  p.  72,  a  few  drops  of  a 
clear  folution  of  volatile  alkali.  If  no  turbidnefs  en- 
fue,  the  calcareous  earth  has  been  pure.  If  any  pre 
cipitation  takes  place  on  adding  the  alkali,  drop  more, 
and  more,  till  no  turbidnefs  arifes  :  then  nitre  the 
whole  :  what  remains  in  the  filtre,  is  abforbent  earth, 
that  is  not  calcareous  ;  for  acids  attract  volatile  alkali 
more  ftrongly  than  any  of  the  abforbent  earths,  except 
the  calcareous  clafs  alone. 

§2. 

It  mayoftener  happen,  that  a  confiderable  proportion 
of  gyp/'utn  may  be  united  with  lime-ftone  in  the  fame 
quarry  ;  and  as  tHis  fubflance  would  greatly  alter  the 
nature  of  the  lime  as  a  cement  (fee  p.  37)  and  would 
probably  affe6t  it  as  much  as  a  manure,  it  is  of  more 
importance  to  inform  the  reader  of  the  eafieft  way  of 
difcovering  this  fubftance  when  it  is  prefent  in  lime- 
flone.  It 

*  Abforbent  earths  are  all  thofe  that  unite  with  acids,  of 
which  there  are  feveral  varieties  \  calcareous  earths  being  one 
of  thefe, 


112  OF   QUICK-LIME 

It  has  been  already  faid,  that  gypfum  is  a  compound, 
confiding  of  the  vitriolic  acid  and  calcareous  earth  ; 
and  as  the  vitriolic  acid  attracts  this  earth  more  ftrong- 
ly  than  any  of  the  other  acids,  this  compofition  is  not 
in  the  lead  affe&ed  by  either  the  nitrous  or  muriatic 
acids. 

Hence  it  follows,  that  if  gypfum  mall  be  contained 
In  any  calcareous  mafs  examined  by  the  procefs  def- 
cribed  §  13,  p.  72,  it  will  remain  untouched  by  the 
acid,  and  be  found  in  the  filtre,  after  the  calcareous 
earth  diflblved  in  the  acid  mail  have  pafled  through  it, 
forming  a  part  of  the  refiduum. 

Take  this  rejiduum,  therefore, — add  to  it  nearly  its 
weight  of  fixed  alkali*  previously  diflblved  in  a  con- 
fiderable  quantity  of  water,  and  filtered  ;  digeft  it  in  a 
warm  bath,  or  even  boil  it  for  fome  hours  ;  pour  the 
whole  into  a  filtre,  while  yet  warm  ;  as  the  fluid  pafles 
through  the  filtre,  pour  upon  it  more  boiling  water  ; 
as  that  pafles  off,  continue  to  add  more  wate*;  till  it 
comes  through  the  filtre  quite  infipid  and  pure,  and 
then  let  it  run  off  entirely. 

By  this  procefs,  the  vitriolic  acid  leaves  the  calcare 
ous  earth  to  unite  with  the  fixed  alkali  (to  which  it  has 
a  ftronger  affinity)  and  with  it  forms  a  vitriolated  tar 
tar  : — this  vitriolated  tartar,  and  the  fuperfluous  alkali, 
are  diflblved  by  the  water,  and  carried  through  the  fil 
tre  along  with  it  ;  fo  that  what  remains  behind  is  the 
earthy  part  of  the  gypfum,  and  the  heterogeneous  mat 
ters  contained  in  the  original  lime-done.  By  pouring 
upon  this  refiduum,  therefore,  fome  nitrous  or  muriatic 
acid,  and  treating  it  as  directed  in  §  13,  page  72,  the 
calcareous  earth  that  was  in  the  gypfum  will  be  now 
entirely  diflblved  ;  fo  that  when  it  is  filtered  and  dry, 
the  difference  between  the  weight  of  this  refiduum,  and 
what  it  formerly  was,  is  the  real  weight  ot  the  gyjyum 
originally  contained  in  the  lime-done. 

N.  B. 

*  Potafh, 


AS    A    MANURE,  113 


N.  B.  If  the  alkali  employed  to  decompofe 
fum  was  in  a  mild  ftate,  the  calcareous  earth  that  re 
mains  will  effervefce  flrongly  when  it  is  diflblving  in 
the  acid  ;  but  'tfzcauftic  alkali  has  been  employed,  the 
Solution  will  be  effected  without  any  eftervefcence 
at  all. 

As  vitriolated  tatter  is  not  readily  foluble  in  water, 
a  confiderable  quantity  of  water  requires  to  be  em 
ployed,  which  ought  always  to  be  hot,  that  the  folution 
may  be  effected  the  more  readily. 

§3- 

It  has  alfo  been  faid,  (§  30,  p.  52,)  that  the  only  ex 
traneous  matter  contained  in  lime-ftone  is  fand.  But 
although  fand,  in  general  does  predominate  fo  much 
over  the  other  extraneous  matters  in  lime'ftone,  as  to 
authcrife  the  expreflion  in  general,  yet  there  are  forne 
exceptions  that  ought  to  be  taken  notice  of. 

i/?,  There  are  fome  kinds  of  lime-ftone,  that,  when 
analyfed,  are  found  to  contain  a  refiduum  confiding  of  a 
foft  flimy-  like  fubftance.  This  is  always  in  very  fmall 
proportions,  and  has  probably  been  formed  by  a  fedi- 
ment  fubfiding  from  the  water  while  the  rock  was 
forming.  It  feems  probable,  that  this  kind  of  lime 
would  be  lefs  pioper  to  be  employed  as  a  cement  than 
as  a  manure. 

2</,  Although  marie  and  lime-ftone  aiejuftly  enough 
diftinguiihed  in  the  text  (§5  ;)  yet  it  happens,  that 
clay  and  fand  are  found  naturally  mixed  with  one 
another,  in  fuch  various  proportions,  and  in  thefe  ftajes 
joined  with  calcareous  matter,  that  there  is  nopoflibil- 
ity  of  afcertaining  the  exa£l  point  where  maile  ends> 
and  lime-ftone  begins. 

A  very  fmall  proportion  of  clay  is  fufficient  to  make 
an  exceedingly  hard  lime-ftona  relent  in  time  in  the 
air,  and  fall  to  pieces  ;  fo  that  there  are  many  forts 
-of  ftone  marie  that  confift  chiefly  of  fand  and  calcar.- 
earth,  and  only  a  very  little  clay, 


114  OF     QUICK-LIME 

Thefe  very  bard  kinds  of  marie  may  beeafily  burnt 
into  lime,  fo  that  they  may  be  indifferently  called 
marie  or  lime-ftone. 

3</,  The  fame  may  be  faid  of  the  diftindVion  be 
tween  marie  and  chalk  (§  5.  p.  9.)  Many  fubftances 
which  have  the  appearance  and  diftinguifhing  properties 
of  chalk,  contain  clay  in  different  proportions.  Thefe 
tliilblve  in  the  air,  or  run,  as  it  is  termed,  more  readily 
than  the  pure  hard  kinds  of  chalk,  and  feel  more  unc- 
tnous  or  fatty  to  the  touch  ;  from  whence  they  are 
called  fat  chalks.  Thefe,  however,  may  be  converted 
into  lime  ;  fo  that  they  might  indifferently  be  called 
chalky  marie,  or  lime-ftone. 

The  lime  that  is  made  from  any  of  thofe  fubftances 
that  contain  clay  in  their  competition,  is  more  proper 
for  manure  than  for  cement  ;  efpecially  that  made 
from  thofe  fubftances  that  may  be  made  to  fall  after 
they  have  undergone  only  a  fmall  degree  of  heat  in 
calcining  them,  as  in  chalk  ;  beeaufe,  in  thefe  cafes, 
the  clay  will  not  be  fufficiently  burnt  to  prevent  it 
from  being  affected  by  water,  and  rendered  foft  by  it. 

The  proportion  of  clay  and  fand  contained  in  any 
lime-ftone  or  marie,  may  be  afcertained,  by  diffufing 
in  water  the  refiduum  obtained  by  the  analyfis,  (§  13-, 
p.  72*]  allowing  it  to  fubfide  a  little,  and  gently  pour 
ing  off  the  fluid  parts  from  the  coarfer  fedim^nt  that 
fubfides  to  the  bottom  ;  for,  as  clay  remains  much 
longer  fufpended  in  water  than  fand,  it  may  be  thus 
feparated  from  the  fand  entirely  ; — when  the  water 
comes  off  clear,  after  having  been  left  to  fubfide  a  lit 
tle,  the  refiduum  may  be  evaporated  to  drynefs,  and  the 
lofs  of  weight  it  has  fuftained  by  this  operation,  denotes 
the  quantity  of  clay. 

This  is  rather  a  mechanical,  than  a  chemical  pro- 
cefs,  which  is  called  elutriation.  §  4. 

*  Obferve,  it  is  unburnt  lime-ftone,  or  niarle  only,  that 
fhould  be  fubjefted  to  this  trial. 


AS    A    MANURE.  H5 

§  4- 

It  has  been  demonftrated  above,  §  35,  p.  58,  that 
the  quality  of  lime,  confidered  as  a  cement,  is  greatly 
altered,  by  being  more  or  lefs  perfe&ly  calcined  ; — 
it  may  therefore  be,  on  many  occafions,  of  ufe  to  thofe 
who  are  concerned  in  building,  to  be  able  to  efcertain 
what  proportion  of  any  particular  kind  of  lime  is  really 
reduced  to  a  cauftic  ftate. — This  may  be  done  as  un 
der  : 

Take  a  known  quantity  of  the  quick-lime,  per- 
fedly  dry; — add  to  that  its  own  weight,  or  more,  of 
common  crude  fal- ammoniac,*  previoufly  diilblved  in 
a  large  proportion  of  water,  and  filtered  ; — digeft  this 
nearly  in  a  boiling  heat  for  fome  hours,  till  no  more 
fmell  of  volatile  alkali  is  found  to  arife  from  it,  adding 
frefh  water  as  it  evaporates.  When  the  volatile  alka 
line  fmell  is  no  longer  perceived,  throw  the  whole  into 
a  filtre, — let  that  pafs  off, — add  more  hot  water, — and 
more  ftill,  till  it  come  through  the  filtre  taftelefs  and 
pure  ;— then  dry  the  refiduum,  and  weigh  it  ; — the 
difference  between  that  and  the  weight  of  the  original 
lime,  denotes  the  proportion  of  pure  cauftic  lime  that 
was  contained  in  the  original  mafs. 

For,  as  the  muriatic  acid  attracts  caujllc  calcareous 
earth  more  ftrongly  than  it  does  the  volatile  alkali,  the 
acid  of  the  fal-amtnomac,t  during  the  procefs,  quits  the 
alkali,  and  unites  with  the  lime,  and  the  alkali  is  fuf- 
fered  to  fly  off  in  a  pungent  vapour.  The  new  fub- 
(lance  formed  by  the  union  of  the  quick-lime  with  the 
muriatic  acid,  is  called  liquid  fhcll ;  and  as  this  is 
readily  foluble  In  water,  it  paiTes  off,  together  with  the 
remaining  undecompofed  ammoniacal  fait,  with  the 
water  through  the  filtre  ;  while  the  uncauftic  lime,  as 
it  was  neither  capable  of  adling  upon  the  ammoniac, 
nor  of  being  diflblved  in  the  water,  remains  behind  in 
its  folid  ftate. 

*  Obferve,  it  is  not  volatile  fal-ammoniac. 
t  Crude  fal-ammoniac  is  a  compound  fait,  confiding  of  the 
muriatic  acid  and  the  volatile  alkali. 


Lately  published  by  J*  NANCREDE^ 

No.  49,  Marlboro'- Street,  BOSTON. 

"  On  tbe  title  page  of  its  Laws,  as  well  as  on  its  ftandards, 
was  written  the  motto  of, 

«  Havoc,  andfpoil,  and  ruin,  are  my  gain. 

JUST   PUBLISHED, 

Embellijhed  with  an  Emblematical  Plate, 

THE    HISTORY    OF    THE 
DESTRUCTION 

OF    THE 

HELVETIC   UNION 

LIBERTY ; 

BY    J.    MALLET    DU    PAN. 

««  Its  filiation  (Switzerland's)  is  correctly  and  energetically 

drawn  in  the  picture  of  Athens,  left  us  by  a  writer  of  the 

middle  ages,  after  the  inrafion  of  Alarict  It  is  the  empty  and 

Moody  Jkin  of  an  immolated  victim  !  She  has  nothing  left  but 

ROCKS,  RUINS,  and  DEMAGOGUES  !"  Preface,  p.  5. 

fcf  "  I  F  it  be  true,  that  the  AMERICAN  UNION  AND  LIB 
ERTY  have  been  and  are  flill  threatened  by  France^ That 

a  number  of  American  Citizens  Hill  doubt  it  ; — and  that  it  is 
equally  their  wifh  and  their  interett,  to  tranfmit  both  to  iheir 
clcfcendants,  in  all  their  integrity — furely  there  can  be  nothing 
more  interefting,  or  more  ufeful  lor  them,  at  this  time  of  dan 
ger,  than  to  read  the  melancholy  account  of  the  annihilation  ot 
a  people,  who,  being  fituated  like  them,  but  more  credulous,, 
and  left  energetic,  in  their  exertions  for  defence,  fell  under 

the  combined  weight  of  foreign  and  domeflic  intrigue  ! 

the  mod  dreadful  fcourge  againft  which  the  American  Gov 
ernment  has  had  to  contend,  ever  fince  the  beginning  of  the 
prefent  European  war  I" 

2. 

POEMS  on  various  Subjects,  by  ROBERT  Sou- 
THEY,  Author  of  Joan  of  Arc. 

"  It  can  fcarcely  be  neceffary  for  us  formally  to  recommend 
this  little  volume  to  the  notice  of  our  poetical  readers,  and  its 
author  to  their  efteem.  No  one  who  pofTefles  a  true  relifli  for 
Poetry,  \veconceivej  will  open  with  indifference,  a  volume  by 
the  author  of  Joan  of  Arc.  Genius  is  a  defpotic  power,  and 
irrefiftibly  commands  homage,"  Monthly  Review* 


Hooks  lately  pullijhed  ly  J.  Nancnde. 

JOAN  OF  ARC,  an   Epic   Poem,   by  ROBERT 
SOUTHEY  ;  with  Notes. 

"  We  do  not  hefitate  to  declare  our  opinion,  that  the  poetical 
powers  difplayed  in  it  are  'of  a  very  Juperior  kind, Concep 
tions  more  lofty  and  daring  Jtntiments  more  commanding,  and 
language  more  energetic,  will  not  eajily  he  found  :  nor  does 
Jcarcely  any  part  of  it  fink  to  langour,  as  the  glow  of  fee  lings 
and  genius  animates  the  whole.  The  language  is,  for  the  mofl 
part,  moddled  on  that  of  Milton  ;  and  not  unfrequently,  it  has  a 
Jlrong  relijli  ofShakeJpeare." 

Monthly  Review,  vol.  19,  p.  361. 
4- 

JUST    PUBLISHED, 

Price  2o  Cents. 

AN  ABRIDGMENT  OF  L.  MURRAY'S  ENG 
LISH  GRAMMAR,  with  an  Appendix,  containing  an  exem 
plification  of  the  parts  of  fpeech  and  exercifes  in  fyntax,  de- 
iigned  for  the  ufe  of  the  younger  clafs  of  learners j  by  LINU- 
LEY  MURRAY.  fts  Character. 

"  Having  already  exprefied  our  approbation  of  Mr.  Mur 
ray's  Englifh  Grammar,  we  have  only,  in  announcing  thia 
Abridgment,  to  obferve,  that  it  appears  to  us  to  be  made  with 
great  judgment,  and  ttiat  we  do  not  know  a  performance  of 
this  kind  better,  fitted  for  the  ufe  of  Children." 

Analytical  Review,  Oft,  1797. 

IN  THE'PRESS, 
And  fpeedlly  will  be  publifhedi 

AN  INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  KNOWL 
EDGE  AND  PRACTICE  OF  GARDENING,  by  CHARLES 
MARSHALL,  Vicar  of  Brixworth,  Northamplonfliire. 

"  God   Almighty  full   planred  a  Garden  ;  and  indeed   it  is 

"  the  purefl  of  human  pleafures  :  It  is  the  greateft  refrefli- 

"  ment  to  the  fpirits  of  Man  j  without  which,  buildings  and 

«  palaces  are  but  grofs  handy,  works.'*  Bacon's  EJfays, 

Character  of  Mar/hall's  Gardening. 

"  We  have  examined  this  performance,  and  we  are  well 
fatisfied  that  the  refpeftable  author  has,  as  he  profeiTes,  given 
to  the  public  the  refult  of  his  experience  s  delivered  with  that 
pfainnefs  and  perfpicuity,  which  cannot  fail  of  rendering  his 
work  highly  ufeful  to  every  reader  who  mail  confult  it,  either 
for  plcafure,  or  inttrudion.  We  fay  with  pleafure,  becaufe 
Mr.  Marfhall  has  not  dryly  written  his  book  in  the  common 
dida&ic  and  unvaried  ftyle  :  His  manner  is  his  own  ;  and  he 
has  occafionally,  but  not  too  frequently,  enlivened  his  pre- 


3ooks  lately  pullijhed  ly  J.  Nancrede. 

septs  by  fhort  poetic  quotations  from  THOMSON,  CO.,P,;K, 
and  other  moral-  bards,  who  often,  with  ufeiul  and  delightiul 
effects,  direct  their  readers  to 

««  Look  through  nature  up  to  nature's  God," 

6.  Monthly  Review* 

THE  STUDIES  OF  NATURE,  tranflated  from  the 
French  of  J.  H.  B.  de  St.  PIERRE,  by  H.  HUNTER,  D.  D. 
.3  vols.  8  vo. — fine  wove  paper,  embellifhe^  with  plates. 

#*#  This  very  ingenious,  interefting,  and in^ruttive  work  has, 
Jince  its  fir/I  publication. gone  through  four Jucce[Jive  imprejjlons, 
under  the  authors  immediate  injpetfion  ;  bejides  a  variety  of 
pirated  editions  in  dijjerent  parts  of  the  European  continent. 

**  No  book  dijplays  a  more  fub  lime  Theology,  inculcates  a 
purer  morality,  or  breathes  a  more  ardent  and  e-xpanfiye  philan 
thropy.  St.  Pierre  has  enabled  us  to  contemplate  this  univerfe 
with  other  eyes  ;  has  furniftied  neiv  arguments  to  COMBAT 
ATHEISM;  has  eftablifhed,  beyond  the  power  of  contradiction, 
the  dottrine  of  a  Univerjal  Providence  ;  has  excited  a  warmer 
intereji  in  fcwour  of  Jujfei  ing  humanity  ;  and  has  difcovered 
fources,  unknown  before,  of  moral  and  intellectual  enjoy ~ 
ment."  7. 

THE  only  Work  of  the  kind  extant  in  any  language,  which 
is  of  the  greateft  utility  to  the  Merchant — the  Seaman — 
the  Student — Schools,  Academies,  &c.— and  recommended 
by  the  LORDS  of  the  ADMIRALTY. 

'Lately  publijhed,  in  two  volumes,  in  Svo.  Price  6  Dolls,  bound , 

The  NAVAL  GAZETTEER  ; 

Or,  SEAM  AN' 3  COMPLETE  GUIDE. 

Comprifing  a  full  and  accurate  account,  alphabetically  ar 
ranged,  of  the  feveral  Coafts  of  all  the  Countries  and  Iflands 
in  the  known  world,  fhewing  their  Latitude,  Longitude, 
Soundings,  Stations  for  Anchorage,  &c. 

With  a  particular  defcription   of  the  feveral 


BAYS, 

CAPES, 

CHANNELS, 

COVES, 

CREEKS, 


CURRENTS, 

GULPHS, 

HARBOUPvS, 

HAVENS, 

LAKES, 


OCEANS, 

RACES, 

RIVERS, 

ROADS, 

ROCKS, 


SANDS, 

SHOALS, 

SOUNDS, 

STRAITS, 

TIDES, 


VARIATION  of  tl  e  COMPASS,  &c. 
Together  with  a  pi&urefqiie  Defcription  of  the  form  and  ap 
pearance  at  fea  of  the  feveral  Headlands,  KthmulTes,  Penin- 
fulas,  Points,  Promontories,  &c.  With  ample  directions  for 
failing  into  or  out  of  the  diffepent  Ports,  Straits,  and  Harbours 
of  the  four  Quarters  of  the  Globle,  and  for  avoiding  Dangers 
on  the  various  and  extended  coafts  ;  in  which  more  than 
12,000  Names  of  Places,  &c.  are  treated  of  and  explained. 

Illuftrated  with   17    correct    Charts,   including   a   Whole 
Sheet  Chart  of  the  World,  on  Mercator's  Projection. 

BY  JOHN  MALHAM. 
Author  of  Navigation  mads  Eajy  and  Familiar,  &c. 


JSooks  lately  publijbed  ly  J.  Nancrede. 

Chara&er  of  the  NAVAL  GAZETTEER. 
The  Author  has  given  Directions  for  avoiding  Dangers 
and  all  other  information  that  he  could  collect  neceffary  for 
Pilotage  ;  and  he  has  carefully  confulted  the  Difcoveries  of 
modern   Navigators.     The  whole  bears  the  Mark  of  Dili- 
gence  and  Ability  ;   and  we  are  of  opinion   that  the  NAVAL 
GAZETTEER  is  a  valuable  Addition  to  the  Seaman's  Library ." 
MONTHLY  REVIEW  for  July,  1797. 
*  We  may  venture  to  recommend  the  NAVAL  GAZETTEER 
as  an   important    Acquifition   in  the  Study    of    maritime 
Affairs,  and  no  lefs  ufeful  to  the  general  Student  than  to  the 
Merchant.     The   Charts  are  numerous,  and  dHtinttly  deli 
neated."  CRITICAL  REVIEW  for  September  1798. 
#*#  This  Work  has  been  found  particularly  improving  to 
Youth,  and  is  therefore  a  valuable  and  acceptable  Prefent  to 
Perfons  entering  on  a  Sea-faring  Life,  or  learning  Navigation. 

8. 

A  VINDICATION  OF  DIVINE  PROVI 
DENCE,  derived  from  a  moral  and  philojophical  furvey  of 
nature  and  of  man.  By  the  Author  of  Studies  of  Nature,— 
2  voh.  8vo.  with  plates. 

9- 
The  fame  work  abridged,  in  i  vol.  8vo.  plates. 

BOTANICAL  HARMONY  DELINEATED  ; 

•or,  Applications  of  fome  general  Laws  of  Nature  to  Plants  ; 
by  the  Author  of  Studies  of  Nature,  with  three  botanical 
platts,  elegantly  engraved,  i  vol.£vo. 

THE  ADVENTURES' OF  TELEMACHUS, 

Son  of  Ulyfles,  by  M.  SALIGNAC  FENELON. 

**#  OfFenelon,  the  Monthly  Reviewers  Jaid  in  March,  1796, 
"  The  annals  of  time  do  not,  perhaps,  contain  a  name  more  re- 
•vered,  by  the  beft  and  wife fl  friends  of  the  human  race,  than 
that  of  Fenelon  ;  and  it  is  to  be  doubted,  vvhether  any  production 
cf  human  genius  ever  wasfo  effectual  in  enlightening  mankind, 
and  in  rendering  them  benevolent  andjuft,  as  the  beautiful 
philcfophic  poem  of  Telemachus.  It  contains  a  greater  por 
tion  of  political  and  moral  -wijdom,  than,  as  we  believe,  is  to  be 
fiundin  any  preceding  -work." 

12. 

The  fame  work  is  to  be  had  in  Englifh,  with  the 
Trench  text  on  the  oppolite  page,  with  corrections,  in  two 
•vols.  i2mo. 

T3- 

Alfoin  French,  feparate. — For  execution  and  ac 
curacy,  the  above  is  fuperior  to  the  late  English  edition* 


msm 


